Libro Blanco Vol I en Ingles

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TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRATEGY FOR COMPETITIVENESSVOLUME 1The Council is aware that public resources are difficult to obtain, and that other demands tend to imposepolitical tensions and difficulties on the authorities that can act against the growth objectives desired. In orderto make real progress in a greater availability of resources, it is necessary to clarify as much as possible whatthe State must do and what must be left to private initiative. Confusing roles leads to problems of capture andinefficiency and to a loss of credibility in the State, the private sector and, ultimately, in ourselves. Thisexplains why in this report (Chapters 2 and 3) great attention is given to the conceptualization of analyticalfoundations that allow for an adequate separation and complementarity of roles between the private and publicsectors, based on establishing the competences and limitations of each sector. As may be deduced from theconcepts presented in this report, our innovation system, ranging from the formation of human resources, toscientific research, adapting technology, and innovation in companies, exhibits some serious organizationalfailures that adversely affect its cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, there are some very positive experiences insome areas. As such, organizational improvements, an adequate structure of incentives and a precise definitionof roles between the private and public sectors are essential components in this task, in addition to an adequateprovision of resources.II. 2 A GREATER R+D ENDEAVOURAs indicated earlier, Total Factor Productivity (TFP) has become an ever more relevant aspect inexplaining the growth of countries. Even though various elements affect it –the quality of institutions,macroeconomic stability, the openness of the economy, education and innovation-, recent studies havedemonstrated that the increase of TFP strongly depends on at least two factors that are considered veryrelevant by the Council: the quality of human resources and research and development spending (R+D).Thus, an analysis of the behaviour of 15 countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD) concludes that it is not correct to argue that rich countries invest more in R+D becausethey are rich, but rather that they are rich precisely because they invest more in R+D.The question we should ask is, How does Chile fare in this variable? A comparison with more developedeconomies which succeeded in positively changing their growth trend indicates that Chile spends relatively littlein R+D. In 2004, Chile invested 0.68% of its GDP on R+D, compared to 2.4% by South Korea when it had a similarper capita income to that of Chile. or 1.3% by Ireland, or 1.4% by Slovenia. The differences are even greaterwhen compared to highly developed countries: Israel heads the list of nations that most invest on R+D with arate of 4.9% of GDP, followed by Sweden with 4%, Finland with 3.5% and the U.S.A. with 2.6%. In conclusion,39
TOWARDS A NATIONAL INNOVATION STRATEGY FOR COMPETITIVENESSVOLUME 1with the exception of Hong Kong, all countries with a level of development the same as or above that of Chilehave higher proportional spending levels on R+D, and, more significantly, already surpassed us when they hadsimilar development levels to Chile. [See Figure 10]To achieve the goal presented earlier of a per capita income level of US$25,000 within 15 years time,Chile’s R+D spending should rise to 2.3% of GDP, which would require an annual increase in spending of 13% until2021.An interesting trend observed in countries that invest strongly in R+D concerns the distribution of theinvestment initiative between the private and public sectors. Developed countries have a high proportion ofprivate sector participation relative to the public sector. The comparable figures for Chile in 2004 were 37%private versus 53% public spending 21 , but by 2021, 50% of resources should come from the private sector,reaching 1.24% of GDP (versus 0.25% in 2004), while public spending should reach 0.7% of GDP (35% of the total).[See Figure 11]The low level of participation of the private sector, measured by R+D spending, is evident in the figuresfrom the last Survey of Innovation and R+D in Chile in 2004, implemented on all companies, both public andprivate, from production sectors with over 2,501 UF: only 11.2 % of the entire universe of 24,500 companiessurveyed invested in R+D.Other indicators of “inputs or activities for innovation” in the business sector, also show very low levels.An example of this is the number of establishments that possess intellectual property rights (patents, acquisitionrights of vegetable varieties or copyrights, not including brand names) which only reaches 10 % of the total.To add more data on the urgent need for innovation in Chile, evidence is found in the literature indicatingthat there is a significant time lag between making R+D spending and its results in the TFP of countries 22 . Thisperiod averages four years, even though it can vary depending on the production sector, and can range from twoyears, as in the electrical machinery and communication equipment industries, to five years, as in the case ofmedicines and pharmaceuticals.21 The remaining 7% comes from R+D carried out by foreigners in Chile.22 Rouvinen, P. “R&D-Productivity dynamics: Causality, lags and dry holes”, Journal of Applied Economics, vol. 5, Nº 1, pp 123-156.2002.40
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