A LANTHANIDE LANTHOLOGY (.pdf) - Davidson Physics
A LANTHANIDE LANTHOLOGY (.pdf) - Davidson Physics A LANTHANIDE LANTHOLOGY (.pdf) - Davidson Physics
YTTRIUMCompoundIdealFormulaFormula Weight % Oxide % ElementOxide Y 2O 3 225.81 100 78.7Acetate Y(CH 3COO) 3.4H 2O 338.10 33.4 26.3Carbonate Y 2(CO 3).3H 2O 411.85 54.8 43.2Chloride YCl 3.6H 2O 303.35 37.2 29.3Fluoride YF 3.3H 2O 199.94 56.5 44.5Hydroxide Y(OH) 3.3H 2O 193.97 58.2 45.8Nitrate Y(NO 3) 3.6H 2O 383.01 29.5 23.2Oxalate Y 2((COO) 2) 3.9H 2O 604.00 37.4 29.4Sulfate Y 2(SO 4) 3.8H 2O 593.98 38.0 29.7After SX purification, in order to obtain high purity - 99 % and higher - materials, it is usualto precipitate the oxalate and then calcine at ≈1000 °C. The resulting yttrium oxide is the mostreadily commercially available pure compound of yttrium. (Other compounds such as nitrate,acetate and chloride are available as well as the elemental form, the metal.)Yttrium is trivalent in its chemical compounds whose properties are very similar to those ofheavy lanthanide analogues[1]. In particular the closest similarity is with Dysprosium, aconsequence of the ionic radii Y(III) and Dy(III) being nearly the same. The exact position ofequivalence does however vary, depending on the property underlying the comparison.[2] Data forsome common compounds are recorded in the table.[1] Thermochernical Properties of Yttrium, Lanthanum and the Lanthanide Elements and Ions, L.R.Morss,Chem. Rev., 1976, 76(6), 827[2] The Position of Yttrium within the Lanthanides with respect to Unit Cell Volumes of IsostructuralCompounds as an Indication of Covalency in Lanthanide Compounds, S.Sierkerski, J.Solid State Chem.,1981,37,27953
YTTRIUMIt forms aqueous-insoluble oxides, oxalates, hydroxides, carbonates and phosphates aswell as soluble nitrates and chlorides. The sulfates and acetates are more soluble for Y and theheavies than for the light lanthanides. In comparison to lanthanum, the carbonate and oxalate tendto be solubilized in the presence of excess anion, presumably stable species such as Y(C 2 O 4 ) n - exist.Double salts also tend to be more soluble for Y and the heavies than for La and the lights.The element Y has an exceptionally high thermo-dynamic affinity for oxygen, free energy offormation 1817 kJmol -1 , probably the greatest of any element.[3] The property underlies many ofyttrium's uses not only as the yttrium oxide but also as the metal. Yttrium is the active componentin the MCrAlY family of alloys used in high temperature oxidizing environments. The trace of Ypresent enhances the stability of the alumina/chromia oxide coating by improving resistance tospalling. It has been suggested that yttrium "getters" sulfur at the oxide crystallite interfaces[4]. Thegettering effect of Yttrium has also been used in discharge lamps[5]. The affinity for hydrogen canprovide a chemical-trap method for removing trace amounts of hydrogen from molten alkali metalcircuits in certain nuclear reactors.The superconducting properties of the Y-Ba-Cu-0 system have led to an immense amount ofresearch and associated publications. A variety of processes for the preparation of these and similarmaterials are now known. Many properties, in addition to superconductivity-related behavior, havebeen investigated. Yttrium’s chemical and physical behavior in many compounds is now betterunderstood and may well lead to other uses in addition to ceramic superconductors.[3] Thermochemistry of the Rare Earths, Part I Rare Earth Oxides etc., K.A.Gschneidner et al., ReportIS-RIC-6, publ. Rare Earth Information Center, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa, 1973 (available fromMolycorp)[4] A Relationship between Indigenous Impurity Elements and Protective Oxide Scale Adherence, J.G.Smeggilet al., Metall[.Trans.A, 1986, 17A, 923[5] A Getter for Metal-Iodide High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps, G.Kuus, Philips Tech.Rev., 1975,35(11),35454
