Vol.12_No.2 - Pesticide Alternatives Lab - Michigan State University

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Spring 2003 Resistant Pest Management Newsletter Vol. 12, No.2testing bears little relationship to the actualfumigation that appears successful becauseall the adults are dead. The trap of course isthat the eggs and pupae will very likely havesurvived the fumigation and are waiting inthe wings to turn into adults and reinfest thegrain within days.With support from the Department ofAgriculture Grains Program and the GrainsResearch and Development Corporation, wedecided to develop an extension tool in theform of a farm fumigation card that wouldoutline key points for conducting a safe andeffective fumigation. The card would alsohave an indicator strip that would givefarmers a "no frills" assessment of thestandard of their fumigation.The fact that phosphine gas corrodescopper is well known, the label even warnsagainst using phosphine around copperelectronic components. Early quarantinefumigation manuals from the United Statesrecommend placing a shiny penny inside railwagons before fumigation to give anindication of success at the end.We began experimenting with variousforms of copper until we found one thatgave an obvious response after exposure tolethal concentrations of phosphine for atleast 7 days. Copper used in electroniccircuit boards gave the best results and couldbe readily applied as a strip to plastic card.We tested the cards in over 20 sealedand unsealed farm storages. The copper stripconsistently indicated successfulfumigations. Figures 1 and 2 show typicalresults for good and poor fumigationscarried out over 7 days.The Phoscard® is styled on a creditcard with the front side bearing 5 keyfumigation principles (Figure 3). Thebackside (Figure 4) has a copper strip that isprotected from tarnishing by a layer oftransparent adhesive tape that must be removed beforeuse. There is a hole to attach string for retrieval andinstructions for use.Farmers can place a Phoscard® in storage prior tofumigation. If the copper strip is exposed to sufficientphosphine concentrations for at least 7 days, the shinycopper strip will turn almost completely black. In fact,it could end up looking like the inside of a car exhaustpipe - evenly coated with a black sooty substance, andin some cases verdigris may develop giving the copperthe distinctive blue/green colour often seen on corrodedcopper pipes. There is a colour chart printed alongsidethe copper strip to allow easy comparison.If the strip has not turned black at the end of thefumigation something has gone wrong: usually a leakystorage or insufficient number of aluminium phosphidetablets being placed in the storage. Remember,fumigate the storage space not the grain, use the samedose whether the storage is full or empty, and regularlyinspect and replace rubber seals.The Phoscard® is an extension tool for farmers. Itwill not replace phosphine monitoring equipment andis not intended to be used by fumigators or bulkhandlers. However, we are hopeful that farmersexperiencing fumigation failures indicated by thePhoscard®, will seek advice on how to improve theirfumigations. The cards will introduce farmers to thevalue of fumigation monitoring and may even6
Spring 2003 Resistant Pest Management Newsletter Vol. 12, No.2encourage them to purchase one of thedigital phosphine meters to more accuratelymonitor their fumigations.The cards can be stored over longperiods while the protective tape remains inplace, but they can only be used once.Production costs are about US$0.40 each foran order of 5,000. Over 15,000 Phoscards®have been produced by the Department ofAgriculture and Co-operative Bulk HandlingWestern Australia and distributed amongfarmers.Sample Phoscards® are available from:Rob EmerySenior EntomologistDepartment of Agriculture3 Baron-Hay CourtSouth PerthWestern Australia 6151Ph: 08 9368 3247Fax: 08 9368 3223remery@agric.wa.gov.auandErnestos KostasGrain ProtectionCo-operative Bulk Handling (WA)22 Delhi St, West PerthWestern Australia 6005Ph: 08 9237 9600Fax: 08 9322 3942ernestos.kostas@cbh.com.auInternational QoI Working Group of FRAC: Detection of Resistance to QoI Fungicides in Septoria tritici inWheat in EuropeSensitivity Monitoring for Septoria Leaf Spot (Septoriatritici) in Wheat in 2002Extensive monitoring programmes were carriedout BASF, Bayer, and Syngenta throughout the wheatgrowing areas of Europe in 2002 using both regionalmonitoring approaches and targeting analysis of strainsfrom high risk trial sites.Field performance across Europe was good underhigh disease pressure. However, in a few locations inSouth West Ireland disease control was lower thanexpected. This was associated with severe diseaseFungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC)Klaus GehmannSyngentainfections, which were accentuated by agronomicfactors coupled with adverse weather conditions. Inthese sites, resistant isolates were found.In the monitoring programmes the vast majority oftested isolates was sensitive across Europe. A lowfrequency of resistant isolates was detected at specificsites in the UK and to a lesser extent in Germany andFrance.The G143A mutation was identified for theindividual resistant isolates in 2002. In retrospectivePCR analysis of some isolates collected in 2001a verylow frequency of the G143A was found indicating thatthe 2002 observations are the result of an ongoing7
Page 1: Resistant Pest Management Newslette
Page 4 and 5: Spring 2003 Resistant Pest Manageme
Page 35 and 36: Tetranychus urticae Koch. At 24 hrs
Page 57 and 58:
Spring 2003 Resistant Pest Manageme
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77:
Page 80 and 81:
In contrast to spinosad, indoxacarb
Page 82 and 83:
Resistance Management NewsInsect Mo
Page 84 and 85:
SymposiaCAST Pesticide Resistance M
Page 86 and 87:
show all

Vol.12_No.2 - Pesticide Alternatives Lab - Michigan State University

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?