264 ~ NOTESFor a discussion of Wahabbism in Central Asia between 1991-94 see, Rashid,Ahmed: The Resurgence of Central Asia, Islam or Nationalism?9. The other bodies are the Higher Council of Qadis, the Institute for ScientificStudy, the Supervision of Religious Affairs and the Committee for the Preventionof Vice and Propagation of Virtue. The latter was copied by the Taliban.10. The result was a fatwa issued by the most powerful ulema leader, SheikhAbdul Aziz Bin Baz which read, 'Even though the Americans are, in the conservativereligious view, equivalent to non-believers as they are not Muslims, theydeserve support because they are here to defend Islam.' I am indebted to a private •paper on Saudi Arabia. Obaid, Nawaf, 'Improving US Intelligence Analysis onthe Saudi Arabian Decision Making Process', Harvard <strong>University</strong> 1998.11. Several Saudi sources told me that after the Taliban captured Kabul, Saudimosques regularly took up collections from the congregation after Friday prayers,for the Taliban — just as they did for the Muslims in Bosnia.12. Obaid, Nawaf, 'Improving US Intelligence Analysis on the Saudi ArabianDecision Making Process,' Harvard <strong>University</strong>, 1998.13. AFP, 'Taliban claim Saudi support', 21 April 1997.14. AFP, 'Taliban battling for northern city', 17 September 1997.15. Quoted in Rashid, Ahmed, 'Afghanistan - Road to Disaster', Herald magazine,November 1996.16. I interviewed Prince Saud in Jeddah in 1986 and Prince Turki in Islamabadin 1989. Both men are extremely intelligent and articulate, but poorly informedon the details of what was happening in Afghanistan. As with the CIA, Saudiintelligence depended to a large extent on the ISI for its information and analysis.17. AFP, 'Convoy carrying weapons stopped', 12 October 1998.18. AFP, 'Taliban shut down Iran embassy in Kabul', 2 June 1997.19. AFP, 'Taliban warn of retaliation against Iran', 22 September 1997.20. AFP, 'Iran says Taliban threat to the region', 14 August 1998.21. AFP, 'Iran presses Nawaz over Afghan policy', 15 June 1997.22. Iran based this assessment on the evidence of one Iranian diplomat who hadescaped the massacre by feigning death. Although wounded, he arrived back inTehran and talked to reporters. Ironically Mullah Dost Mohammed was jailedwhen he returned to Kandahar. His wife complained to Mullah Omar that he hadbrought back with him two Hazara concubines whom she refused to accept in herhome.23. Interviews with senior Iranian diplomats in September 1998 in Islamabad andJanuary 1999 in Davos, Switzerland.24- Albright, Madeleine, Speech to the Asia Society, New York, 17 June 1998.25. Interview with Kharrazi, Tehran, 30 April 1998.NOTES ~ 2652. Interview with Brahimi, Islamabad, 14 May 1998.3. AFP, 'Afghan casualty figures show no signs of easing', the News, 13 October1998.4- Fange, Anders, 'Challenges of Aid in Afghanistan', Paper for Stockholm Conferenceon Afghanistan, 24 February 1999.5. Elleston, Harold, 'The General against the Kremlin. Alexander Lebed: Powerand Illusion', Little Brown and Co, London 1998.6. AFP, 'Oil pipeline not ready for main production', 20 May 1999.7. The elected governments dismissed are those of Mohammed Khan Junejo May1988, Benazir Bhutto August 1990, Nawaz Sharif April 1993, Benazir BhuttoNovember 1996.8. Braudel, Ferdinand, A History of Civilizations, Penguin Books, London 1993.9. Private communication, 6 March 1999.10. Fange, Anders, 'Difficulties and Opportunities; Challenges of Aid toAfghanistan', Paper for Stockholm Conference on Afghanistan, 24 February 1999.Chapter 161. Ignatieff, Michael, The Warrior's Honor, Ethnic War and the Modem Conscience,Vintage, New York 1999.
