WCST Bibliography - Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.

Chelune, G. J., & Thompson, L. L. (1987). Evaluation ofthe general sensitivity of the Wisconsin Card SortingTest among younger and older children. DevelopmentalNeuropsychology, 3, 81-89.Cicchetti, D. V., & Sparrow, S. S. (1981). Developing criteriafor establishing the interrater reliability of specificitems in a given inventory: Applications to assessmentof adaptive behavior. American Journal of MentalDeficiency, 86, 127-137.Craik, F. I. M., Morris, L. W., Morris, R. G., & Loewen, E.R. (1990). Relation between source amnesia and frontallobe functioning in older adults. Psychology and Aging,5, 148-151.Crockett, D., Bilsker, D., Hurwitz, T., & Kozak, J. (1986).Clinical utility of three measures of frontal lobe dysfunctionin neuropsychiatric samples. InternationalJournal of Neuroscience, 30, 241-248.Cronbach, L. J., Gleser, G. C., Nanda, H., & Rajaratnam, N.(1972). The dependability of behavioral measurements.New York: Wiley.Daigneault, S., Braun, C. M. J., & Whitaker, H. A. (1992).Early effects of normal aging on perseverative and nonperseverativeprefrontal measures. DevelopmentalNeuropsychology, 8, 99-114.Dempster, F. N. (1992). The rise and fall of the inhibitorymechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive developmentand aging. Developmental Review, 12, 45-75.Drewe, E. A. (1974). The effect of type and area of brainlesion on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance.Cortex, 10, 159-170.Fey, E. T. (1951). The performance of young schizophrenicsand young normals on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.Journal of Consulting Psychology, 15, 311-319.Flashman, L. A., Horner, M. D., & Freides, D. (1991). Noteon scoring perseveration on the Wisconsin Card SortingTest. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 190-194.Gnys, J. A., & Willis, W. G. (1991). Validation of executivefunction tasks with young children. DevelopmentalNeuropsychology, 7, 487-501.Gormezano, I., & Grant, D. A. (1958). Progressive ambiguityin the attainment of concepts on the WisconsinCard Sorting Test. Journal of Experimental Psychology,55, 621-627.Gorsuch, R. L. (1983, August). The theory of continuousnorming. Paper presented at the meeting of theAmerican Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA.Grafman, J., Jones, B., & Salazar, A. (1990). WisconsinCard Sorting Test performance based on location andsize of neuroanatomical lesion in Vietnam veteranswith penetrating head injury. Perceptual and MotorSkills, 71, 1120-1122.Grant, D. A. (1951). Perceptual versus analytical responsesto the number concept of a Weigl-type card sorting test.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41, 23-29.Grant, D. A., & Berg, E. A. (1948). A behavioral analysis ofdegree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to newresponses in a Weigl-type card sorting problem.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34, 404-411.Grant, D. A., & Cost, J. R. (1954). Continuities and discontinuitiesin conceptual behavior in a card sortingproblem. Journal of General Psychology, 50, 237-244.Grant, D. A., & Curran, J. F. (1952). Relative difficulty ofnumber, form, and color concepts of a Weigl-typeproblem using unsystematic number cards. Journal ofExperimental Psychology, 43, 408-413.Grant, D. A., Jones, O. R., & Tallantis, B. (1949). The relativedifficulty of the number, form, and color conceptsof a Weigl-type problem. Journal of ExperimentalPsychology, 39, 552-557.Grant, D. A., & Patel, A. (1957). Effect of an electric shockstimulus upon the conceptual behavior of “anxious”and “non-anxious” subjects. Journal of GeneralPsychology, 57, 247-256.Halstead, W. C. (1947). Brain and intelligence. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.Harris, M. E. (1990). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test:Computer version, research edition. Odessa, FL:Psychological Assessment Resources.Heaton, R. K. (1981). A manual for the Wisconsin CardSorting Test. Odessa, FL: Psychological AssessmentResources.Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1991).Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-ReitanBattery: Demographic corrections, research findings,and clinical applications. Odessa, FL: PsychologicalAssessment Resources.Heck, E. T., & Bryer, J. B. (1986). Superior sorting and categorizingability in a case of bilateral frontal atrophy:An exception to the rule. Journal of Clinical andExperimental Neuropsychology, 8, 313-316.Heilman, K. M., Voeller, K. K. S., & Nadeau, S. E. (1991).A possible pathophysiological substrate of attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of ChildNeurology, 6, 76-81.60

