A LANTHANIDE LANTHOLOGY (.pdf) - Davidson Physics

CompoundIdealFormulaFormulaWeight%OxideNEODYMIUM%ElementOxide Nd 2O 3 336.48 100 88.5Acetate Nd(CH 3COO) 3.1½H 2O 348.44 48.3 41.4Carbonate Nd 2(CO 3) 3.3H 2O 486.52 69.2 59.3Chloride NdCl 3.6H 2O 358.69 46.9 40.2Fluoride NdF 3.H 2O 219.25 --- 65.8Hydroxide Nd(OH) 3.3H 2O 249.31 67.5 57.9Nitrate Nd(NO 3) 3.6H 2O 438.34 38.4 32.9Oxalate Nd 2((COO) 2) 3.10H 2O 732.69 45.9 39.4Sulfate Nd 2(SO 4) 3.8H 2O 720.78 46.7 40.9The most common solid state laser is Neodymium-based[3], usually in a glass or aYttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) host. Neodymium, at ≈1 - 5 wt.% in the host, is exposed tointense broad-spectrum light that, through absortion, "pumps" those Nd- atoms to an excited energystate. The lasing transition to a lower energy level that then follows produces a line emission at, orvery close to, 1060nm (the exact value varies with host). Neodymium has an optimal selection ofabsortion and emitting wavelengths. Nd-lasers are used in material processing, particularly drilling,spot welding and marking, and also in medicine.The dielectrics used in multi-layer capacitors essential to electronic equipment often require ahigh dielectric constant and a capacitance invariable over a wide temperature range, -50 ⎯+120°C. Neodymium barium titanate formulations are widely used for this so-called "NPO"dielectric material. Several components are probably present including a BaO : Nd 2 O 3 : nTiO 2 ,(n=≈3 - ≈5) material[4].[3] Rare Earth Lasers, M.J.Weber, in "Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths", ed.KA.Gschneidner and L.Eyring, publ. North- Holland, 1979, vol.4, 275 (Ch. 35) : Neodymium Lasers ProveVersatile over Three Decades, J.Hecht, Laser Focus World, 1992, 28(4), 77[4] Ceramic and Dielectric Properties of Selected Composition in the BaO-TiO 2-Nd 2O 3 System, D.Kolar et al.,Ber.Deutsch.Keram.Ges., 1978, 55(7), 34611