2007 ieee international symposium on electromagnetic compatibility

EMC <strong>2007</strong> ADVANCE PROGRAM 33become more and more important. This topic is related to EMCinsofar as an adequate immunity against electromagnetic phenomenais required to prevent safety-related systems, and the equipment usedin them from being harmfully affected, i.e. the need to avoid anunsafe behavior of such systems when being exposed to electromagneticphenomena. Hence, the need was identified to merge the topicsof EMC and functional safety, respectively, not only from a technicalpoint of view, but also in terms of standardization. This paperdescribes the current situation regarding standards dealing with bothareas and discusses the challenges that appear in the frame of workingout standards considering the approaches in both the areas appropriately.Validation, Verification and Immunity Testing Techniquesfor EMC for Functional SafetyKeith Armstrong, Cherry Clough ConsultantsSafety systems must maintain low risks over their lifetimes. Whereelectromagnetic interference (EMI) could affect risks, an adequatelevel of electromagnetic (EM) performance is required. This isknown as “electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) for FunctionalSafety”. It is not practical to prove that systems are safe enough solelyby EM testing. In all technical areas (including software) safetyrequires appropriate design, validation, and verification techniques,including testing. This paper briefly describes validation, verification,and immunity testing techniques for EMC Functional Safety.Many of these techniques can also help control environmental, financial,or security risks in high-reliability, mission-critical, or legalmetrology systems.A Novel Assessment Methodology for the EMI Occurrencein Implantable Medical Devices Based Upon Magnetic FluxDistribution of RFIDShunichi Futatsumori; Takashi Hikage; and Toshio Nojima, — GraduateSchool of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University; BenKoike, Japan Automatic Identification Systems Association; HiroshiFujimoto; and Takeshi Toyoshima, — Medtronic Japan Co., Ltd.With respect to the EMI affecting implantable medical devicescaused by Radio Frequency Identification Reader/Writers (RFIDR/W), experimental investigations are conducted to develop a riskassessment methodology based upon the measurement of the EMFdistribution around RFID R/W. First, fundamental EMI occurrencemechanisms of implantable cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators(ICD) are described. Second, the characteristicsof the radio wave emitted by the RFID R/W are described. Next,EMI test experiments and measurements of the field distributions areperformed. Then, a novel experimental assessment methodology isproposed. The EMI characteristics derived from magnetic flux distributionsare compared with the experimental results to confirm theeffectiveness of the proposed methodology. Finally, it is shown thatthe probability of EMI occurrence can be estimated using the statisticalprocessing of the proposed methodology.Noise Immunity in Electroencephalogram (EEG) Recordingsat High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Giorgio Bonmassar; Hernan Millan; Patrick Purdon; and John Belliveau,— Harvard Medical SchoolMedical instruments designed specifically for Magnetic ResonanceImaging (MRI) often require very high noise immunity levels toavoid any interference with the MRI system. Specifically, an MRIartifact or inappropriate object-like noise in a region of the imageshould be avoided since it may be misdiagnosed as pathology. In thispaper we describe a system for recording electroencephalogram(EEG) and Electrophysiology signals for artifact free images at highfieldMRI. The EEG/MRI System includes a 1 GHz shield that hasbeen tested on humans with fields up to 7 Tesla.SAR MEASUREMENTS AND MODELSStudy of Using Fractional Spherical Phantom on SAR EvaluationK. H. Chan; L. C. Fung; C. K. Tang; W. K. Lam; S. W. Leung; and Y.M. Siu, — City University of Hong KongA fractional head model can effectively reduce the computationaleffort of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) calculations, which are usuallyextremely complicated and time demanding. This paper studiesthe uses of a reduced-size fractional phantom head model for SARevaluation. The effect of the fractional spherical phantom heads onthe antenna performance and the SAR value are studied by using theFinite- Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. Results haveshown that both the return loss and the radiation pattern of themobile phone antenna are only slightly affected by the fractional headmodel for almost all cases when the phantom head is truncated to notmore than 25% in volume. Results have also indicated that the percentagedifference in the SAR value for the full head model and thefractional head model is less than 5%.Relationship Between Temperature Elevation and SpatialAverage SAR in Japanese Human Head Model Due toDipole AntennaAkimasa Hirata; Kazuyuki Shirai; and Osamu Fujiwara, — Departmentof Computer Science and Engineering, Nagoya Institute of TechnologyThis study investigated the relationship between temperature elevationand spatial average SAR (specific absorption rate) in a Japanesehead model due to a dipole antenna. Much attention is paid to theeffect of averaging mass on the relationship. As a main result, SARaveraged over 10g of tissue, and was better than that of 1g for correlatingwith temperature elevation. The rationale for this wasexplained in terms of Green’s function for the bioheat equation.Numerical Prediction of SAR and Thermal Elevation in a0.25-mm 3-D Model of the Human EyeConcettina Buccella; Valerio De Santis; and Mauro Feliziani, —University of L’AquilaA numerical study is proposed to compute the specific absorptionrate (SAR) and maximum temperature increase in the human eye dueto RF fields. A very accurate procedure is proposed using a very finediscretization in the calculations. The human eye is discretized by0.25 mm cubic cells so that many eye tissues can be considered. The3-D model permits the prediction of the SAR and thermal elevationaccording to the ICNIRP limits for occupational and general publicexposures.SA/SAR Analysis for UWB PulseJianqing Wang, Nagoya Institute of TechnologyWith the rapid progress of electronic and information technology, anexpectation for the realization of body area network (BAN) by meansof ultra wide band (UWB) techniques has risen. Although the signalfrom a single UWB device is very low, the energy absorption mayincrease significantly when many UWB devices are simultaneouslyadorned to a human body. An analysis method is therefore requiredfrom the point of view of biological safety evaluation. In this study,we proposed two approaches, one was in the time domain and theother was in the frequency domain, for the specific energy absorption©<strong>2007</strong> IEEE www.emc<strong>2007</strong>.org