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256 ~ NOTES14. Interview with Pino Arlacchi in Davos, January 1999.15. Interview with Arif, Kabul, May 1997.16. Interview with Jan, Kabul, May 1997.17. UN Demining office for Afghanistan. For several years the UN and otherNGOs said there were more than ten million mines in Afghanistan. In 1997 theysaid that is an exaggerated figure, which at current clearance rates of mines wouldtake 5,000 years to clear. The World Bank is now funding a more detailed surveybut it is estimated that several thousand square miles of land are still mineinfested. Only 19 per cent of that area, mostly in major cities, was cleared between1992 and 1999.18. Interview with Cestari, Islamabad, June 1997.NOTES ~ 25719. AFP, 'Suspected Bin Laden supporters held in Mauritania', 5 March 1999.20. AFP, 'Osama bankrolled Egypt's Jihad', 15 February 1999.21. AFP, 'Kashmir militant group issues Islamic dress order', 21 February 1999.Pakistani diplomats grew increasingly concerned about the activities of the Wahabbisin Kashmir. Interviews with diplomats, Islamabad March 1999.22. Time magazine, 'Interview with Bin Laden', 11 January 1999.23. Interviews with senior Pakistani officials, Islamabad, December to March1998-99. See also Mcgirk, Tim 'Guest of Honour', Time magazine, 31 August1998.24. Time magazine, 'Interview with Bin Laden', 11 January, 1999.25. Interviews with senior US diplomats, Islamabad January 1999.Chapter 101. Interviews with Pakistani cabinet ministers who served under Zia.2. Roy, Olivier, Afghanistan, from Holy War to Civil War, Princeton UniversityPress 1995.3. Roy, as above.4- Huntington, Samuel, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking ofWorU Order,Simon and Schuster, New York 1996.5. Personal interviews with Bin Laden's friends in Saudi Arabia and London in1992,1993 and 1999.6. AFP, 'Laden planned a global Islamic revolution in 1995,' 27 August 1998.7. Al-Ahram, 'Interview with Masud', by Yahya Ghanim, 19 August 1997.8. Giacomo, Carol, 'US lists Saudi businessman as extremist sponsor', WashingtonPost, 14 August 1996.9. AFP, 'Bin Laden training young Islamists, alleges Egypt', 18 February 1997-10. Hiro, Dilip, 'Islamic militants, once encouraged by the US, now threaten it',the Nation, New York, 15 February 1999.11. Time magazine, 'Interview with Bin Laden', 11 January 1999.12. Time magazine, 'Inside the hunt for Osama', 21 December 1998.13. Newsweek magazine, 'Making a symbol of terror', 1 March 1999. Thearticle, using US sources, disputes that Bin Laden was involved in all these terroristacts.14- Interviews with Algerian and Egyptian diplomats and politicans in Islamabadin 1992-93.15. Global Intelligence Update, 'Bangladesh Movement highlights new Pan-Islamicidentity', 27 January 1999.16. Global Intelligence Update, 'Possible Bin Laden group attempts transit throughMalaysia', 13 January 1999.17. Reid, Tim, 'Yemeni kidnappings were revenge for Iraq bombing', Daily Telegraph,3 January, 1999. The FBI claimed that the Yemenis had lap-top computersand communication equipment and were directly in touch with Bin Laden.18. AFP, 'Bin Laden may be targeting Bangladesh', 19 February 1999.Chapter 111. Interview with President Niyazov by the author, Ashkhabad, December 1991.2. US Energy Department, "The Caspian Sea Region', October 1997.3. Rashid, Ahmed, 'The new Great Game - the Battle for Central Asia's Oil,'Far Eastern Economic Review, 10 April 1997.4. Rashid, Ahmed, The Resurgence of Central Asia, Islam or Nationalism? ZedBoob, London 1994.5. Verrier, Anthony, Francis Younghusband and the Great Game, Jonathan Cape,London 1991.6. Rubin, Barnett, 'Russian hegemony and state breakdown in the periphery:Causes and consequences of the civil war in Tajikistan', in Rubin, Barnett andSynder, Jack, Post Soviet Political Order, Conflict and State Building, Routledge,London 1998.7- Barnett, as above.8. Allworth, Edward, The Modem Uzbeks from the 14 A Century to the Present,Hoover Institute Press, 1990.9. In 1989 unemployment in Turkmenistan stood at 18.8 per cent, infant mortalitywas 54 per one thousand rising to 111 per one thousand in some desert regionsor ten times higher than in Western Europe, child labour was widespread and 62per cent of the population suffered from jaundice or hepatitis due to the inadequatehealth system. A quarter of the hospitals had no running water or electricity.See Rashid, Ahmed: The Resurgence of Central Asia, Islam or Nationalism?10. Interview with Kuhyev, Ashkhabad, December 1991.11. During the first three years (1998-2000), 58 per cent of the gas supplied willgo towards paying Iran for the US$190 million construction costs of the pipeline.Exports from Korpedzhe, which reached 2 bcm/year in late 1998, were projectedto rise to 8 bcm/year in 2000.12. The consortium was led by PSG International, a joint venture by two UScompanies Bechtel Enterprises and General Electric Capital Structured FinanceGroup.