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NOTES ~ 249IntroductionNotes1. Huntington, Samuel P, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the NewWorld Order, Simon and Shuster, New York 1966.2. Verrier, Anthony, Francis Younghusband and the Great Game, Jonathan Cape,London 1991.3. Polo, Marco, The Travels of Marco Polo, Dell Publishing, New York 1961.4. BabuX'Nama, translated by Nette Bevendge, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore1979.5. Noelle, Christine, State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan, Curzon<strong>Press</strong>, London 1997.6. Rubin, Barnett, 'Afghanistan the forgotten crisis,' Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol15 No.2, UNHCR 1996.Chapter 11. US aid began with US$30 million in 1980, rising to US$80 million in 1983,to US$250 million in 1985, to US$470 million in 1986, to US$630 million in1987 until 1989. US aid continued until Kabul fell to the Mujaheddin in 1992.Between 1986-89 total aid to the Mujaheddin exceeded US$1 billion dollars ayear. Rubin, Barnett, 'Afghanistan the forgotten crisis,' Refugee Survey QuarterlyVol 15 No.2. UNHCR 1996.2. I conducted several interviews with Mullah Hassan in Kandahar in 1995,1996and 1997.3. Dupree, Nancy Hatch, A Historical Guide to Afghanistan, Afghan TouristOrganization, Kabul 1970.4- I conducted several interviews with Mullah Ghaus in 1996 and 1997.5. Yousufzai, Rahimullah. 'Taliban head says Rabbani sabotaging UN peaceefforts,' the News, 2 February 1995.6. This profile of Mullah Omar has been built up over five years after interviewswith dozens of Taliban leaders. I am grateful to Rahimullah Yousufzai's articles ashe is the only journalist to have interviewed Omar.7. Goldenberg, Suzanne, 'Place where the Taliban began and certainty ends', theGuardian, 13 October 1998.8. Bums, John and Levine, Steve, 'How Afghans' stern rulers took hold', NewYork Times, 11 December 1996.9. Dawn, 4 November 1994.10. The Ambassadors were from the USA, UK, Spain, Italy, China, and SouthKorea. The delegation included officials from the United Nations.11. Interviews with senior Pakistan government officials and transporters inQuetta, March 1995.12. Davis, Anthony, 'How the Taliban became a military force', in Maley, William(ed.), Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban, C. Hurst, London1998. Davis's military account is the most detailed to date on the capture of SpinBaldak and Kandahar by the Taliban.13. Interviews with Pakistani intelligence officers, Kandahar, April 1995.14. Muslim, 17 November 1994.15. The Nation, 18 February 1995.16. Dawn, 18 March 1995.Chapter 21. Seward, Desmond, The Monks of War, the Military Religious Orders, Penguin,London 1972. The great military orders, the Templars, the Hospitallers and theTeutonic Knights, were founded in the twelfth century.2. Interviews with Taliban soldiers, Kandahar, March 1995.3. Sikorski, Radek, Dust of the Saints, Chatto and Windus, London 1989.4- Byron, Robert, The Road to Oxiana, Macmillan, London 1937.5. Byron wrote on his first sight of the minarets, "No photograph, no description,can convey their colour of grape-blue with an azure bloom, or the intricate convolutionsthat make it so deep and luminous. On the bases, whose eight sides aresupported by white marble panels carved with baroque Kufic, yellow, white, olivegreen and rusty red mingle, with the two blues in a maze of flowers, arabesquesand texts as fine as the pattern on a tea-cup.' (Byron: The Road to Oxiana)6. Dupree, Nancy Hatch, A Historical Guide to Afghanistan, Afghan TouristOrganization, Kabul 1970.7. Interview with Ismael Khan, September 1993.8. Interview with Mullah Wakil Ahmad, Kandahar, May 1995.9. Dupree: A Historical Guide to Afghanistan.
