Quantum Physics

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Some Useful Tables A.15TABLE C.3The Greek AlphabetAlpha Nu Beta Xi Gamma Omicron Delta Pi Epsilon Rho Zeta Sigma Eta Tau Theta Upsilon Iota Phi Kappa Chi Lambda Psi Mu Omega TABLE C.4Physical Data Often Used aAverage Earth-Moon distance 3.84 10 8 mAverage Earth-Sun distance1.496 10 11 mEquatorial radius of Earth6.38 10 6 mDensity of air (20°C and 1 atm) 1.20 kg/m 3Density of water (20°C and 1 atm) 1.00 10 3 kg/m 3Free-fall acceleration 9.80 m/s 2Mass of Earth5.98 10 24 kgMass of Moon7.36 10 22 kgMass of Sun1.99 10 30 kgStandard atmospheric pressure 1.013 10 5 Paa These are the values of the constants as used in the text.TABLE C.5Some Fundamental Constants aQuantity Symbol Value bAtomic mass unit u 1.660 540 2(10) 10 27 kg931.494 32(28) MeV/c 2Avogadro’s number N A 6.022 136 7(36) 10 23 (mol) 1Bohr radiusa 0.529 177 249(24) 10 10 0 mm e e 2 k eBoltzmann’s constant k B R/N A 1.380 658(12) 10 23 J/KCompton wavelengthm e c2.426 310 58(22) 10 12 mCoulomb constantk e 1408.987 551 787 10 9 N m 2 /C 2 (exact)Electron mass m e 9.109 389 7(54) 10 31 kg5.485 799 03(13) 10 4 u0.510 999 06(15) MeV/c 2Electron volt eV 1.602 177 33(49) 10 19 JElementary charge e 1.602 177 33(49) 10 19 CGas constant R 8.314 510(70) J/K molGravitational constant G 6.672 59(85) 10 11 N m 2 /kg 2Hydrogen ionization energy C h2E 1 m ee 4 k2 e2 2 e 2 k e2a 013.605 698(40) eVNeutron mass m n 1.674 928 6(10) 10 27 kg1.008 664 904(14) u939.565 63(28) MeV/c 2Permeability of free space 0 4 10 7 T m/A (exact)Permittivity of free space 0 1/ 0 c 2 8.854 187 817 10 12 C 2 /N m 2 (exact)Planck’s constant h 6.626 075(40) 10 34 J sh/21.054 572 66(63) 10 34 J sProton mass m p 1.672 623(10) 10 27 kg1.007 276 470(12) u938.272 3(28) MeV/c 2Rydberg constant R H 1.097 373 153 4(13) 10 7 m 1Speed of light in vacuum c 2.997 924 58 10 8 m/s (exact)a These constants are the values recommended in 1986 by CODATA, based on a least-squares adjustment of data from differentmeasurements. For a more complete list, see Cohen, E. Richard, and Barry N. Taylor, Rev. Mod. Phys. 59:1121, 1987.b The numbers in parentheses for the values below represent the uncertainties in the last two digits.
APPENDIX DSI UnitsTABLE D.1SI Base UnitsSI Base UnitBase Quantity Name SymbolLength meter mMass kilogram kgTime second sElectric current ampere ATemperature kelvin KAmount of substance mole molLuminous intensity candela cdTABLE D.2Derived SI UnitsExpression in Expression inTerms of Base Terms ofQuantity Name Symbol Units Other SI UnitsPlane angle radian rad m/mFrequency hertz Hz s 1Force newton N kg m/s 2 J/mPressure pascal Pa kg/m s 2 N/m 2Energy: work joule J kg m 2 /s 2 N mPower watt W kg m 2 /s 3 J/sElectric charge coulomb C A sElectric potential (emf) volt V kg m 2 /A s 3 W/A, J/CCapacitance farad F A 2 s 4 /kg m 2 C/VElectric resistance ohm kg m 2 /A 2 s 3 V/AMagnetic flux weber Wb kg m 2 /A s 2 V s, T m 2Magnetic field intensity tesla T kg/A s 2 Wb/m 2Inductance henry H kg m 2 /A 2 s 2 Wb/AA.16
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Color-enhanced scanning electronmic
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876 Chapter 27 Quantum PhysicsSolve
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27.2 The Photoelectric Effect and t
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27.3 X-Rays 881even when black card
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27.4 Diffraction of X-Rays by Cryst
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27.5 The Compton Effect 885Exercise
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27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and M
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27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and M
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27.8 The Uncertainty Principle 891w
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27.8 The Uncertainty Principle 893E
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27.9 The Scanning Tunneling Microsc
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Problems 897The probability per uni
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Problems 89917. When light of wavel
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Problems 90151.time of 5.00 ms. Fin
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“Neon lights,” commonly used in
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28.2 Atomic Spectra 905l(nm) 400 50
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28.3 The Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 90
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28.3 Th Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 909
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28.4 Modification of the Bohr Theor
