Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide

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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideTable of ContentsAppendix M. Exercises...................................................................................................................................701M.1. Analyzing Scripts........................................................................................................................701M.2. Writing Scripts............................................................................................................................702Appendix N. Revision History.......................................................................................................................712Appendix O. Mirror Sites...............................................................................................................................714Appendix P. To Do List..................................................................................................................................715Appendix Q. Copyright..................................................................................................................................717Appendix R. ASCII Table..............................................................................................................................719Index....................................................................................................................................................719Notes..............................................................................................................................................751v
Chapter 1. Why Shell Programming?No programming language is perfect. There isnot even a single best language; there are onlylanguages well suited or perhaps poorly suitedfor particular purposes.--Herbert MayerA working knowledge of shell scripting is essential to anyone wishing to become reasonably proficient atsystem administration, even if they do not anticipate ever having to actually write a script. Consider that as aLinux machine boots up, it executes the shell scripts in /etc/rc.d to restore the system configuration andset up services. A detailed understanding of these startup scripts is important for analyzing the behavior of asystem, and possibly modifying it.The craft of scripting is not hard to master, since the scripts can be built in bite-sized sections and there is onlya fairly small set of shell-specific operators and options [1] to learn. The syntax is simple and straightforward,similar to that of invoking and chaining together utilities at the command line, and there are only a few "rules"governing their use. Most short scripts work right the first time, and debugging even the longer ones isstraightforward.A shell script is a "quick-and-dirty" method of prototyping a complex application. Getting even a limitedsubset of the functionality to work in a script is often a useful first stage in project development. This way, thestructure of the application can be tested and played with, and the major pitfalls found before proceeding tothe final coding in C, C++, Java, or Perl.Shell scripting hearkens back to the classic UNIX philosophy of breaking complex projects into simplersubtasks, of chaining together components and utilities. Many consider this a better, or at least moreesthetically pleasing approach to problem solving than using one of the new generation of high poweredall-in-one languages, such as Perl, which attempt to be all things to all people, but at the cost of forcing you toalter your thinking processes to fit the tool.According to Herbert Mayer, "a useful language needs arrays, pointers, and a generic mechanism for buildingdata structures." By these criteria, shell scripting falls somewhat short of being "useful." Or, perhaps not. . . .When not to use shell scripts• Resource-intensive tasks, especially where speed is a factor (sorting, hashing, recursion [2] ...)• Procedures involving heavy-duty math operations, especially floating point arithmetic, arbitraryprecision calculations, or complex numbers (use C++ or FORTRAN instead)• Cross-platform portability required (use C or Java instead)• Complex applications, where structured programming is a necessity (type-checking of variables,function prototypes, etc.)• Mission-critical applications upon which you are betting the future of the company• Situations where security is important, where you need to guarantee the integrity of your system andprotect against intrusion, cracking, and vandalism• Project consists of subcomponents with interlocking dependencies• Extensive file operations required (Bash is limited to serial file access, and that only in aparticularly clumsy and inefficient line-by-line fashion.)Chapter 1. Why Shell Programming? 1
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linkchk () {for element in $1/*; do
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Note
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidelet "h
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Chapter 9. Variables RevisitedUsed
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide$OSTYP
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideThis i
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#!/bin/bash# arglist.sh# Invoke thi
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MINLEN=45 # May need to change this
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideecho $
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$OPERATION $file > "$filename.$SUFF
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide${stri
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideecho u
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strip_leading_zero2 () # Strip poss
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide{FOO="
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chkMirrorArchs () {arch="$1";if [ "
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidenumber
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# $boz
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# 1) S
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#+ that the number of times the end
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideechoec
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideExampl
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Chapter 10. Loops and BranchesWhat
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide/sbin/
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thenecho "Usage: `basename $0` sear
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done | sort# Otherwise file list is
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide#!/bin
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidevar1=u
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuidedoneNo
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# Why does loop print up to 20?echo
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidelockfi
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echo " ------- ----"echo "Choose on
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideA case
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidec=-Wha
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Chapter 11. Command SubstitutionCom
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#+ or even (horrors), control chara
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideThe $(
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Chapter 12. Arithmetic ExpansionAri
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Part 4. CommandsMastering the comma
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide• fl
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• nm• nmap• nohup• nslookup
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide• ti
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Chapter 14. Internal Commands and B
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Let'
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideread#
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideechoex
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# ====
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{do}{echo "{$line}"}{last=$line}{do
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidelet "a
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# ====
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidefirst_
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidebash$
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide#+ but
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#+ since the script effectively "ex
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuidetrueA
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideYou ma
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideecho "
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Chapter 15. External Filters, Progr
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chattrAdvanced Bash-Scripting Guide
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home/bozo/test-scripts/1.txtAdvance
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;;*) echo "Deleting file \"$1\".";;
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideif [ !
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Stri
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideUtilit
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This line occurs only once.This lin
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cut -d ' ' -f1,2 /etc/mtabUsing cut
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuidegrepA
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Note
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do if look "$word" > /dev/nullthen
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Chan
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# 'cat -n' sees the above line as n
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# Speed of copying. It's faster tha
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidedistri
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For an interesting use of this comm
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuidecmpThe
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csplit "$0" "$CHUNKSIZE"# Some comm
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuidecryptA
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide--- lo
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideE_NOPA
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"/4/i386/gnbd-*""/4/i386/kernel-smp
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RET=$?--exclude '*' \$URL $DEST \|
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuidescpTha
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15.8. Math Commands"Doing the numbe
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#+ otherwise you get weird results.
