Vol.12_No.2 - Pesticide Alternatives Lab - Michigan State University

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Spring 2003 Resistant Pest Management Newsletter Vol. 12, No.2selection process. Also, in 2001the field performancehad been good.Due to the epidemiology of Septoria, the spread ofresistance is expected to be much slower than thatobserved for wheat powdery mildew. Nevertheless, it iscritical in order to maintain the effectiveness of QoIs tostrictly implement, in practice, the guidelines givenconferred a low resistance factor. Studies are inprogress in order to investigate the significance ofthese isolates under practical conditions.Guidelines for Using QoI Fungicides on Cereal Cropsin 20031. Apply QoI fungicides according to manufacturersrecommendations for the target disease (orcomplex) at the specific crop growth stageindicated. Effective disease management is acritical parameter in delaying the build-up ofresistant pathogen populations.2. Apply use rates recommended by the manufacturerin order to ensure solid disease control andresistance management. The FRAC QoI workinggroup is concerned with the trend towards theapplication of decreased dose rates.3. Apply a maximum of 2 QoI fungicide containingsprays per cereal crop. Limiting the number ofsprays is an important factor in delaying the buildupof resistant pathogen populations.4. Apply the QoI fungicide preventively or as earlyas possible in the disease cycle. Do not rely onlyon the curative potential of QoI fungicides.5. Apply QoI fungicides in mixtures to control cerealpathogens. At the rate chosen each mixing partneron its own has to provide effective disease control.Refer to manufacturers recommendations for rates.6. Split / reduced rate programmes, using repeatedapplications, which provide continuous selectionpressure, must not be used.INTRODUCTION The Insecticide Resistance ActionCommittee (IRAC) is one of the sponsors of the MSUResistant Pest Management Newsletter and it wasconsidered an appropriate time to publish an overviewarticle outlining the background and objectives ofIRAC and update readers with some of the ongoingcurrent activities.IRAC was formed in 1984 to provide acoordinated crop protection industry response toprevent or delay the development of resistance in insectand mite pests. The mission of IRAC is to facilitatecommunication and education on insecticide resistanceand to promote the development of resistancemanagement strategies in crop protection and vectorcontrol so as to maintain efficacy and supportsustainable agriculture and improved public health.The organization is currently implementingcomprehensive strategies to confront resistance througha range of activities. In terms of organizationalstructure, IRAC along with the other Resistance ActionCommittees is a task force or working group ofCropLife International and as such is recognized byThe Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and theWorld Health Organization (WHO) of the UnitedNations as an advisory body. The group's activities arecoordinated via the IRAC Executive Committee, IRACInternational and Country or Regional CommitteesInsecticide Resistance Action CommitteeCurrent OverviewAlan Porter and Gary D. ThompsonIRACwith the information disseminated through meetings,workshops, educational materials and the IRACWebsite (www.plantprotection.org/irac). Groups arecomprised primarily of key technical personnel fromthe agrochemical companies affiliated with CropLifethrough membership in the relevant NationalAssociations (ECPA, CropLife America etc).OVERVIEW of ACTIVITIES The IRAC groups are activelyinvolved and, on certain occasions, provide funding fora variety of resistance management projects around theworld. These are generally driven or coordinated by thelocal country group and in some cases a specificproject group is set up to lead and ultimately reportresults and findings into the public domain. Examplesof these have been the long term monitoring ofmosquitoes resistance in Mexico and the monitoring ofpyrethroid resistance of Helicoverpa armigera in WestAfrican cotton. A new project group was set uprecently within IRAC International investigatingcodling moth resistance in a number of countriesaround the world. Other activities focus on issuesrelating to education, communication, and regulatoryapprovals as well as providing expert technical support.These more general activities are wide ranging but canbe grouped under the following headings:8
Spring 2003 Resistant Pest Management Newsletter Vol. 12, No.2The Resistance Database - IRAC carried out andpublished an international resistance survey a numberof years ago but this is gradually becoming out of date.The survey is now being replaced by a new databasebeing developed at Michigan State University andsponsored in part by IRAC. This is a major effort andwill be the subject of a separate article in the ResistantPest Management Newsletter.Resistance Monitoring Methods - Reliable data onresistance, rather than rumors or assumptions, is thecornerstone of successful resistance management. Keyto this is the availability of sound baseline data on thesusceptibility of the target pest to the toxicant. A largenumber of bioassay and biochemical tests areemployed to characterize resistance but are notnecessarily comparable because different parametersand criteria are used. IRAC has evaluated and validateda wide range of testing methods that are published andare also freely available on the IRAC website. Newmethods are being evaluated and added to the list allthe time.Regulatory Approvals and Support - IRAC (along withHRAC and FRAC) have taken a leading role as anexpert group providing industry responses to proposalsfrom regulatory bodies. For example there is now aregulatory requirement in the EU under Directive91/414/EEC for companies to provide an assessment ofthe potential risk of resistance being developed bytarget organisms and for management strategies to beintroduced to address such risks. The ResistanceAction Committees (RACs) have been instrumental indeveloping workable guidelines for companiesresulting in the publication of an official GuidanceDocument. Similarly the US Environmental ProtectionAgency and the Pest Management Regulatory Agencyof Canada have been developing a voluntary pesticideresistance management labeling scheme based on modeor target site of action on the pest. The RACs havebeen heavily involved in classifying pesticides intospecific groups and families to enable the scheme towork. Development has been carried out under theauspices of the North American Free Trade Associationand has resulted in the issue of a Pesticide Registration(PR) Notice in the US.Education and Communication - IRAC has alwaysbelieved that education and communication plays a keyrole in the global management of resistance and hastaken many steps over the years to provide resources toacademia, researchers, industry, and growers. A newproject being undertaken this year is to update theexisting IRAC Education Kit that comprised of a video,35 mm slides, and supporting documentation toconduct an introductory workshop. Details about thekit will be announced in later editions of the ResistantPest Management Newsletter. Most of the IRACCountry groups, as well as utilizing centrallydeveloped resources, have their own educationalprograms in place, tailored to meet their local needs.IRAC US for example publishes articles on a regularbasis in grower magazines while IRAC Brazil holdstraining workshops in different locations. Other IRACGroups such as Australia, South Africa, Spain, andIndia have similar initiatives ongoing.IRAC Website - The existing IRAC website has nowbeen on-line for four years and has become the mainhome for IRAC information. Data available on-lineincludes the Monitoring Methods, MOA classificationscheme, Project and Country Group updates, MeetingMinutes, Member Contact details, Useful Links, detailsof Published Articles, and copies of new postersrecently produced.CONCLUSION IRAC is proud of its contribution to theCrop Protection Industry by improving awareness andmanagement of resistance issues. For this to continue itrequires not only the cooperation and support ofmanufacturers, regulators, extension workers,consultants, sellers, and users, but also effectivecommunication and compromise between technical andcommercial departments of all companies marketingcrop protection products. IRAC, with the support ofmember companies, intends to continue its role infacilitating this process.Historical Perspectives on Insecticide Resistance Research - New Study Investigates Developments in ScientificApproaches from First Known Cases to the Present SituationThe case of insecticide resistance provides anilluminating window into the workings of scientificJohn S. CeccattiPost-Doctoral Research Associate, Historical SeminarUniversity of Basel, SwitzerlandChemical Heritage Foundation, 315 Chestnut StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19106United Statesresearch and the complex interactions betweendisciplines and institutions. Beginning with the first9
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