TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRATEGY FOR COMPETITIVENESSVOLUME 1FIGURE 1The importance of maintaining growthFIGURE 2Competitiv<strong>en</strong>ess of ChileFIGURE 3Years of schooling in Chile100 150 200 250 3000 500 1000 1500PIB per cápita(Base: PIB per cápita año 1986=100)1985 1990 1995 2000 2005A ñosPaísesC orea Chile MalasiaPIB per cápita(Base: PIB per cápita año 1966=100)1970 1980 1990 2000 2010AñosPaísesC orea M alasia ChileIn the last 20 years, Chile has grown at a pace similar to the mostsuccessful Asian countries: Malaysia, the best of the Tigers, andSouth Korea, the most dynamic of the Dragons (figure above).However, in the last 40 years, Malaysia has succeeded inincreasing its GDP five-fold and South Korea over twelve times;meanwhile Chile has not ev<strong>en</strong> managed to triple it.Ranking de Chile <strong>en</strong> los nueve factores que compon<strong>en</strong>el Indice de Competitividad Global del WEFMacroeconomíaEfici<strong>en</strong>cia de los MercadosInstitucionesSofisticación de NegociosInfraestructuraPreparación TecnológicaInnovaciónEd. Superior y CapacitaciónSalud y Educación Primaria724253035353940570 20 40 60Posición <strong>en</strong> el rankingChile ranks 27 out of the 125 countries listed in the GlobalCompetitiv<strong>en</strong>ess ranking of the World Economic Forum. However,in each of the nine determinant pillars of competitiv<strong>en</strong>ess, Chile haswidely varying performances: the high-points include macroeconomy,effici<strong>en</strong>cy of markets and the quality of institutions. Theweakest points are health and primary and higher education, andtraining and innovation.Source: Studies Unit, Executive Secretariat, Innovation Council.Based on the Global Competitiv<strong>en</strong>ess Index 2006-2007 of theWorld Economic Forum.Años promedio de escolaridad(sobre población de 15 años y más)0 5 10 15Años promedio de escolaridad y PIB per cápita199019801960 197020000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000PIB per cápita PPCPaíses de rápido crecimi<strong>en</strong>to y ricos <strong>en</strong> recursos naturalesChina Corea India MalasiaTailandia Suecia Dinamarca AustraliaN. Zelandia Noruega Canadá ChileT<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>cia promedioIn the year 2000, the over-15 population had an average of 10 years ofschooling, one year less than the country should have had considering itsincome level, giv<strong>en</strong> the tr<strong>en</strong>ds of high-growth economies. Ev<strong>en</strong> though inrec<strong>en</strong>t years Chile has improved its average rate, estimates by Coh<strong>en</strong> andSoto (2000) indicate that schooling will reach 10.77 in 2010, while thecurve for high-growth economies indicates that Chile should reach anaverage of 12 years. This serves to warn us that the lag may beincreasing.Source: Studies Unit, Executive Secretariat, Innovation Council. Based onthe: “The World Economy: Historical Statistics”, A. Maddison, 2001; andCoh<strong>en</strong> and Soto (2000), “Growth & Human Capital: Good data, goodresults”. Discussion papers Nº 3025, CEPR.Source: Studies Unit, Secretariat of Innovation Council. Based on“The World Economy: Historical Statistics”, A. Maddison (2001) andestimates of the Economist Intellig<strong>en</strong>ce Unit.45
TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRATEGY FOR COMPETITIVENESSVOLUME 1FIGURE 4Third level EducationFIGURE 5Third level EducationFIGURE 6PISA <strong>en</strong> Compr<strong>en</strong>sión Lectora y PIB per cápita% de matrícula0 20 40 60 80Matrícula <strong>en</strong> educación terciaria y PIB per cápita9101239199 0 1 2 3919999 00199 0 1 2 391212399 1020 5000 10000 15000913919199 091PIB per cápita PPCPaíses de rápido crecimi<strong>en</strong>toChile China Corea EstoniaIndia Letonia Lituania MalasiaTailandiaT<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>ciapromedioThe figure shows that in Chile the perc<strong>en</strong>tage of stud<strong>en</strong>ts <strong>en</strong>rolled out ofthe total population of third level att<strong>en</strong>dance age is below the levelcorresponding to its level of income.Source: Studies Unit, Executive Secretariat, Innovation Council. Basedon A. Maddison (2001),“The World Economy: Historical Statistics” and"World Developm<strong>en</strong>t Indicators”, World Bank (2006). PPC refers toPurchasing Power Parity.992 30123990123Porc<strong>en</strong>taje0 20 40 60 80 100Porc<strong>en</strong>taje de matrícula <strong>en</strong> educación terciaria214339892665Chile Corea Estonia Irlanda Letonia Lituania29591991 2004The Baltic States, Ireland and South Korea (which have had highgrowth rates over the last 10 years) have tak<strong>en</strong> a much greaterleap than Chile in third level <strong>en</strong>rolm<strong>en</strong>t, in some cases doublingthe level in Chile.Source: Studies Unit, Executive Secretariat, Innovation Council.Based on "World Developm<strong>en</strong>t Indicators”, World Bank (2006).26763373Puntaje400 450 500 5502000200020032003200020002003200020032000 20032000 200320002000200320035000 10000 15000 20000 25000PIB per cápita PPCPaíses int<strong>en</strong>sivos <strong>en</strong> recursos naturales y de rápido crecimi<strong>en</strong>toAustralia Canada Chile CoreaDinamarca Finlandia Letonia Nueva ZelandaSuecia TailandiaT<strong>en</strong>d<strong>en</strong>ciapromedioThe basic compet<strong>en</strong>ce levels shown by some Chileans in theinternational PISA tests is below what would be expected by theincome level of the country and the tr<strong>en</strong>d se<strong>en</strong> in high-growthcountries and those that are rich in natural resources.Source: Studies Unit, Executive Secretariat, Innovation Council.Based on A. Maddison (2001),“The World Economy: HistoricalStatistics”; “Literacy skills for the world of tomorrow. Further resultsfrom PISA 2000”, OECD, UNESCO-UIS (2003), and “Learning forTomorrow’s World. First results from PISA 2003”, OECD (2004).PPP refers to Purchasing Power Parity.2000200346