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A load average of 1 or less indicat
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Job ControlAdvanced Bash-Scripting
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideapplic
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See also Example 16-8 and Example 2
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideIt mig
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide#+ whi
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide16.1.
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Part 5. Advanced TopicsAt this poin
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Chapter 17. Regular Expressions. .
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideThis l
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# Leading tab in each line will not
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# cat
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide:
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ead -p "Title: " titlecat - $file
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Chapter 19. I/O RedirectionThere ar
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidecat Fi
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Example 19-2. Redirecting stdout us
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}donee
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Why
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Read
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then# exec 7 >(exec gawk '{print st
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide( comm
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# When
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Chapter 21. Restricted ShellsDisabl
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Chapter 22. Process SubstitutionPip
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echo $des $what $mask $ifacedone #
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Example 23-7. Maximum of two number
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide} < fi
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}while
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do # Calculate $MAXTERM+1 terms.FIB
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Chapter 24. AliasesA Bash alias is
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drwxr-xr-x 40 bozo bozo 2048 Feb 6
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide#!/bin
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Chapter 26. ArraysNewer versions of
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Line[2]="The beauty of inflections"
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# Longest match from front of strin
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echoecho "Stack height for array2 =
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# array1=( `cat "$filename" | tr '\
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initializesiftprint_primes# This is
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}pop()
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidefor ((
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Chapter 27. /dev and /procA Linux o
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide## /pr
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Chapter 28. Of Zeros and Nulls/dev/
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# 3) t
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Chapter 29. DebuggingDebugging is t
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}DEBUG
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# The
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideINDICE
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Chapter 30. OptionsOptions are sett
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Chapter 31. GotchasTurandot: Gli en
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideechonu
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• A script may not export variabl
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidefoundo
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Chapter 32. Scripting With StyleGet
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideEnder
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# interactive...fiAlternatively, th
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# --co
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide#+ occ
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# }' "$filename"# -----------------
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#+ a generated $i equals $MAXVAL.#
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# This is the 5th argument and is o
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`cat horse_${MOVE_HORSE}_position |
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Pack
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide33.11.
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideSuits[
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidelet a+
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time. You will get neither help nor
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Very special thanks to the hard-wor
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Still considered a standard referen
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This well-written book contains som
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideThe GN
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Appendix A. Contributed ScriptsThes
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide#! /bi
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide;;*) e
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide#+ of
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideALIVE1
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}# ===
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# NOTE
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide--full
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# ${LIST[$inode]} Name: ${LIST[$nam
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[13] Time of last changectime refle
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# And then there was some test code
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Auth
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}eval
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Example A-24. More on hash function
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# ----
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prodid=`$DEVLABEL printid -d $part`
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if [ ! "$line" ] # Blank line?then#
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# Element 3: \'Pass: \' is: 10 long
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# Initialize 'Me' to something for
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1) A Blacklist server name;2) A fil
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}local
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}# Bui
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# Addresses which we have checked (
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideif [ $
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}# Som
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dig +noall +nofail +answer +authori
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# Move name to chk_name.# Add addre
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local -a _den_ns # Name-Serviceloca
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide_den_r
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Upda
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}retur
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# There are a few exceptions, where
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# If we got this far without making
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# Set a flag since stuff is done in
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ead inFilefidonefilePath="${savePat
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# ==>
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# Output of the @ command.....# Ski
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echo "" >>$savefilefill_in Author_F
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide## Edi
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# With
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echo '- - Output of function _simpl
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide#### P
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# Note also that the output does NO
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# Call this script with multiple ar
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideAppend
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide-z Str
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expr match "$string" '$substring'ex
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Appendix C. A Sed and Awk Micro-Pri
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The most important parts of any app
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Used
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Appendix D. Exit Codes With Special
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lsof 426 root 1w FIFO 0,0 7520 pipe
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideHoweve
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Appendix G. Important Filesstartup
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidedevice
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# Esca
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide---Thi
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Appendix K. A Sample .bashrc FileTh
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide#-----
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# tail
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide}mv "$
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guidecomple
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideawk '{
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Appendix L. Converting DOS Batch Fi
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MKDIR mkdir make directoryMORE more
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Appendix M. ExercisesM.1. Analyzing
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Perform a recursive directory listi
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideonce f
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide# = 1/
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideThe "f
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideThe sc
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide0.1 14
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Appendix P. To Do List• A compreh
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Appendix Q. CopyrightThe Advanced B
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Appendix R. ASCII TableIn a book of
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&j Redirect stdout to file descript
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide${para
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$# Number of arguments passed to a
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide.bashr
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideCompre
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideEnviro
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• shift arguments passed to a fun
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jot, Emit a sequence of integers. E
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide-lt ,
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuidePerl,
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Pseudo-code, as problem-solving met
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• $ (dollar sign) Anchor• . (do
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Advanced Bash-Scripting GuideSpecia
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• -f File is a regular file• -g
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Advanced Bash-Scripting Guideunset,
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Zombie, a process that has terminat
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This is only true of the GNU versio
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[83] An external command invoked wi
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