Introduction to the Logical Framework Approach - Stockholm ...

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Introduction to the LFAplanning steps of the LFA has to be revised the stakeholder analysis shouldbe re-considered.This leads to the statement made initially, that stakeholder analysis is not anisolated analysis step, but a process. The landscape of stakeholders involvedin a project evolves with the early analysis stages of an LFA process. To startwith careful and elaborate research (empirical analysis) on the differentstakeholders might be necessary to be complemented by different forms ofdirect consultation.Reader2.2.2. Problem AnalysisWithin the LFA it is assumed that for starting to think about a project therehas to be a perceivable need for an intervention. Before going further, in theGEF context, in order to be eligible for GEF funding the intervention needs tobe "of global interest". GEF project work concentrates on four main focalareas: biodiversity, international waters, climate change and ozone depletion.The term "global significance" means in this respect that the project eitheraims at reducing or eliminating a threat to a biodiversity or internationalwaters resource or in the case of climate change, tries to remove a barrier tothe establishment of a renewable or energy saving technology. If the generalproject idea does not meet these criteria, the project is not eligible for GEFfunding and support needs to be sought from other donors.It is assumed that a need for an intervention exists if there is an undesiredsituation. The intervention (project) is meant to help solving the undesiredsituation. Within the LFA “undesired situation” is translated and crystallisedinto “problems”. Analysing problems therefore means to analyse an existingsituation.During problem analysis the negative aspects of an existing situation areanalysed. Key problems are identified and the causal relationship betweenthem.Initially information on the existing situation has to be collected and analysedwhich, depending on the complexity of the circumstances, might take a longtime. On this basis the stakeholders identified are consulted for their viewsand perceptions. The consultations can take place through various forms 21that have to be chosen depending on the stakeholders. Often theconsultations are organised as participatory workshops. “Brainstorming” canbe used as a technique at the beginning of a workshop to identify keyproblems with the stakeholders. Having collected a number of key problems aso-called starter problem is selected to begin with clustering the problems: awhichproblems?identification ofcauses and effectsbetweenkey problems21 e.g. round tables, informal meetings, semi-structured interviews or other rapid appraisaltechniques (e.g. Rapid Rural Appraisal/ RRA or Participatory Rural Appraisal/ PRA).14
Introduction to the LFAhierarchy of causes and effects is being established between the problemsidentified, slowly drawing up a “problem tree” 22 :• problems which are directly causing the starter problem are placedbelow it;• problems which are direct effects of the starter problem are positionedabove it;• problems that are neither a cause nor an effect are positioned at thesame level as the starter problem.ReaderProblem AnalysisEstablishing cause-effect relations between problemsDSELiving conditions of localpeople are worsenedLoss ofBiodiversityEffectsFrequent diseasesamongst water usersSmaller catch forfisher folkAquatic lifeis damagedRiver water qualitydeterioratingOveruse of fertilizers /pesticides in agricultureUntreated discharge of wastewater fromhouseholds and factories into river is highLack of knowledgeof farmersHeavy subsidies forfertilizers / pesticidesLack of incentives foravoiding high pollutionof waste waterLegal regulationsare not adequateWastewatertreatment capacitiesare insufficientCausesIn the illustration case this could mean that after having identified anddiscussed the existing key problems one problem, e.g. “untreated dischargeof wastewater from households and factories into river is high” is chosen as astarter problem. Now the other problems identified are screened to seewhether there are problems related to the starter problem as causes. Thoseproblems are placed below the starter problem (lack of incentives foravoiding high pollution of waste water, legal regulations are not adequate,etc.). Then the pool of problems identified is screened again to see whetherthere are problems related to the starter problem as an effect – those22 Before starting with the development of a problem tree, that displays the identifiedproblems in a hierarchical order (causes – effects), a network diagram can be establishedthat displays the problems and how they are connected (indicated through arrows) in a nonhierarchicalway. Using the network diagram might help to get a first picture of the problemenvironment before analysing the relationships between the problems in greater detail.15
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