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34Piotr Kamiński et al.both in Pomeranian (Cecenowo) and polluted(Głogów) areas (Figs. 3, 4, Tab. II). The remainingmacroelements Na, K, and Ca were in most concentrationin chicks from suburbs and polluted regions, whilethe level of microelements Zn, and Co - in suburbs and7polluted, and6Cu, and Mn –5in chicks from43polluted and2Pomeranian regions(Tab. II).10-1Thus we canobserve theMean± SD high intensity± 1,96*SDEnvironment1 of degree of14environmental12pollution in the108Pomeranian region,which was64studied in this20paper.Cd [mg/kg]Pb [mg/kg]Mg [mg/kg]Fe [mg/kg]-28000700060005000400030002000504540353025201510ControlControlControlControlPomeranian villagePomeranian villageSuburbsSuburbsEnvironmentPomeranian villagePomeranian villageSuburbsEnvironmentSuburbsEnvironmentPolluted areaPolluted areaPolluted areaPolluted areaMean± SD± 1,96*SDMean± SD± 1,96*SDMean± SD± 1,96*SDControl – terenkontrolnyPomeranian village– wieś pomorskaSuburbs – terenypodmiejskiePolluted area – terenzanieczyszczonyEnvironment –środowiskoMean – średniaSD – odchyleniestandardoweFigs. 1-4. Mean and SD concentration of Cd, Pb, Mg, and Fein blood of White Stork Ciconia ciconia chicks indifferentiated Poland regions.Ryc. 1-4. Średnie arytmetyczne i odchylenia standardowekoncentracji kadmu, ołowiu, magnezu i żelaza wekrwi piskląt bociana białego Ciconia ciconiaw zróżnicowanych regionach Polski234Table II. Mean and SD concentration of elements in blood ofWhite Stork Ciconia ciconia chicks in different PolandregionsTabela II. Średnie arytmetyczne i odchylenia standardowekoncentracji pierwiastków we krwi piskląt bocianabiałego Ciconia ciconia w zróżnicowanychregionach PolskiControl Pomeranian village Suburbs Polluted areaNa [mg/kg] 147.810 4.4567 150.833 3.1669 143.318 2.2759 143.222 5.0707K [mg/kg] 3.612 0.6754 3.304 0.7087 4.649 0.7798 3.824 0.5958Ca [mg/kg] 112.496 14.2104 122.193 29.5120 126.805 28.2778 115.893 18.2428Mg [mg/kg] 3856.556 493.7636 7060.556 359.0185 4933.048 376.8301 5938.278 367.2127Fe [mg/kg] 25.263 2.1198 29.409 2.3916 31.884 8.0717 34.463 2.1202Zn [mg/kg] 6.872 4.8774 9.626 0.3084 10.151 0.2958 9.664 0.2650Cu [mg/kg] 7.609 3.4453 11.044 1.4891 4.037 1.1779 10.879 4.6693Mn [mg/kg] 38.189 9.1337 42.187 6.6311 37.782 7.6669 47.611 4.8838Co [mg/kg] 2.413 1.6977 1.752 0.8950 2.713 1.1492 5.584 1.8477Cd [mg/kg] 1.452 0.6195 2.691 1.6818 2.168 1.0076 2.197 1.1607Pb [mg/kg] 0.844 0.6546 1.147 0.8274 1.731 1.0750 7.167 2.4899Significantly higher Fe level in the blood of youngstorks from polluted areas as compared with thosefrom controls was likely to be related to lower concentrationof toxic heavy metals in chicks from the control.It was also higher in chicks from unpolluted areas,which may be indicative of their better development.The results of present studies show that concentrationof hardly toxic heavy metals gradually increasedover nestling development, and in polluted areas wereabout twice as high as in a control. This was probablydue to a higher contamination of soils in polluted regions.It is evidence for importance of anthropogenic activityin the environment in the past, which influencedthe course of biogeochemical processes and causedbioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals locally. Thiscase took place in Pomeranian village Cecenowo,which we investigated. We can concluded that use ofhematological researches assess the health and conditionof birds is questionable, and given the positiveassociation with miscellaneous environmental loads.DISCUSSIONChanges of chemical elements concentration in nestlingsdepends not only on their concentration in theenvironment and development strategy, but also onmutual interactions between elements. Moreover, softtissues, bones and feathers are the organs which arehelpful for permanent regulation of chemical elementshomeostasis in chicks starting from hatching.