250 ~ NOTESChapter 31 Interview with Mehmoud Mestiri in Islamabad, 2 February 1996. See alsoRashid, Ahmed, 'Masud ready to launch offensive says Mestiri', the Nation, 4February 1996.2. AFP, 'Ullema declare Jehad against Rabbani', the Nation, 4 April 1996.3. Interview with Wakil in Kandahar, March 1996.4. Interviews with Pakistani diplomats and intelligence officials, Islamabad, February1996.5. AFP, 'Taliban ready to negotiate', the Nation, 3 April 1996.6- Interviews with US and Pakistan diplomats, Islamabad, February 1995. Seealso Rashid, Ahmed. 'Afghanistan: Proxy War is back', the World Today, TheRoyal Institute of International Affairs, March 1996.7. AFP, Kabul, 'Senator Hank Brown meets Masud in Kabul', the Nation, 8 April1996- For a fuller discussion of the US role in the rise of the Taliban, see Chapter13.8. AFP, Bagram, 'Raphael says US interest in Afghanistan increasing', the Nation,20 April 1996.9. Interview with Robin Raphel, Islamabad, 18 April 1996.10. APP, Washington, 'US wants peace, stable Afghanistan', the Nation, 11 May1996. Raphel spelled out US policy in a Testimony to the Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee in Washington.11. Interview with Rabbani, Kabul, August 1996.12. AFP, Kabul, 'Holl flays Taliban for rocket attacks', the Nation, 31 July 1996.13. Interviews with several Pakistani and Afghan sources. See also: Rubin, Barnett,'Afghanistan the forgotten crisis', Refugee Survey Quarterly Vol 15 No.2,UNHCR 1996.14. Davis, Anthony, 'How the Taliban became a military force,' in Maley, William(ed.) Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Tatibccn, C. Hurst, London1998.15. This account is based on several interviews with UN officials and Masudhimself in 1996 and 1997. There are also reports that Najibullah was hoping todo a deal with the Taliban because of their common ethnic origins and that heleft the compound voluntarily.16. Khan, Behroz, 'Taliban commander admits ordering Najib's killing', the News,16 February 1998. Mullah Razaq admitted ordering Najibullah's execution in aninterview. 'We had asked our soldiers to kill Najib then and there. It was necessarybecause he was responsible for the massacre of thousands of Afghans,' Razaq said.Mullah Omar appointed Razaq commander of the Taliban forces that capturedKabul in 1996. He was captured by Dostum's troops in Mazar in May, 1997 andlater freed.17- Bums, John, 'With sugared tea and caustic rules, an Afghan leader explainshimself, the New York Times, 24 November 1996.18. Yousufzai, Rahimullah, "The leader nobody knows', the News, 30 March 1997-Chapter 4NOTES — 2511. Pakistani diplomatic sources told me that Pakistan had provided Dostum withUS$10 million dollars in a bid to persuade him to ally with the Taliban. Iran paidhim similar sums to keep him opposed to the Taliban.2. Levine, Steve, 'Enemies of Enemies', Newsweek, 21 October 1996.3. Dostum had summoned Malik to Mazar from the Baghdis front but he refusedto go saying that Dostum would kill him. 'That was the trigger for the coup againstDostum', a senior Pakistani General told me in Islamabad on 19 May 1997.4- Pakistan's Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub issued a statement on 25 May 1997extending recognition and stating that the crisis in Afghanistan was now solvedas the Taliban had formed a broad-based government. 'We feel that the newgovernment fulfils all criteria for de jure recognition. It is now in effective controlof most of the territory of Afghanistan and is representative of all ethnic groupsin that country,' said Ayub. Within hours of the statement the Taliban wereforced out of Mazar.5. The Taliban captured Ismael Khan and some 700 of his fighters after Khanhad been invited to a dinner by Malik who then allowed the Taliban to arresthim. Betraying a guest in your home is anathema for Afghans. See Rashid,Ahmed, '550 Pakistani students captured by Afghan opposition', the Nation, 14July 1997.6. According to interviews with officials from the UN and the ICRC in Kabul,July 1997, Malik held 1,000 Taliban in Maimana, 1,000 in Sheberghan and 800in Mazar. Masud held between 600 and 700 prisoners in the Panjshir. GeneralNaderi's Ismaeli forces north of the Salang tunnel held 100 Taliban and Hizb-e-Wahadat held around 100 Taliban. According to the UN, Malik held 200 Pakistanisin Mazar, another 225 in Maimana while Masud held 100 Pakistanis in thePanjshir valley and Khalili held nearly 50.7. Interview with Haqqani, Kabul, 12 July 1997.8. Interview