Quantum Physics

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Answers to Quick Quizzes, Odd-Numbered Conceptual Questions and Problems A.31ton has spin (intrinsic angular momentum) and is involvedin electromagnetic interactions, while the neutrinohas spin /2, and is closely related to beta decays.15. Since the two samples are of the same radioactive nuclide,they have the same half-life; the 2:1 difference in activityis due to a 2:1 difference in the mass of each sample. After5 half lives, each will have decreased in mass by a power of2 5 32. However, since this simply means that the massof each is 32 times smaller, the ratio of the masses will stillbe (2/32) : (1/32), or 2:1. Therefore, the ratio of theiractivities will always be 2:1.PROBLEMS1. A 2, r 1.5 fm; A 60, r 4.7 fm; A 197, r 7.0 fm;A 239, r 7.4 fm3. 1.8 10 2 m5. (a) 27.6 N (b) 4.16 10 27 m/s 2 (c) 1.73 MeV7. (a) 1.9 10 7 m/s (b) 7.1 MeV931979. 8.66 MeV/nucleon for 41 Nb , 7.92 MeV/nucleon for 79 Au11. 3.54 MeV2313. 0.210 MeV/nucleon greater for 11 Na , attributable to lessproton repulsion15. 0.46 Ci17. (a) 9.98 10 7 s 1 (b) 1.9 10 10 nuclei19. 1.0 h21. 4.31 10 3 yr23. (a) 5.58 10 2 h 1 , 12.4 h (b) 2.39 10 13 nuclei(c) 1.9 mCi208 95 14425. , 37 Rb81 Tl , 60 Nd40 94 427. , ,29. e 42 Mo56decay, 27 Co2 He20 Ca: 5626 Fe e 31. (a) cannot occur spontaneously(b) can occur spontaneously33. 18.6 keV35. 4.22 10 3 yr3037. (a) 15 P (b) 2.64 MeV21 14439. (a) 10 Ne (b) 54 Xe (c) X e , X 13 1041. (a) 6 C (b) 5 B19719843. (a) 79Au n : 80 Hg e (b) 7.88 MeV145. (a) 0 n (b) Fluoride mass 18.000 953 u47. 18.8 J49. 24 d51. (a) 8.97 10 11 electrons (b) 0.100 J (c) 100 rad53. 46.5 d55. Q 3.27 MeV 0, no threshold energy required57. (a) 2.52 10 24 (b) 2.29 10 12 Bq (c) 1.07 10 6 yr59. (a) 4.0 10 9 yr (b) It could be no older. The rock couldbe younger if some 87 Sr were initially present.61. 54 Ci63. 2.3 10 2 yr65. 4.4 10 8 kg/hChapter 30QUICK QUIZZES1. (c)2. (a)3. (b)4. (d)CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS1. The experiment described is a nice analogy to the Rutherfordscattering experiment. In the Rutherford experiment,alpha particles were scattered from atoms and the scatteringwas consistent with a small structure in the atom containingthe positive charge.3. The largest charge quark is 2e/3, so a combination of onlytwo particles, a quark and an antiquark forming a meson,could not have an electric charge of 2e. Only particlescontaining three quarks, each with a charge of 2e/3, cancombine to produce a total charge of 2e.5. Until about 700 000 years after the Big Bang, the temperatureof the Universe was high enough for any atoms thatformed to be ionized by ambient radiation. Once theaverage radiation energy dropped below the hydrogenionization energy of 13.6 eV, hydrogen atoms could formand remain as neutral atoms for relatively long period oftime.7. In the quark model, all hadrons are composed of smallerunits called quarks. Quarks have a fractional electric1charge and a baryon number of 3. There are six flavors ofquarks: up (u), down (d), strange (s), charmed (c), top(t), and bottom (b). All baryons contain three quarks,and all mesons contain one quark and one antiquark. Section30.12 has a more detailed discussion of the quarkmodel.9. Baryons and mesons are hadrons, interacting primarilythrough the strong force. They are not elementary particles,being composed of either three quarks (baryons) ora quark and an antiquark (mesons). Baryons have a1 3nonzero baryon number with a spin of either2or2.Mesons have a baryon number of zero and a spin of either0 or 1.11. All stable particles other than protons and neutrons havebaryon number zero. Since the baryon number must beconserved, and the final states of the kaon decay containno protons or neutrons, the baryon number of all kaonsmust be zero.13. Yes, but the strong interaction predominates.15. Unless the particles have enough kinetic energy to producea baryon–antibaryon pair, the answer is no. Antibaryonshave a baryon number of 1, baryons have abaryon number of 1, and mesons have a baryon numberof 0. If such an interaction were to occur and produce abaryon, the baryon number would not be conserved.17. Baryons and antibaryons contain three quarks, whilemesons and antimesons contain two quarks. Quarks havea spin of 1/2; thus, three quarks in a baryon can onlycombine to form a net spin that is half-integral. Likewise,two quarks in a meson can only combine to form a netspin of 0 or 1.19. For the first decay, the half-life is characteristic of thestrong interaction, so the 0 must have S 0, and strangenessis conserved. The second decay must occur via theweak interaction.PROBLEMS1. 1.1 10 16 fissions3. 126 MeV5. (a) 16.2 kg (b) 117 g7. 2.9 10 3 km (1 800 miles)9. 1.01 g811. (a) 4Be (b) 12 C (c) 7.27 MeV613. 3.07 10 22 events/yr15. (a) 3.44 10 30 J (b) 1.56 10 8 yr17. (a) 4.53 10 23 Hz (b) 0.622 fm
A.32 Answers to Quick Quizzes, Odd-Numbered Conceptual Questions and Problems19. 10 23 s21. 10 18 m23. (a) conservation of electron-lepton number and conservationof muon-lepton number (b) conservation of charge(c) conservation of baryon number (d) conservation ofbaryon number (e) conservation of charge25.27. (a) (b) (c) e (d) e (e) (f) and e29. (a) not allowed; violates conservation of baryon number(b) strong interaction (c) weak interaction (d) weak interaction(e) electromagnetic interaction31. (a) not conserved (b) conserved (c) conserved (d) notconserved (e) not conserved (f) not conserved33. (a) charge, baryon number, L e , L (b) charge, baryonnumber, L e , L , L (c) charge, L e , L , L , strangenessnumber (d) charge, baryon number, L e , L , L , strangenessnumber (e) charge, baryon number, L e , L , L ,strangeness number (f) charge, baryon number, L e , L ,L , strangeness number35. 3.34 10 26 electrons, 9.36 10 26 up quarks, 8.70 10 26down quarks37. (a) (b) (c) K 0 (d) 41. a neutron, udd43. 70.45 MeV45. 18.8 MeV47. (a) electron-lepton and muon-lepton numbers not conserved(b) electron-lepton number not conserved(c) charge not conserved(d) baryon and electron-lepton numbers not conserved(e) strangeness violated by 2 units49. (a) 2 10 24 nuclei (b) 0.6 kg51. (a) 1 baryon before and zero baryons after decay. Baryonnumber is not conserved.(b) 469 MeV, 469 MeV/c(c) 0.999 999 4c53. (b) 12 days55. 26 collisions39.Net QuarksReaction At Quark Level (before and after) p : K 0 0ud uud : ds uds p : K ud uud : us uusK p : us uud :K K 0 us d s sss1 up, 2 down,0 strange3 up, 0 down,0 strange1 up, 1 down,1 strange(d) The mystery particle is a 0 or a 0 .
