Vol.12_No.2 - Pesticide Alternatives Lab - Michigan State University
Vol.12_No.2 - Pesticide Alternatives Lab - Michigan State University
Vol.12_No.2 - Pesticide Alternatives Lab - Michigan State University
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Spring 2003 Resistant Pest Management Newsletter Vol. 12, <strong>No.2</strong>to different locations across south India for H.armigera collection. We thank Dr. G.T.Gujar, IARI,New Delhi, for his useful suggestions during the studyand encouragement.REFERENCES:1. Schuler, T.H., Poppy, G.M., Kerry, B.R. and Denholm, I., Tibtech,1998, 16: 168-1752. Jouanin, L., Michel, B., Girard, C., Morrot,G. and Giband, M., PlantSci., 1998, 131: 1-113. Kranthi, K. R., Kranthi, S. and Wanjari., R. R., Intl. J. PestManagement, 2001, 47: 141-1454. Manjunatha, T.M., Bhatnagar, V.S., Pawar, C.S. and Sithanatham, S.,proceedings of the International Workshop on Biological control ofHeliothis, New Delhi, India, 1985, p. 197-2285. Armes, N.J., Jadhav, D.R. and Lonergan, P.A., proceedings of theworld cotton research conference-I, Brisbane, Australia, 14-17 Feb.,1994, pp.552-5336. Kranthi, K. R., Kranthi, S., Ali, S. and Banarjee, S.K., Curr. Sci., 2000,78(8):1001-10047. Heckel, D., Biol. and Tech., 1994, 4: 405-4088. Albert, Z.G., Pfister, R.M. and Dean, D. H., Gene 1990, 93, 49-549. Lowry, D. H., Roseborough, A. L. and Randall, R.J., J. Biol. Chem.,1951.193: 265-27510. Sims, S.R., Berberich, S.A., Nida, D. L., Segalini, L.L., Leach, J.N.,Ebert, C.C. and Fuchs, R.L., Crop Sci., 1996, 36:1212-121611. Armes, N.J., Bond, G.S. and Cooter, R.J., Natural Resource InstituteBulletin, 1992, 5712. Finney, D.J., Probit Analysis, 3rd edition, Cambridge <strong>University</strong>Press, Cambridge, 1971, pp.31813. Ross, G.E.S., Maximum Likelihood Program: The numericalalgorithms Gr. Rothamsted Experiment Station, Harpenden, UK,197714. Forrester, N.W., Cahill, M., Bird, L.J. and Layland, J.K., Bulletin ofEntomol. res., 1993, No 1, 1-13215. Kranthi, K.R., Armes, N.J., Rao, N.G.V., Raj, S. and Sundaramurthy,V.T., <strong>Pesticide</strong> Sci., 1997, 50: 91-9816. Roush, R.T. and Miller, G.L., J. Econ. Entomol., 1986, 79:293-29817. Georghiou, G.P. and Taylor, C.E., Proceedings of the 15thInternational Congress of Entomology, Washington DC, 1976,pp.759-78518. Gujar, G.T., Archana Kumari, Vinay Kalia and Chandrashekar, K.,Curr. Sci., 2000, 78(8): 995-100119. Fitt, G.P., Ann.Rev. Entomol., 1989, 34: 17-5220. Mahaffey, J.S., Bradley, J.R. and Van Duyn, J.W., Proceedings of theBeltwide Cotton Conference, 1995, 4: 563-57121. Forrester, N and Pyke, B., Australian Cotton Grower, 1997, 18: 23-2322. Daly, J.C., Biocontrol Sci. Tech., 1994, 4: 563-57123. Daly, J.C. and Fitt, G.P., In world cotton research conference-I,Athens, Greece, 1998, pp.18224. Federici, B.A., California Agriculture, 1998, 52: 14-2025. Litchfield, D. H. and Wilcoxin, F., J. Pharmaco ExperimentalTherapy, 1949, 96: 99-103.B. Fakrudin*, Badariprasad, K. B. Krishnareddy, S. H.Prakash, B.V. Patil#, & M. S. KuruvinashettiDepartment of Biotechnology<strong>University</strong> of Agricultural Sciences DharwadKrishinagar, Dharwad - 580005, KarnatakaIndia#Professor and HeadDept. of Agricultural EntomologyCollege of AgricultureRaichur - 584101, KarnatakaIndia*CorrespondenceInsecticide Resistance in Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in South Indian Cotton EcosystemsCotton occupies only 5% of the total cultivablearea in India but consumes more than 55% of the totalinsecticides used in the country, accounting for about250 billion rupees (Kranthi et al., 2001). Plantprotection continues to rely heavily on chemicalpesticides, a not very viable, long-term strategy if onelooks at recent failures against cotton bollworms andseveral other crop pests. Large-scale failures to controlHelicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in the major cotton-growing region ofSouth India in 1987 have been traced to insecticideresistance (McCaffery et al., 1989). To combat theunprecedented Helicoverpa armigera pest pressure,many farmers in the region applied syntheticpyrethroid, endosulfan, or organophosphateinsecticides, sometimes as mixtures, at 2-3 daysintervals during critical periods. This resulted in over30 sprays (against the 8-10 recommended) during theseason (Rakila et al., 1995), but growers were unable toachieve effective control with any of the availableinsecticides.The phenomenon of resistance to insecticides inHelicoverpa armigera that surfaced under differentagro-ecosystems of South India is the major negativeside effect of the chemical control strategy.Identification of baseline resistance to each of theinsecticide used in the region to control bollwormwould be indispensable for formulating effective IRMstrategies.The larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (second tosixth instar) collected from 12 different geographicallocations of South India (Fig. 1) were reared in the13