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36Piotr Kamiński et al.hemoglobin and hematocrit quality, was stated byvarious authors [23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. They emphasizedthe effects of dietary heavy metal concentrations uponthe plasma lipid content both in altricials and precocials.Their health and immunocompetence also dependson calcium and toxic heavy metals interactions.Pb and Cd exposure are significantly suppress secondaryhumoral immune response towards sheep redblood cells, but only additional Ca source is not available.This effect is found rather only in females, suggestingsexual differences in susceptibility of humoralimmunity to lead treatment [27]. It was also statedbesides that plasma cholesterol concentration is significantlyaffected by interaction between dietary Cuand Cr. In addition, plasma triglyceride level is affectedby Cu-Cr and Cu-Zn interaction effects [26].Our investigations on White Stork chicks indicates onthe role of element-element interactions impact uponthe definite image of hemoglobin content and the valuesof red blood picture [28]. However, hemoglobinand hematocrit are depended not only upon elementcontent in the environment, but also on the time of day,ambient temperature, food resources, level of bloodinfection with parasites [29, 23, 24, 25].Our investigations on White Stork chicks indicatethe role of element-element interactions impact uponthe condition of bird. So we can thus conclude that useof blood enzymatic researches can be helpful for assessthe health and condition of birds, and given the positiveassociation with miscellaneous environmentalloads. We can also suggested that anthropogenic processesand activities may plays an important role inbioaccumulation and transfer of chemical elements invarious types of environment, but it has not any connectionwith the type of this region. They also show thenecessity to know the stages of growth to understandbioaccumulation processes of elements in chicks. Anychanges of chemical elements metabolism in metabolicpathways of homoiotherms reflecting by environmentalstress, cause significant ecophysiological and populationresponses of their organisms. This phenomenon isespecially concerns for altricial and semiprecocialbirds, which nestlings are directly depends upon immediatelyenvironmental impact. Our results exhibitthat the level of microelements in blood of White Storkchicks shows such large differences between areas(Tab. I). Differences in the level of these elements inblood between polluted and control areas could be dueto a physiological role of these metals in the proteinand carbohydrate metabolism, which is depend onenvironmental stress. The results of studies presentedprovide evidence that White Stork from control areashas better conditions for growth and development thanin polluted ones. They also show the necessity to knowthe stages of growth to understand bioaccumulationprocesses of elements in chicks. Elements concentrationin blood of chicks may be influenced by physiologicalresponse of species to distinct metals, and bythe greater or lesser bioavailability of these metals. Inour studies we stated the correlation of elements concentrationin blood and the type of environment, particularlybetween element level and environmentalstress.CONCLUSIONS1. It is evidence for importance of anthropogenicactivity in the environment in the past, which influencedthe course of biogeochemical processes andcaused bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals locally.It can cause non successful development ofWhite Stork in Pomeranian region.2. The use of blood research with accompaniedchemical element level is helpful to assess the conditionof birds, and gives the positive associationwith miscellaneous environmental loads.3. Elements concentration in blood of chicks may beinfluenced by physiological response of species todistinct metals, and by the greater or lesserbioavailability of these metals. In our studies westated the correlation of elements concentration inblood and the type of environment, particularly betweenelement level and environmental stress.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Benito V., Devesa V., Munoz O., Suner M.A., MontoroR., Baos R., Hiraldo F., Ferrer M., Fernandez M., GonzalezM.J. 1999. Trace elements in blood collected frombirds feeding in the area around Donana National Parkaffected by the toxic spill from the Aznalcóllar mine.Sci. Total Environ. 242: 309-323.2. Dauwe T., Bervoets L., Pinxten R., Blust R., Eens M.2003. Variation of heavy metals within and amongfeathers of birds of prey: effects of molt and externalcontamination. Environ. Pollut. 124: 429-436.3. Gómez G., Baos R., Gómara B., Jimenez B., 1 V., MontoroR., Hiraldo F., Gonzalez M.J. 2004. Influenceof a Mine Tailing Accident Near Donana National Park(Spain) on Heavy Metals and Arsenic Accumulation in14 Species of Waterfowl (1998 to 2000). Arch. Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 47: 521-529.
