Visualizar Tese - Instituto de Biociências - Unesp
Visualizar Tese - Instituto de Biociências - Unesp Visualizar Tese - Instituto de Biociências - Unesp
Andreo Fernando AguiarDISCUSSIONAlthough it is easy to study resistance training (RT) in humans, it is difficult todetermine the phenotypic muscle responses to this training. This limitation is primarilya result of the invasive nature of muscle biopsies and the risks inherent in using humansubjects. Considering the heterogeneity of muscle fibers in different muscle regions, asmall muscle sample cannot accurately reflect the total muscle response. In addition,human studies may be influenced by motivation, movement technique during trainingand physical tests, and lifestyle subjects. To circumvent these problems, numerousanimal models have been used to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, such as removalof synergist muscles (4), ladder climbing (34) and water jump (2). Here, we used amodel of weightlifting well established that transcribes the traditional squat exercise inhumans (57), in progressive training protocol similar to that used to induce hypertrophyin humans, according to the guidelines of the college American sports medicine. Thisprotocol emphasizes multiple series of high-volume (10-12 repetitions) and moderateintensity (65-75% 1RM), with short (1 min) rest period between sets.The animal model provided the unique and accurate way to isolate singlemuscles and perform analysis on whole muscle preparations, reflecting the total muscleresponse. Furthermore, the use of an animal model provides a training methodindependent of the motivation of subjects and ensures complete control overenvironmental conditions, food intake, movement technique, or any other psychologicalparameters. With these variables controlled, the purpose of our study was to test thehypothesis that hypertrophic and phenotypic response of skeletal muscle during longtermRT could be associated with increased in myogenin, MyoD and IGF-I mRNAexpression. The major findings of this study were that: 1- RT during 12 weeks induceda decrease in MHCIIx/d isoform content and reciprocal increase in MHCIIa content;this MHCIIx/d-to-IIa modulation was consistent with type IIX/D-to-IIA muscle fiberstransition; 2- Myogenin and MyoD expression was similarly elevated between 8 and 12weeks of RT, while IGF-I mRNA levels was only increased during 8 weeks, butreturned to baseline after 12 weeks. Interestingly, the similar increase in myogenin andMyoD mRNA expression and reciprocal return of IGF-I to baseline was associated withthe stagnation of hypertrophy between 8 and 12 week; and 3- The increase in myogenin,MyoD and IGF-I mRNA expression after 8 weeks of RT was not associated withchanges in the MHC content and fiber-types frequency.62
Andreo Fernando AguiarMHC and fiber-type. Similar to previous resistance training studies (31, 12, 52,25), our experiment found a fiber IIX/D-to-IIA type and MHCIIx/d-to-IIa conversionafter 12 weeks of RT (Table 3 and Fig. 7C). Sharman et al. (52) argue that theMHCIIx/d-to-MHCIIa isoforms conversion occurs due to the plasticity of MHCIIx/d toadjust toward more oxidative fibers. This is due to recruitment of fibers with highthresholdstimulation during strength training. The increase in MHCIIa isoforms contentshow a beneficial adaptation of the muscle fibers towards a phenotype functionally andmetabolically more efficient during training. Interestingly, the muscle fiber IIX/D(MHCIIx/d)-to-IIA (MHCIIa) transition has been similarly demonstrated inbodybuilders (30) and untrained individuals undergoing RT (31), indicating that themagnitude of fiber-types changes is not directly related to the level of training.Collectively, our results together with of others (30, 31) suggest that there is a maximallimit of fiber-type transition in response to resistance training, which occurs only amongthe fast isoforms (IIx/d toward IIa). In addition, the increase of muscle fibers CSAduring 8 weeks (Fig. 6E) was not associated with changes in fiber frequency (Fig. 7C)and MHC content (Table 3), indicating that different stimulus of training are required toinduce muscle fibers hypertrophy and transition. Thus, the data strongly suggest that thestimulus (e.g., intensity and/or duration) of training required to induce muscle fiber-typetransition need to be greater than that to promote hypertrophy.While the morphologic and phenotypic responses to RT have been welldescribed, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying fiber-type transition during longtermRT are not completely understood. Previous acute-resistance training studies haveshown a positive correlation between MHC isoforms, MRFs and IGF-I mRNAexpression (40, 62, 61), suggesting that the expression pattern of different MHCisoforms can be influenced by the MRFs and IGF gene expression. In our study, theupregulation in myogenin, MyoD and IGF-I mRNA expression after 8 weeks of training(Fig. 9B and C) was not associated with changes in muscle fibers-type frequency (Fig.7C) and MHC content (Table 3). Contrary to other studies (40, 62, 61) our data showthat the increased in myogenin, MyoD and IGF-I mRNA expression was not associatedwith MHC modulation and muscle fiber-type transition. Corroborating our findings,Rudnicki et al. (50) showed that the expression of slow and fast fiber types was notprevented in mice by a knockout of MyoD gene. In addition, electrical stimulationstudies in fast muscle were not accompanied by conspicuous changes in MyoD andmyogenin mRNA levels (42, 32). So, the function of MRFs controlling the MHC63
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Andreo Fernando AguiarDISCUSSIONAlthough it is easy to study resistance training (RT) in humans, it is difficult to<strong>de</strong>termine the phenotypic muscle responses to this training. This limitation is primarilya result of the invasive nature of muscle biopsies and the risks inherent in using humansubjects. Consi<strong>de</strong>ring the heterogeneity of muscle fibers in different muscle regions, asmall muscle sample cannot accurately reflect the total muscle response. In addition,human studies may be influenced by motivation, movement technique during trainingand physical tests, and lifestyle subjects. To circumvent these problems, numerousanimal mo<strong>de</strong>ls have been used to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy, such as removalof synergist muscles (4), lad<strong>de</strong>r climbing (34) and water jump (2). Here, we used amo<strong>de</strong>l of weightlifting well established that transcribes the traditional squat exercise inhumans (57), in progressive training protocol similar to that used to induce hypertrophyin humans, according to the gui<strong>de</strong>lines of the college American sports medicine. Thisprotocol emphasizes multiple series of high-volume (10-12 repetitions) and mo<strong>de</strong>rateintensity (65-75% 1RM), with short (1 min) rest period between sets.The animal mo<strong>de</strong>l provi<strong>de</strong>d the unique and accurate way to isolate singlemuscles and perform analysis on whole muscle preparations, reflecting the total muscleresponse. Furthermore, the use of an animal mo<strong>de</strong>l provi<strong>de</strong>s a training methodin<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt of the motivation of subjects and ensures complete control overenvironmental conditions, food intake, movement technique, or any other psychologicalparameters. With these variables controlled, the purpose of our study was to test thehypothesis that hypertrophic and phenotypic response of skeletal muscle during longtermRT could be associated with increased in myogenin, MyoD and IGF-I mRNAexpression. The major findings of this study were that: 1- RT during 12 weeks induceda <strong>de</strong>crease in MHCIIx/d isoform content and reciprocal increase in MHCIIa content;this MHCIIx/d-to-IIa modulation was consistent with type IIX/D-to-IIA muscle fiberstransition; 2- Myogenin and MyoD expression was similarly elevated between 8 and 12weeks of RT, while IGF-I mRNA levels was only increased during 8 weeks, butreturned to baseline after 12 weeks. Interestingly, the similar increase in myogenin andMyoD mRNA expression and reciprocal return of IGF-I to baseline was associated withthe stagnation of hypertrophy between 8 and 12 week; and 3- The increase in myogenin,MyoD and IGF-I mRNA expression after 8 weeks of RT was not associated withchanges in the MHC content and fiber-types frequency.62
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