Abbas, Mulla Mohammed 22,61,100Abdali, Ahmad Shah 10-11Abdullah, Crown Prince 168Abu, Dhabi 120Achakzai, Mansur 28Afghan, Abdullah 3-4Afganistan 1-7,9,11,147,207-8conflict 21,31,175,196-7, 209,211ethnic groups 61,180, 203, 207-8,212,215future of 207-16history 93,185,211-12international terrorism 209Islamicists 86-7jihad 130,185-7Marxists 86Mujaheddin 7,13,89,120,195,198,201,208Pashtuns 32, 54,200,211Persians and Arabs conflict 197pro-Pakistan Pashtuns Mujaheddingovernment 186radical Islam 188reconstruction 210refugees 60Shias 35,44,198,200,214Sovietinvasion (1979) 11,84-5,197, 208withdrawal of troops 175, 208Index 1Trade Development Cell 184-5Transit Trade (ATT) 189-94Turkic peoples 215Turkmen 61women 105-16,174,182Afghans 208Afridi, Major Zahooruddin 120Agha, Mohammed 34Agha, Mullah Syed Ghayasuddin 51Ahmad, Eqbal 187Ahmad, Mullah Wakil 25,39Ahmadzai, Shahpur 49Ahmed, Qazi Hussain 91Akashi,Yasushil69Akayev, Kyrgyz President Askar 60Akayev, President Askar of Kyrgystan123Akhora Khatak, NWFP 90Akhunzadeh, Ghaffar 33al Faisal, Prince Saud 203al Faisal, Prince Turki 48, 72,131,137-9,167-8,170,201-3Al Qaeda (Military Base) 132al-Banna, Hasan (1906-1949) 86Al-Jihad 137al-Zawahiri, Dr Aiman 136Al'Aiban, Badr 168Al'Aiban, Mosaed 168Albright, Madeleine 65,180-1,205Alexander the Great 9,68Algerian Afghans 135-6APQaida group 7Amanullah, King 19-20, 83-4Amar Bil Maroof Wa Nahi An al-Munkar 105-6Amin, President Hafizullah 13,18Angel, Alejandro 157Anglo-Afghan war 12Annan, Kofi 66, 78,189Ansari, Khawaja Abdullah 37anti-Kabul alliance 44anti-Shia programme 83anti-Shiism 199anti-Talibanalliance 5,63,163,166,171,210,213aid 54,61,70,72,177,179,202-3Kabul 62Mazar-e-Sharif 55Syed Nadir Hussain meeting 83Taliban meeting 71forces 77Anti-Terrorism Act 134Arab Gulf states 92,116Arab-Afghans 132-3,137-7,139-40,177Arabian Sea 7,20Arabs 128,197Ariana (Afghan national airline) 45,192Arif, Maulvi Arifullah 124-5Arlacchi, Pino 123-4Armed Islamic Group (GIA) 135-6Aryan invasions 7Ashkhabad (capital of Turkmenistan)6-7, 78,123,143,162Ayub, Gohar 181Azam, Abdul 131-2Azerbaijan International OperatingCompany (AIOC) 153Babar, General Naseerullah 27-9,44,90,184-5Babur9Badakhshan province 96,132Baghdis53Baghdis province 53Bagram airbase 44,48,53,62INDEX - 267Bahsaryar, Mohammed (WFP) 72Baitul Mai [Islamic fund] 4Baker, James 200Baku-Ceyhan pipeline 175,209Balkh 8-9,57,59Airlines 57Balkhi, Tomb of Rabia 116Baluchistan 32,89,186,194Bamiyan, King of 68Bamiyan province 21,43,67-79Bangladeshi militants 136Basmachis 147-8Baz, Sheikh Abdul Aziz Bin 201Bedouin tribesmen 131Beg, Ulugh (son of Shah Rukh) 38Berger, Samuel 162BHP Petroleum (Australia) 173Bhutto, Prime Minister Benazir(1988-90 and 1993-96) 90,121,128-9,191ISI power and resources 184pipelines 159,165,168route to Central Asia 26-7Talibans 29,34,46,188Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali (Prime Minister)2-13Bin Laden, Osama (Saudi extremist)6-7,92,131-40,180,211Al'Qaida group 7jihad 75,85Mullah Omar 133,138-9Saudi Arabia 77,211Talibans 176-7,181,186,202, 205US 77,79,175-7,182Embassy bombings 7, 75,131,136,138-9,181,209Binori, Jamiat-ul Uloomi Islamiyyah 92Binori, Maulvi Mohammed Yousuf 92Boardman, Gerald 171-2Bolan Pass 20Bonino, Emma (European Commissioner)65Borjan, Mullah 28,34,48Boroujerdi, Alaeddin 202Bosnia 92Boutros-Ghali, UN Secretary GeneralBoutrosll3,207Brahimi, Lakhdar (UN Special Repre-
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TalibanMilitant Islam,Oil and Funda
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Vi ~ CONTENTSChapter 8A Vanished Ge
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AFGHANISTAN•^ UZBEKISTAN J TAJIKI
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Part 1History of theTaliban Movemen
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34 TALIBANKabul- Hikmetyar had alli
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38 ~ TALIBANrHERAT 1995: GOD'S INVI
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42 ~ TALIBANdo manage to take Kabul
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J46 ~ TALIBANgreater weight to UN e
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50 ~ TALIBANas they hung from steel
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54 ~ TALIBANthey would help rearm t
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58 TALIBANGul Mohammed Pahlawan, Gh
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62 TALIBAN2,500 Taliban, who had re
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70 ~ TALIBANyears of battle and hel
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74 ~ TALIBANThousands of Hazaras we
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78 TALIBANhas become a plague,' sai
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NEW STYLE FUNDAMENTALISM OF THE TAL
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86 TALIBANsity students - Hikmetyar
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94 TALIBANinflamed the debate in th
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102 TALIBANadministrations made the
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106 ~ TAUBANfrom working, but it no
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114 TALIBAN A VANISHED GENDER 115Ta
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130 ~ TALIBANfight with the Mujahed
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134TALIBANAugust 1996 noted that Bi
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138 ~ TALIBANwho were using the Kho
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11DICTATORS AND OILBARONS: THE TALI
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146 TALIBAN DICTATORS AND OIL BARON
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150 — TALIBANgrowth of beards and
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154TALIBAN1998 when international o
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158 ~ TALIBANaround Afghanistan? Af
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