Chemical elements in the blood of White Stork Ciconia ciconia chicks in differentiated regions of Poland 374. Dauwe T., Janssens E., Bervoets L., Blust R., Eens M.2004. Relationships between metal concentrations ingreat tits nestlings and their environment and food. Environ.Pollut. 131: 373-380.5. Dauwe T., Janssens E., Eens M. 2006. Effects of heavymetal exposure on the condition and health of adult greattits (Parus major). Environ. Pollut. 140: 71-78.6. Janssens E., Dauwe T., Pinxten R., Bervoets L., Blust R.,Eens M. 2003. Effects of heavy metal exposure on thecondition and health of nestlings of the great tit (Parusmajor), a small songbird species. Environ. Pollut. 126:267-274.7. Boonstra R. 2004. Coping with Changing Northern Environments:The Role of the Stress Axis in Birds and Mammals.Integr. Comp. Biol. 44: 95-108.8. Uchida M., Teranishi H., Aoshima K., Katoh T., KasuyaM., Inadera H. 2004. reduction of erythrocyte catalaseand superoxide dismutase activities in male inhabitants ofa cadmium-polluted area in Jinzu river basin, Japan.Toxicol. Letters, 151: 451-457.9. Möller G. 1995. Biogeochemical interactions affectinghepatic trace element levels in aquatic birds. Pharmacol.Exp. Ther. 272: 264-274.10. Irato P., Santon A., Ossi E., Albergoni V. 2001. Interactionsbetween metals in rat liver and kidney: Localizationand metallothionein. Histochem. J. 33: 79-86.11. Tryjanowski P., Jerzak L., Radkiewicz J. 2005. Effect ofWater Level and Livestock on the Productivity andNumbers of Breeding White Storks. Waterbirds, 28, 3:378-382.12. Weltz, B., 1985. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. VCHVeincheim, Berlin.13. Kurhalyuk N., Kamiński P., Kasprzak M., Jerzak L.2006. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidationprocesses in the blood of white stork (Ciconia ciconia)chicks from W Poland. In: “The white stork in Poland:studies in biology, ecology and conservation” (Eds.:P. Tryjanowski, T.H. Sparks, L.Jerzak). Bogucki Wyd.Nauk., Poznań, pp. 482-498.14. Frieden E. 1974. The evolution of metals as essentialelements. Adv. Exp. Med. 48: 1-32.15. Kobayashi J. 1973. Effect of cadmium on calcium metabolismof rats. Trace Subst. Environ. Health 7: 295-304.16. Petering H.G. 1974. Trace Element Metabolism in Animals.Univ. Park Press, Baltimore, 612 pp.17. Fullmer C.S., Edelstein S., Wasserman R.H. 1985. Leadbindingproperties of intestinal calcium-binding proteins.J. Biol. Chem. 260: 6816-6819.18. Peakall D.B., Miller D.S., Kinter W.B. 1975. Bloodcalcium levels and the mechanism of DDE-induced eggshellthinning. Environ. Pollut. 9: 289-294.19. Smits J.E.G., Bortolotti G.R., Baos R., Blas J., HiraldoF., Xie Q. 2005. Skeletal Pathology in White Storks (Ciconiaciconia) Associated With Heavy Metal Contaminationin Southwestern Spain. Toxicol. Pathol. 33: 441-448.20. Meharg A.A., Pain D.J., Ellam R.M., Baos R., Olive V.,Joyson A., Powell N., Green A.J., Hiraldo F. 2002. Isotopicidentification of the sources of lead contaminationfor white storks (Ciconia ciconia) in a marshland ecosystem(Donana, S.W. Spain). Sci. Total Environ. 300: 81-86.21. Hopkin S.P. 1989. Ecophysiology of Metals in TerrestrialInvertebrates. Elsevier Appl. Sci. Pub. Ltd., London,N.York, 366 pp.22. Hoffman D.J. 2002. Role of selenium toxicity and oxidativestress in aquatic birds. Aquatic Toxicol. 57: 11-26.23. Dawson R.D., Bortolotti G.R. 1997a. Variation in Hematocritand Total Plasma Proteins of Nestling AmericanKestrels (Falco sparverius) in the Wild. Comp. Biochem.Physiol. 117A, 3: 383-390.24. Dawson R.D., Bortolotti G.R. 1997b. Total plasma proteinlevel as an indicator of condition in wild Americankestrels (Falco sparverius). Can. J. Zool. 75: 680-686.25. Dawson R.D., Bortolotti G.R. 1997c. Are avian hematocritsindicative of condition ? American Kestrels as amodel. J. Wildl. Manage. 61: 1297-1306.26. Hermann J., Goad C., Arquitt A., Stoecker B., Porter R.,Chung H., Claypool P.L. 1998.27. Effects of dietary chromium, copper and zinc on plasmalipid concentrations in male Japanese Quail. Nutr. Res.18: 1017-1027.28. Snoeijs T., Dauwe T., Pinxten R., Darras V.M., ArckensL., Eens M. 2005. The combined effect of lead exposureand high or low dietary calcium on health and immunocompetencein the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata).Environ. Pollut. 134: 123-132.29. Kamiński P., Kurhalyuk N., Kasprzak M., Szady-GradM., Jerzak L. 2006. Element-element interactions in theblood of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) chicks from pollutedSW Poland environments. In: “The white stork inPoland: studies in biology, ecology and30. conservation” (Eds.: P.Tryjanowski, T.H. Sparks,L.Jerzak). Bogucki Wyd. Nauk., Poznań, pp. 471-480.31. Bowerman W.W., Stickle J.E., Sikarskie J.G., BetlemC.A., White N.D., Stout J.S., Crawford R.B., Giesy J.P.1994. Hematology and blood biochemistries in nestlingBald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). J. Zool. Wildl.Med. 133: 5-19.Address for correspondence:Piotr KamińskiDepartment of Ecology and Environmental ProtectionNicolaus Copernicus UniversityCollegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz,Skłodowska-Curie 9 St.,85-094 BydgoszczPolandtel.: + 48 52 585 38 05, fax +48 52 585 38 07e-mail: piotr.kaminski@cm.umk.plReceived: 28.10.2008Accepted for publication: 10.12.2008
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