- Page 8 and 9: METALSThe lanthanides, when prepare
- Page 10: METALSMetallo-thermic oxide-reducti
- Page 13 and 14: MONAZITEMonazite, a light-lanthanid
- Page 15 and 16: NEODYMIUMNeodymium is the third mos
- Page 18 and 19: [2] Preparation, Phase Equilibria,
- Page 20 and 21: NOMENCLATURE58 - 71; the term is in
- Page 22 and 23: OXALATESAddition of oxalic acid, or
- Page 24 and 25: OXIDESCalcination in air for the th
- Page 26 and 27: OXIDESFurthermore oxides with Ln IV
- Page 28 and 29: OXYCHLORIDESThermal decomposition o
- Page 30 and 31: OXYSULFIDESAll the elements of the
- Page 32 and 33: PEROVSKITESA very wide range of mat
- Page 34 and 35: PHOSPHATESThe LnPO 4 compounds can
- Page 36 and 37: PRASEODYMIUMtransport of Pr happens
- Page 38 and 39: RESOURCESFor significant resources
- Page 40 and 41: RESOURCESSignificant new resources
- Page 42 and 43: SAMARIUMSamarium metal is made dire
- Page 44 and 45: SILICATESWithin the binary Ln 2 O 3
- Page 46 and 47: SOLVENT EXTRACTIONSome text books s
- Page 48 and 49: SULFATESLanthanide sulfates can be
- Page 50 and 51: SULFIDESThe thermochernistry of CeS
- Page 52 and 53: THULIUMThulium, the rarest of the "
- Page 54 and 55: TITANATES, TITANIUM DIOXIDELanthani
- Page 56 and 57: YTTERBIUMIn broad chemical behavior
- Page 60 and 61: YTTRIUM OXIDEThe very stable oxide,
- Page 62 and 63: YTTRIUM OXIDEThe widespread introdu
YTTRIUMCompoundIdealFormulaFormula Weight % Oxide % ElementOxide Y 2O 3 225.81 100 78.7Acetate Y(CH 3COO) 3.4H 2O 338.10 33.4 26.3Carbonate Y 2(CO 3).3H 2O 411.85 54.8 43.2Chloride YCl 3.6H 2O 303.35 37.2 29.3Fluoride YF 3.3H 2O 199.94 56.5 44.5Hydroxide Y(OH) 3.3H 2O 193.97 58.2 45.8Nitrate Y(NO 3) 3.6H 2O 383.01 29.5 23.2Oxalate Y 2((COO) 2) 3.9H 2O 604.00 37.4 29.4Sulfate Y 2(SO 4) 3.8H 2O 593.98 38.0 29.7After SX purification, in order to obtain high purity - 99 % and higher - materials, it is usualto precipitate the oxalate and then calcine at ≈1000 °C. The resulting yttrium oxide is the mostreadily commercially available pure compound of yttrium. (Other compounds such as nitrate,acetate and chloride are available as well as the elemental form, the metal.)Yttrium is trivalent in its chemical compounds whose properties are very similar to those ofheavy lanthanide analogues[1]. In particular the closest similarity is with Dysprosium, aconsequence of the ionic radii Y(III) and Dy(III) being nearly the same. The exact position ofequivalence does however vary, depending on the property underlying the comparison.[2] Data forsome common compounds are recorded in the table.[1] Thermochernical Properties of Yttrium, Lanthanum and the Lanthanide Elements and Ions, L.R.Morss,Chem. Rev., 1976, 76(6), 827[2] The Position of Yttrium within the Lanthanides with respect to Unit Cell Volumes of IsostructuralCompounds as an Indication of Covalency in Lanthanide Compounds, S.Sierkerski, J.Solid State Chem.,1981,37,27953
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