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28.6 Quantum Mechanics and the Hydr
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28.7 The Spin Magnetic Quantum Numb
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28.9 The Exclusion Principle and th
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28.9 The Exclusion Principle and th
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28.11 Atomic Transitions 921electro
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28.12 Lasers and Holography 923is u
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28.13 Energy Bands in Solids 925Ene
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28.13 Energy Bands in Solids 927Ene
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28.14 Semiconductor Devices 929I (m
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Summary 931(a)Figure 28.32 (a) Jack
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Problems 9335. Is it possible for a
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Problems 935tum number n. (e) Shoul
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Problems 93748. A dimensionless num
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Aerial view of a nuclear power plan
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29.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 941T
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29.2 Binding Energy 943130120110100
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29.3 Radioactivity 94529.3 RADIOACT
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29.3 Radioactivity 947INTERACTIVE E
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29.4 The Decay Processes 949Alpha D
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29.4 The Decay Processes 951Strateg
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29.4 The Decay Processes 953they we
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29.6 Nuclear Reactions 955wounds on
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29.6 Nuclear Reactions 957EXAMPLE 2
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29.7 Medical Applications of Radiat
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29.7 Medical Applications of Radiat
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29.8 Radiation Detectors 963Figure
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Summary 965Photo Researchers, Inc./
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Problems 967CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS1.
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Problems 96924. A building has beco
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Problems 97157. A by-product of som
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Page 102 and 103: 30.1 Nuclear Fission 975Applying Ph
Page 104 and 105: 30.2 Nuclear Reactors 977Courtesy o
Page 106 and 107: 30.2 Nuclear Reactors 979events in
Page 108 and 109: 30.3 Nuclear Fusion 981followed by
Page 110 and 111: 30.3 Nuclear Fusion 983VacuumCurren
Page 112 and 113: 30.6 Positrons and Other Antipartic
Page 114 and 115: 30.7 Mesons and the Beginning of Pa
Page 116 and 117: 30.9 Conservation Laws 989LeptonsLe
Page 118 and 119: 30.10 Strange Particles and Strange
Page 120 and 121: 30.12 Quarks 993n pΣ _ Σ 0 Σ + S
Page 122 and 123: 30.12 Quarks 995charm C 1, its anti
Page 124 and 125: 30.14 Electroweak Theory and the St
Page 126 and 127: 30.15 The Cosmic Connection 999prot
Page 128 and 129: 30.16 Problems and Perspectives 100
Page 130 and 131: Problems 100330.12 Quarks &30.13 Co
Page 132 and 133: Problems 1005particles fuse to prod
Page 134 and 135: Problems 100740. Assume binding ene
Page 136 and 137: A.1 MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONMany mathe
Page 138 and 139: A.3 Algebra A.3by 8, we have8x8 32
Page 140 and 141: A.3 Algebra A.5EXERCISESSolve the f
Page 142 and 143: A.5 Trigonometry A.7When natural lo
Page 144 and 145: APPENDIX BAn Abbreviated Table of I
Page 146 and 147: An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes A.
Page 148 and 149: An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes A.
Page 152 and 153: Answers to Quick Quizzes,Odd-Number
Page 154 and 155: Answers to Quick Quizzes, Odd-Numbe
Page 168 and 169: IndexPage numbers followed by “f
Page 170 and 171: Current, 568-573, 586direction of,
Page 172 and 173: Index I.5Fissionnuclear, 973-976, 9
Page 174 and 175: Index I.7Magnetic field(s) (Continu
Page 176 and 177: Polarizer, 805-806, 805f, 806-807Po
Page 178 and 179: South poleEarth’s geographic, 626
Page 180 and 181: CreditsPhotographsThis page constit
Page 182 and 183: PEDAGOGICAL USE OF COLORDisplacemen
Page 184 and 185: PHYSICAL CONSTANTSQuantity Symbol V
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Quantum Physics

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