Quantum Physics

I.6 IndexInductioncharging by, 500, 500felectromagnetic, 555Faraday’s law of, 663–667, 683Inductive reactance, 697, 719Inductor(s)in AC circuits, 697–698, 697f, 698f,719in RL circuits, 680–682Inertial property of mass, 865–866Infrared waves, 716–717, 716f, 717fInstruments, optical, 819–842. Seealso Optical instrumentsInsulator(s), 499–500definition of, 499, 523energy bands of, 925–926, 926fIntegrated circuit, in semiconductordevices, 930–9331, 931fIntensity, of electromagnetic wave, 712Interferencein light wavesconditions for, 786–787, 811constructive, 788–789, 788f, 811destructive, 788f, 789, 811Young’s double-slit, 787–791,787f, 788f, 789f, 811to read CDs and DVDs, 796–797,796ftelevision signal, 790in thin films, 792–796, 792f, 793f,794f, 795f, 811Newton’s rings and, 793–796,793fInterferometer, Michelson, 836–837,836fIonization energy, 908Iris, 820, 821, 821fIrradiation, of food and medicalequipment, 960Isotopes, of elements, 940, 965JJunction rule, 601, 601f, 602Junction transistor, in semiconductordevices, 929–930, 930fJust resolved images, 832, 832f, 838KKeyboard, computer, capacitor in,546, 547fKilby, Jack, 930Kilowatt-hour, 581, 587Kinetic energy, 860, 869conversion of mass to, in uraniumfission, 864–865Kirchhoff, Gustav, 602fKirchhoff’s rulesapplications of, 603–605, 603f,604fcomplex DC circuits and, 601–605,601f, 603f, 604f, 615problem-solving strategy for, 602LLand, E. H., 805Laser printers, 544, 545fLasers, 922–924, 923f, 924f, 932Laue pattern, 883Law(s)Bragg’s, 884, 896Brewster’s, 808, 812of conservation, 989–991of strangeness, 991Malus’s, 806of refraction, 732–736, 745Snell’s, 733, 745Wien’s displacement, 875, 895Lawson’s criterion, 982, 1002Length, proper, 856Length contraction, 856–858, 856f,868Lens(es)aberrations of, 777–779, 778fangular magnification of, 825, 826f,837camera, f-number of, 820, 837converging, 769, 770images formed by, 773–774, 774fcrystalline, 820, 821, 821fdiverging, 769, 770, 774–776, 775fin diving masks, vision and, 773power of, 823prescribing, 823–825thin, 769–777, 769f, 770f, 771f,772f, 774f, 775f, 776fcombinations of, 776–777, 776fray diagrams for, 771–776, 772f,774f, 775f, 776fsign conventions for, 771tLens maker’s equation, 771Lenz’s law, 664, 670–673, 683applications of, 672–673, 672fLepton number, 990–991Leptons, 988t, 989, 1002Light, 726–753dispersion of, into spectrum,738–739, 738f, 739fdual nature of, 887–890electromagnetic radiation and, 887as electromagnetic wave, 711–712laser, refraction of, in DVD,735–736nature of, 726–727, 745Light (Continued)passing through slab, 734–735photon theory of, 879reflection of, 727, 745refraction of, 727, 730–731, 731f,7452speed of, 845–846, 845f, 846fether wind theory of, 846, 846f,847fin fused quartz, 734Michelson-Morley experimenton, 846–849, 847f, 849fultraviolet, 716f, 717visible, 716f, 717wave theory of, 726–727Light sourcescoherent, interference and,786–787incoherent, interference and, 787measuring wavelength of, 790–791Light waveslinearly polarized, 805, 805fpolarization of, 804–811, 812unpolarized, 805, 805fLightbulb(s)aging, dimming of, 576brightness of, in various circuits,598–599Christmas, in series, 594–595, 594fcost of operating, 582current in, 569failure of, timing of, 581three-way, 599Lightning rods, as conductors, 514Lightning storm, driver safety during,515Lightning strike, deflection of, byEarth’s magnetic field, 633Liquid crystals, 810–811, 810fLithium, electronic arrangement in,918Lloyd’s mirror, 791, 791fLoad resistance, 593Loop rule, 601, 603f, 604fLuminiferous ether, 846MMagnet(s), 624–626permanent, 649superconducting, 579–580, 580fMagnetic bacteria, 627–628Magnetic declination, 627, 627fMagnetic domains, 648–649, 648f,649fMagnetic field(s), 628–631, 649of current loop, 644–645, 644ftorque on, 634–636, 634f, 635f,650