Hermann, B. P., Wyler, A. R., & Richey, E. T. (1988).Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patientswith complex partial seizure of temporal-lobe origin.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,10, 467-476.Hill, I. D., Hill, R., & Holder, R. L. (1976). Algorithm AS99: Fitting Johnson curves by moments. AppliedStatistics, 45, 171-182.Huettner, M. I. S., Wolfe, J. N., & Hynd, G. W. (1989,November). An investigation of the reliability andvalidity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) withchildren. Paper presented at the meeting of the NationalAcademy of Neuropsychology, Washington, DC.Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., Kritchevsky, M., &Squire, L. R. (1989). Cognitive impairment followingfrontal lobe damage and its relevance to humanamnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103, 548-560.Kolb, B., & Whishaw, I. Q. (1983). Performance of schizophrenicpatients on tests sensitive to left or right frontal,temporal, or parietal function in neurological patients.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 435-443.Leng, N. R., & Parkin, A. J. (1988). Double dissociation offrontal dysfunction in organic amnesia. British Journalof Clinical Psychology, 27, 359-362.Lezak, M. D. (1983). Neuropsychological assessment (2nded.). New York: Oxford University Press.Loranger A. W., & Misiak, H. (1960). The performance ofaged females on five non-language tests of intellectualfunctions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16, 189-191.Luria, A. R. (1973). The working brain. New York: BasicBooks.Malmo, H. P. (1974). On frontal lobe functions: Psychiatricpatient controls. Cortex, 10, 231-237.Mattes, J. A. (1980). The role of frontal lobe dysfunction inchildhood hyperkinesis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 21,358-369.Mattes, R., Cohen, R., Berg, P., Canavan, A. G. M., &Hopman, G. (1991). Slow cortical potentials (SCPs) inschizophrenic patients during performance of theWisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST). Neuropsychologia,29, 195-205.Milner, B. (1963). Effects of different brain lesions on cardsorting. Archives of Neurology, 9, 90-100.Mitchell, S. K. (1979). Interobserver agreement, reliability,and generalizability of data collected in observationalstudies. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 376-390.Nelson, H. E. (1976). A modified card sorting test sensitiveto frontal lobe defects. Cortex, 12, 313-324.Perrine, K. (in press). Differential aspects of conceptualprocessing in the Category Test and Wisconsin CardSorting Test. Journal of Clinical and ExperimentalNeuropsychology.Rao, S. M., Hammeke, T. A., & Speech, T. J. (1987).Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in relapsingremittingand chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55,263-265.Reitan, R. M., & Davison, L. A. (1974). Clinical neuropsychology:Current status and applications. Washington,DC: Hemisphere.Robinson, A. L., Heaton, R. K., Lehman, R. A., & Stilson,D. (1980). The utility of the Wisconsin Card SortingTest in detecting and localizing frontal brain lesions.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48,605-614.Roid, G. H. (1983, August). Generalization of continuousnorming: Cross validation of test-score mean estimates.Paper presented at the meeting of the AmericanPsychological Association, Anaheim, CA.Ross, B. M., Rupel, J. W., & Grant, D. A. (1952). Effects ofpersonal, impersonal and physical stress upon cognitivebehavior in a card sorting problem. Journal ofAbnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 546-551.Russell, E. W., Neuringer, C., & Goldstein, G. (1970).Assessment of brain damage: A neuropsychological keyapproach. New York: Wiley.Settlage, P., Zable, M., & Harlow, H. F. (1948). Problemsolution by monkeys following bilateral removal of thefrontal areas: IV. Performance on tests requiring contradictoryreactions to similar and identical stimuli.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 50-65.Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments in planning. InD. E. Broadbent & L. Weiskrantz (Eds.), The neuropsychologyof cognitive function (pp. 199-209). London:The Royal Society.Shavelson, R. J., Webb, N. M., & Rowley, G. L. (1989).Generalizability theory. American Psychologist, 44,922-932.Shute, G. E., & Huertas, V. (1990). Developmental variabilityin frontal lobe function. Developmental Neuropsychology,6, 1-11.Snow, J. H. (1992). Developmental patterns of theWisconsin Card Sorting Test for children and adolescentswith learning disabilities. Manuscript submittedfor publication.61

