Libro Blanco Vol I en Ingles

More documents

Recommendations

Info

TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRATEGY FOR COMPETITIVENESSVOLUME 1papers: a tacit knowledge that can only be transmitted through a direct interaction and in the doing with theacademic and scientific communities, with companies and the other agents of their environment. Only when thistacit knowledge is applied, can the country acquire the capabilities for producing local knowledge as well asobtaining and appropriating knowledge that emerges elsewhere. Moreover, it is only through these means thatChile can wholly participate in global innovation networks.Furthermore, a significant part of the public funding for first-class basic science should respect thefreedom to choose the areas of study, because otherwise at least three threats emerge: i) the loss associated toan incomplete supply of basic knowledge required to drive the production endeavour; ii) depriving the countryof knowledge that could be essential in the future even though today it may not seem to be so; and iii) thepossible curtailing of ideas or knowledge that appear unexpectedly during the execution of scientific work andthat can be valuable in areas that are not directly related to that research.However, the allocation of public funds in this area should fulfil various criteria: i) certify transparency inthe supply and the excellence of those who receive 40 ; ii) ensure the tacit transfer of knowledge 41 ; iii)adequately foster the development of a growing supply of researchers 42 ; iv) impede the occurrence of crosssubsidiesamong related institutions; v) ensure the tracking of the implementation of projects; and vi) ensureaccountability, with regard to project spending and those responsible for approving it.FROM SCIENTIFIC INTEREST TO MARKET INTERESTAs progress occurs in more applied research, the underlying problems are constantly changing. Eventhough it is still limited, the possibility of exclusively appropriating the benefits of the new knowledgeincreases. As such, norms on intellectual property begin to become relevant and it is also important (for public40 The evaluation of projects must be carried out by agents with unquestionable merit and neutrality.41 The funding instruments of basic science should consider what the most propitious circumstances are for the desired transfer ofknowledge to occur. Note that two failures occur simultaneously here. The lack of appropriability of tacit knowledge and theasymmetries of information on whether he who claims to possess it actually possesses it. This problem is particularly relevant ineducation, since it highlights the key significance of the cognitive and pedagogical capabilities of teachers. In other words, the needfor teachers to be well-trained, as well as the critical value of teacher evaluation, in order to overcome the problems of asymmetry ofinformation42 The asymmetries of information that occur when jointly evaluating senior and junior researchers can restrict the development of newresearchers. This makes it advisable to extend public support to research for teams of more novel researchers. This also requiresconsidering that the parameters measured for each type of initiative be different. For example: the tacit knowledge transfer capacityof a senior researcher cannot be evaluated on the same scale as that of a researcher who is just starting-off.As research becomes more applied, thepossibility of exclusively receiving all ofthe benefits of the new knowledgeincreases. As such, the mechanisms thatfacilitate its appropriation start tobecome relevant, especially intellectualproperty rulesThe convenience of having demand sidesignals in applied research implies ensuringthe private contribution in the whole chainof knowledge creation. This contributionmust be greater, the more that saidknowledge draws closer to a product thatcould be validated by the market.75
TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRATEGY FOR COMPETITIVENESSVOLUME 1funding decisions) to determine precisely how much returns the private sector can have (and as such, how muchresources should be supplied) and how much should continue to be financed by the State.At this level, not only the particular interest of scientists to seek certain knowledge becomes relevant,but also the demands of other agents of society, such as companies, or the needs of the country. The February2006 report of this Council indicates that in this stage of the process, priority should be given to research thatseeks to develop knowledge which, when incorporated into innovative processes, provides for results thattranslate into products validated by the market and an increased competitiveness level for the country.All in all, the practical differentiation made in this document with respect to basic and applied sciencedoes not mean that this Council sees them as not linked or assumes that a researcher cannot participate in oneor the other. On the contrary, the analysis does not ignore that scientific activity is a continuum and thereforethe commitment is reinforced (expressed in February 2006) to foster the involvement of researchers, currentlylinked to free research projects, in projects with objectives declared through the linkages of the public fundingsystem of scientific-technological centres (STCs) with contestable funds (which can have some variablecomponent that depends on the relationship with the private sector) and private funding (from the demandside). This should be complemented with evaluation systems that reward the work of researchers in projectslinked to companies or that value, together with the publication of papers, the creation of patents, licenses orother indicators of production pertinence.The demand-side signals are essential in this model. Therefore, these instruments should foster thepresence of the private sector in the entire creation of the knowledge chain and, above all, that its presenceincrease as the research draws closer to a product that could be validated by the market, especially in thoseareas in which the comparative advantages that the country must exploit are revealed.Funding from the demand side can also emerge directly from this Strategy, either because of the need tocover gaps in areas that are essential for innovation and competitiveness or that foster the development of asector with a defined potential. In this case, the State should incorporate controlled selectivity criteria,targeted at facilitating the development of capabilities where they are required, applied to instruments offunding 43 or other efficient formulas.This forces the bodies (Councils or others) to define the allocation of public funds, they should not onlybe capable of determining the quality and pertinence of projects, but also to have the capabilities to estimatethe public funding that each requires.BOX 2STRESSING INTELECTUAL PROPERTYIntellectual property policies are essential in theKnowledge Economy, but they require a delicate balance.From the local viewpoint, and even though theproblems of appropriability that reappear on variousoccasions of the innovation process are recognized, it isnecessary to be proactive in fostering the development ofnorms on intellectual property. This is to guarantee thateverything that is appropriable and can lead to a patent orlicense can do so. This is because as private returns exist(which implies that there is a better private willingness tofunding), the use of public funds, which could be used forother needs, will be avoided.Globally, Chile must adopt clear definitions in thismatter in international fora and trade negotiations, drivinghome the idea that the defense of intellectual propertycannot become a threat to free competition.Nowadays, some global companies use thismechanism as a way of blocking access to new markets. Assuch, and since the State is interested in patenting, since itinfluences on others doing it later, instruments that supportcompanies that begin this process in more developedmarkets should be considered.43 The creation of specific funds that are difficult to undo and that tend to capture clientelism is not recommended.76
Page 6 and 7:
TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRAT
Page 11:
Page 17:
Page 23: TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRAT
Page 26 and 27: TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRAT
Page 73: TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRAT
Page 103 and 104: also mean an uncomfortable position
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159:
show all

Libro Blanco Vol I en Ingles

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?