Quantum Physics

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Problems 100740. Assume binding energies can be neglected. Find themasses of the u and d quarks from the masses of theproton and neutron.ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS41. A 0 particle traveling through matter strikes a protonand a , and a gamma ray, as well as a thirdparticle, emerges. Use the quark model of each todetermine the identity of the third particle.42. It was stated in the text that the reactionoccurs with high probability,whereas the reactionnever occurs.Analyze these reactions at the quark level andshow that the first conserves the net number of eachtype of quark while the second does not. p : K 0 043. Two protons approach each other with equal andopposite velocities. Find the minimum kinetic energyof each of the protons if they are to produce a meson at rest in the reactionp p : p n 44. Name at least one conservation law that preventseach of the following reactions from occurring:(a) p : 0(b) : e(c) p : Find the energy released in the fu-45.sion reaction p : K 0 nH 3 2He : 4 2He e 46. Occasionally, high-energy muons collide with electronsand produce two neutrinos according to thereaction e : 2. What kind of neutrinos arethese?47. Each of the following decays is forbidden. For eachprocess, determine a conservation law that is violated:(a) : e (b) n : p e e(c) 0 : p 0(d) p : e 0(e) 0 : n 048. Two protons approach each other with 70.4 MeV ofkinetic energy and engage in a reaction in which aproton and a positive pion emerge at rest. Whatthird particle, obviously uncharged and thereforedifficult to detect, must have been created?49. The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August6, 1945, released 5 10 13 J of energy (equivalent tothat from 12 000 tons of TNT). Estimate (a) thenumber of23592U nuclei fissioned and (b) the mass ofthis235U.50. A 0 particle at rest decays according to 0 : 0 . Find the gamma-ray energy. [Hint: remember toconserve momentum.]51. If baryon number is not conserved, then one possiblemechanism by which a proton can decay isp : e Show that this reaction violates the conservation ofbaryon number. (b) Assuming that the reaction occursand that the proton is initially at rest, determinethe energy and momentum of the photon afterthe reaction. [Hint: recall that energy andmomentum must be conserved in the reaction.](c) Determine the speed of the positron after thereaction.52. Classical general relativity views the space–timemanifold as a deterministic structure completelywell defined down to arbitrarily small distances.On the other hand, quantum general relativity forbidsdistances smaller than the Planck lengthL (G/c 3 ) 1/2 . (a) Calculate the value of L. Theanswer suggests that, after the Big Bang (when allthe known Universe was reduced to a singularity),nothing could be observed until that singularitygrew larger than the Planck length, L. Since the sizeof the singularity grew at the speed of light, we caninfer that during the time it took for light to travelthe Planck length, no observations were possible.(b) Determine this time (known as the Planck timeT), and compare it to the ultra-hot epoch discussedin the text. (c) Does your answer to part (b) suggestthat we may never know what happened between thetime t 0 and the time t T ?53.92(a) Show that about 1.0 10 10 J would be releasedby the fusion of the deuterons in 1.0 gal of water.Note that 1 out of every 6 500 hydrogen atoms is adeuteron. (b) The average energy consumption rateof a person living in the United States is about 1.0 10 4 J/s (an average power of 10 kW). At this rate,how long would the energy needs of one person besupplied by the fusion of the deuterons in 1.0 gal ofwater? Assume that the energy released perdeuteron is 1.64 MeV.54. Calculate the mass of 235 U required to provide thetotal energy requirements of a nuclear submarine
1008 Chapter 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary Particlesduring a 100-day patrol, assuming a constant powerdemand of 100 000 kW, a conversion efficiency of30%, and an average energy released per fission of208 MeV.55. A 2.0-MeV neutron is emitted in a fission reactor. Ifit loses one-half of its kinetic energy in each collisionwith a moderator atom, how many collisionsmust it undergo in order to achieve thermal energy(0.039 eV)?© 2005 Sidney Harris
Page 1 and 2:
Color-enhanced scanning electronmic
Page 3:
876 Chapter 27 Quantum PhysicsSolve
Page 6 and 7:
27.2 The Photoelectric Effect and t
Page 8 and 9:
27.3 X-Rays 881even when black card
Page 10 and 11:
27.4 Diffraction of X-Rays by Cryst
Page 12 and 13:
27.5 The Compton Effect 885Exercise
Page 14 and 15:
27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and M
Page 16 and 17:
27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and M
Page 18 and 19:
27.8 The Uncertainty Principle 891w
Page 20 and 21:
27.8 The Uncertainty Principle 893E
Page 22 and 23:
27.9 The Scanning Tunneling Microsc
Page 24 and 25:
Problems 897The probability per uni
Page 26 and 27:
Problems 89917. When light of wavel
Page 28 and 29:
Problems 90151.time of 5.00 ms. Fin
Page 30 and 31:
“Neon lights,” commonly used in
Page 32 and 33:
28.2 Atomic Spectra 905l(nm) 400 50
Page 34 and 35:
28.3 The Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 90
Page 36 and 37:
28.3 Th Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 909
Page 38 and 39:
28.4 Modification of the Bohr Theor
Page 40 and 41:
28.6 Quantum Mechanics and the Hydr
Page 42 and 43:
28.7 The Spin Magnetic Quantum Numb
Page 44 and 45:
28.9 The Exclusion Principle and th
Page 46 and 47:
28.9 The Exclusion Principle and th
Page 48 and 49:
28.11 Atomic Transitions 921electro
Page 50 and 51:
28.12 Lasers and Holography 923is u
Page 52 and 53:
28.13 Energy Bands in Solids 925Ene
Page 54 and 55:
28.13 Energy Bands in Solids 927Ene
Page 56 and 57:
28.14 Semiconductor Devices 929I (m
Page 58 and 59:
Summary 931(a)Figure 28.32 (a) Jack
Page 60 and 61:
Problems 9335. Is it possible for a
Page 62 and 63:
Problems 935tum number n. (e) Shoul
Page 64 and 65:
Problems 93748. A dimensionless num
Page 66 and 67:
Aerial view of a nuclear power plan
Page 68 and 69:
29.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 941T
Page 70 and 71:
29.2 Binding Energy 943130120110100
Page 72 and 73:
29.3 Radioactivity 94529.3 RADIOACT
Page 74 and 75:
29.3 Radioactivity 947INTERACTIVE E
Page 76 and 77:
29.4 The Decay Processes 949Alpha D
Page 78 and 79:
29.4 The Decay Processes 951Strateg
Page 80 and 81:
29.4 The Decay Processes 953they we
Page 82 and 83:
29.6 Nuclear Reactions 955wounds on
Page 84 and 85: 29.6 Nuclear Reactions 957EXAMPLE 2
Page 86 and 87: 29.7 Medical Applications of Radiat
Page 88 and 89: 29.7 Medical Applications of Radiat
Page 90 and 91: 29.8 Radiation Detectors 963Figure
Page 92 and 93: Summary 965Photo Researchers, Inc./
Page 94 and 95: Problems 967CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS1.
Page 96 and 97: Problems 96924. A building has beco
Page 98 and 99: Problems 97157. A by-product of som
Page 100 and 101: This photo shows scientist MelissaD
Page 102 and 103: 30.1 Nuclear Fission 975Applying Ph
Page 104 and 105: 30.2 Nuclear Reactors 977Courtesy o
Page 106 and 107: 30.2 Nuclear Reactors 979events in
Page 108 and 109: 30.3 Nuclear Fusion 981followed by
Page 110 and 111: 30.3 Nuclear Fusion 983VacuumCurren
Page 112 and 113: 30.6 Positrons and Other Antipartic
Page 114 and 115: 30.7 Mesons and the Beginning of Pa
Page 116 and 117: 30.9 Conservation Laws 989LeptonsLe
Page 118 and 119: 30.10 Strange Particles and Strange
Page 120 and 121: 30.12 Quarks 993n pΣ _ Σ 0 Σ + S
Page 122 and 123: 30.12 Quarks 995charm C 1, its anti
Page 124 and 125: 30.14 Electroweak Theory and the St
Page 126 and 127: 30.15 The Cosmic Connection 999prot
Page 128 and 129: 30.16 Problems and Perspectives 100
Page 130 and 131: Problems 100330.12 Quarks &30.13 Co
Page 132 and 133: Problems 1005particles fuse to prod
Page 136 and 137: A.1 MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONMany mathe
Page 138 and 139: A.3 Algebra A.3by 8, we have8x8 32
Page 140 and 141: A.3 Algebra A.5EXERCISESSolve the f
Page 142 and 143: A.5 Trigonometry A.7When natural lo
Page 144 and 145: APPENDIX BAn Abbreviated Table of I
Page 146 and 147: An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes A.
Page 148 and 149: An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes A.
Page 150 and 151: Some Useful Tables A.15TABLE C.3The
Page 152 and 153: Answers to Quick Quizzes,Odd-Number
Page 154 and 155: Answers to Quick Quizzes, Odd-Numbe
Page 168 and 169: IndexPage numbers followed by “f
Page 170 and 171: Current, 568-573, 586direction of,
Page 172 and 173: Index I.5Fissionnuclear, 973-976, 9
Page 174 and 175: Index I.7Magnetic field(s) (Continu
Page 176 and 177: Polarizer, 805-806, 805f, 806-807Po
Page 178 and 179: South poleEarth’s geographic, 626
Page 180 and 181: CreditsPhotographsThis page constit
Page 182 and 183: PEDAGOGICAL USE OF COLORDisplacemen
Page 184 and 185:
PHYSICAL CONSTANTSQuantity Symbol V
show all

Quantum Physics

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?