Chemical elements in the blood of White Stork Ciconia ciconia chicks in differentiated regions of Poland 35The results of studies presented in this paper provideevidence that White Stork from control areas hasbetter conditions for growth and development than inpolluted ones or even suburbs.. They also show that itis necessary to know the stages of growth to understandbioaccumulation processes of elements in chicks.But it is evidence for importance of anthropogenicactivity in the environment in the past, which influencedthe course of biogeochemical processes andcaused bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals locally.This case took place in storks developing in Pomeranianregion, which we investigated, where cadmiumlevel was relatively high (Fig. 1, Tab. II).The parameters which most affect trace elementsaccumulation in precocial and semiprecocial birds arespecies (i.e. ecological form of bird) and its trophicsituation, sex, time of exposure and biomass [1]. Theseauthors stated e.g., that in the unpolluted areas Zn andCu occurred at higher levels in blood than in pollutedones. Concentrations of Pb and Cd are higher in pollutedareas. They simultaneously emphasized, thatmetals level in blood of chicks may be influenced byphysiological response of species to distinct metals,and by the greater or lesser bioavailability of thesemetals. The reference values should also be interpretedwith care, since they do not refer to the same types ofspecies in particular environments [1]. In our studieson White Stork chicks we also stated these relations,particularly between element level in blood and environmentalstress [13].The results of our studies show that concentrationof cadmium is high in blood of White Stork chicksboth in the Pomeranian and polluted environments(Tab. II, Fig. 1). This was probably due to a highercontamination of soils with cadmium in these regions.Cd is accumulated in the blood of chicks duringgrowth, mostly in bones and feathers, which was foundby [14], and its toxic effects on an organism are intensifiedwith age. Cd and other hardly toxic metals primarilydisturb growth, reduce the hemoglobin content,displace biologically necessary elements, and haveantagonistic effect on metabolism of these elements[15, 16, 17].Among various mechanisms of chemical elementseconomy in birds there is an important role of bloodcalcium levels and correlated mechanisms of pesticideinducedeggshell thinning [18]. These authors concludedabout physiological mechanisms determiningthe impact of pesticides and organochlorines in theenvironment on the blood calcium levels in both altricialand precocial birds. These findings are consistentwith pesticide conversion ways actions involving inhibitionof shell gland function, but not with those involvedecreased calcium supply to the gland [19].Furthermore, these relationships caused widely birdresponses to environmental stress. E.g. gross pathologyof skeletal forms is supported by histopathology, whichshowed that bone remodeling activity is grater in thedeformed storks. It also has more irregular subperiostealbone, and tend to have higher residual islets ofcartilage in their metaphyses, which, in turn is relatedto metal contaminant residues. Both Ca and P in bonesare independently affected by metals. Deformed birdshave lower serum bone alkaline phosphatase. Bonemalformations, measured by leg asymmetry, are onlypartially explained by bone metals, indicating thata combination of factors is involved with abnormaldevelopment in young storks [19]. However, the respectivelyconnections with heavy metals and hemoglobincontent and blood indices development wasstated by [1] and [20].Metals exert toxic effects if they enter into biochemicalreactions in which they are not normallyinvolved. The threshold concentration at which suchdeleterious effects occur is usually higher for essentialelements than for non-essential although the "windowfor essentiality" for some ones is quite narrow. Unlikemany elements can not be broken down into less toxiccomponents. When released into environment, theyhave long residence times in soils and may continue toexert harmful effects on the environment long after thesource of pollution has ceased to operate [21, 22, 3].This phenomenon is actual in the Pomeranian village,studied in this paper, which is traditionally stork burdenin northern Poland, where the level of cadmium isrelatively high (this paper).However, the interaction between chemical elementsand antioxidant enzymatic activity plays animportant role in physiological response of chicks intheir environment.Various heavy metals and disturb of macroelementstransfer in the environment have their differential ecophysiologicalimpact upon the course of the level ofpro- and antioxidant activity of enzymes and on thedevelopment of lipoperoxidation processes. We canfind some attempts for explanation of these interactions,but they are concerned laboratory conditions andraising animals.The widely dependences of metal content in bloodof birds and their condition, which expressed by their
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