Snow, J. H., & Castro, R. (1992, November). Executivefunctions with different pediatric groups. Paper presentedat the meeting of the National Academy ofNeuropsychology, Pittsburgh, PA.Starkstein, S. E., Bolduc, P. L., Preziosi, T. J., & Robinson,R. G. (1989). Cognitive impairments in different stagesof Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry andClinical Neurosciences, 1, 243-248.Stuss, D. T., Benson, D. F., Kaplan, E. F., Weir, W. S.,Naeser, M. A., Lieberman, I., & Ferrill, D. (1983). Theinvolvement of orbitofrontal cerebrum in cognitivetasks. Neuropsychologia, 21, 235-248.Tarter, R. E. (1973). An analysis of cognitive deficits inchronic alcoholics. Journal of Nervous and MentalDiseases, 157, 138-147.Tarter, R. E., & Parsons, O. A. (1971). Conceptual shiftingin chronic alcoholics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,77, 71-75.Teuber, H. L., Battersby, W. S., & Bender, M. B. (1951).Performance of complex visual tasks after cerebrallesions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 114,413-429.Thomas, D. R. (1992). Interpreting discriminant functions:A data analytic approach. Multivariate BehavioralResearch, 27, 335-362.Thorndike, R. L., & Hagen, E. (1983). Cognitive AbilitiesTest. Chicago: Riverside Publishing.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.(1984). Projections of the population of the UnitedStates, by age, sex, and race: 1983 to 2080 (Series P-25, No. 952). Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office.U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.(1988). Educational attainment in the United States:March 1987 and 1986 (Series P-20, No. 428).Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Van der Does, A. J. W., & Van den Bosch, R. J. (1992).What determines Wisconsin Card Sorting performancein schizophrenia? Clinical Psychology Review, 12,567-583.Warrington, E. K. (1984). Recognition Memory Test.Windsor, England: NFER-Nelson.Wechsler, D. (1955). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. SanAntonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler Intelligence Scale forChildren—Revised. San Antonio, TX: The PsychologicalCorporation.Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. San Antonio, TX: The PsychologicalCorporation.Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised.San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Weigl, E. (1941). On the psychology of so-called processesof abstraction. Journal of Abnormal and SocialPsychology, 36, 3-33.Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., & Illowsky, B. P.(1988). Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontalcortex in schizophrenia: III. A new cohort andevidence for a monoaminergic mechanism. Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry, 45, 609-615.Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., Suddath, R., & Torry, E.F. (1992). Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontallimbicnetwork in schizophrenia: A magnetic resonanceimaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordantmonozygotic twins. American Journal ofPsychiatry, 149, 890-897.Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., & Zec, R. F. (1986).Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontalcortex in schizophrenia: I. Regional cerebral blood flow(r CBF) evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43,114-124.Welsh, M. C., & Pennington, B. F. (1988). Assessingfrontal lobe functioning in children: Views from developmentalpsychology. Developmental Psychology, 4,199-230.Welsh, M. C., Pennington, B. F., & Groisser, D. B. (1991).A normative-developmental study of executive function:A window on prefrontal function in children.Developmental Psychology, 7, 131-149.Zable, M., & Harlow, H. F. (1946). The performance ofrhesus monkeys on a series of object quality and positionaldiscriminations and discrimination reversals.Journal of Comparative Psychology, 39, 13-23.Zachary, R. A., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1985). Continuousnorming: Implications for the WAIS-R. Journal ofClinical Psychology, 41, 86-94.Zarski, J. J., Cook, R., West, J., & O’Keefe, S. (1987).Attention deficit disorder: Identification and assessmentissues. American Mental Health CounselorsAssociation Journal, 9, 5-13.62