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Color-enhanced scanning electronmic
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876 Chapter 27 Quantum PhysicsSolve
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27.2 The Photoelectric Effect and t
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27.3 X-Rays 881even when black card
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27.4 Diffraction of X-Rays by Cryst
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27.5 The Compton Effect 885Exercise
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27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and M
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27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and M
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27.8 The Uncertainty Principle 891w
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27.8 The Uncertainty Principle 893E
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27.9 The Scanning Tunneling Microsc
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Problems 897The probability per uni
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Problems 89917. When light of wavel
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Problems 90151.time of 5.00 ms. Fin
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“Neon lights,” commonly used in
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28.2 Atomic Spectra 905l(nm) 400 50
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28.3 The Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 90
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28.3 Th Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 909
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28.4 Modification of the Bohr Theor
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28.6 Quantum Mechanics and the Hydr
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28.7 The Spin Magnetic Quantum Numb
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28.9 The Exclusion Principle and th
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28.9 The Exclusion Principle and th
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28.11 Atomic Transitions 921electro
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28.12 Lasers and Holography 923is u
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28.13 Energy Bands in Solids 925Ene
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28.13 Energy Bands in Solids 927Ene
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28.14 Semiconductor Devices 929I (m
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Summary 931(a)Figure 28.32 (a) Jack
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Problems 9335. Is it possible for a
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Problems 935tum number n. (e) Shoul
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Problems 93748. A dimensionless num
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Aerial view of a nuclear power plan
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29.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 941T
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29.2 Binding Energy 943130120110100
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29.3 Radioactivity 94529.3 RADIOACT
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29.3 Radioactivity 947INTERACTIVE E
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29.4 The Decay Processes 949Alpha D
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29.4 The Decay Processes 951Strateg
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29.4 The Decay Processes 953they we
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29.6 Nuclear Reactions 955wounds on
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29.6 Nuclear Reactions 957EXAMPLE 2
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29.7 Medical Applications of Radiat
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29.7 Medical Applications of Radiat
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29.8 Radiation Detectors 963Figure
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Summary 965Photo Researchers, Inc./
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Problems 967CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS1.
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Problems 96924. A building has beco
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Problems 97157. A by-product of som
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This photo shows scientist MelissaD
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30.1 Nuclear Fission 975Applying Ph
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30.2 Nuclear Reactors 977Courtesy o
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30.2 Nuclear Reactors 979events in
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30.3 Nuclear Fusion 981followed by
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30.3 Nuclear Fusion 983VacuumCurren
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30.6 Positrons and Other Antipartic
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30.7 Mesons and the Beginning of Pa
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Page 130 and 131: Problems 100330.12 Quarks &30.13 Co
Page 132 and 133: Problems 1005particles fuse to prod
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Page 136 and 137: A.1 MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONMany mathe
Page 138 and 139: A.3 Algebra A.3by 8, we have8x8 32
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Page 144 and 145: APPENDIX BAn Abbreviated Table of I
Page 146 and 147: An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes A.
Page 148 and 149: An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes A.
Page 150 and 151: Some Useful Tables A.15TABLE C.3The
Page 152 and 153: Answers to Quick Quizzes,Odd-Number
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Page 168 and 169: IndexPage numbers followed by “f
Page 170 and 171: Current, 568-573, 586direction of,
Page 172 and 173: Index I.5Fissionnuclear, 973-976, 9
Page 174 and 175: Index I.7Magnetic field(s) (Continu
Page 176 and 177: Polarizer, 805-806, 805f, 806-807Po
Page 178 and 179: South poleEarth’s geographic, 626
Page 180 and 181: CreditsPhotographsThis page constit
Page 182 and 183: PEDAGOGICAL USE OF COLORDisplacemen
Page 184 and 185: PHYSICAL CONSTANTSQuantity Symbol V
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