with Abbas, Kabul, 15 July 1997.9. Interview with Uzbek diplomat, Islamabad, 5 July 1997. See also Rashid,Ahmed, 'Highly explosive. Renewed fighting alarms Central Asian neighbours',Far Eastern Economic Review, 12 June 1997.10. Interview with Haqqani, Kabul 12 July 1997. See also Rashid, Ahmed,'Afghan factions face serious internal divisions', the Nation, 16 July 1997.11. Peters, Gretchen, 'Massacres prompt fears of ethnic escalation', AP, 15 February1998.12. Yousufzai, Rahimullah, 'Dostum unearths mass graves', the News, 16 November1997.13. AFP, 'Taliban massacre site discovered in Afghanistan', 16 December 1997.14. Peters, Gretchen, 'Massacres prompt fears of ethnic escalation', AP, 15 February1997.15. <strong>Press</strong> conference by Norbert Holl, Islamabad, 18 October 1997.16. Reported by news agencies. See also Rashid, Ahmed, 'Taliban hold Bonino
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YALE NOTA BENE"The broader storyher
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TalibanMilitant Islam,Oil and Funda
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Vi ~ CONTENTSChapter 8A Vanished Ge
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AFGHANISTAN•^ UZBEKISTAN J TAJIKI
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2 ~ TALIBANaccounts for some 40 per
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"6 ~ TALIBANgas riches of landlocke
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10 ~ TALIBANgious mix that was to m
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Part 1History of theTaliban Movemen
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18 ~ ISLAM OIL AND THE NEW GREAT GA
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34 TALIBANKabul- Hikmetyar had alli
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38 ~ TALIBANrHERAT 1995: GOD'S INVI
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42 ~ TALIBANdo manage to take Kabul
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J46 ~ TALIBANgreater weight to UN e
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50 ~ TALIBANas they hung from steel
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54 ~ TALIBANthey would help rearm t
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58 TALIBANGul Mohammed Pahlawan, Gh
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62 TALIBAN2,500 Taliban, who had re
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66 TALIBANshould throw all aid agen
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70 ~ TALIBANyears of battle and hel
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74 ~ TALIBANThousands of Hazaras we
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78 TALIBANhas become a plague,' sai
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NEW STYLE FUNDAMENTALISM OF THE TAL
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86 TALIBANsity students - Hikmetyar
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90 TALIBANSharia was heavily influe
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94 TALIBANinflamed the debate in th
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98 TALIBANizing factor of Islam, it
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102 TALIBANadministrations made the
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106 ~ TAUBANfrom working, but it no
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TALIBANUniversity, she held down a
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114 TALIBAN A VANISHED GENDER 115Ta
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118 TALIBANUS$1,300 - a small fortu
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122 TALIBANper cent of the total Pa
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126 TALIBANequipment, no electricit
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130 ~ TALIBANfight with the Mujahed
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134TALIBANAugust 1996 noted that Bi
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138 ~ TALIBANwho were using the Kho
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11DICTATORS AND OILBARONS: THE TALI
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Page 83 and 84: 150 — TALIBANgrowth of beards and
Page 85 and 86: 154TALIBAN1998 when international o
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Page 91 and 92: 166 TALIBAN ROMANCING THE TALIBAN 1
Page 93 and 94: ROMANCING THE TALIBAN 2: 1997-99 17
Page 95 and 96: 174 — TALIBANnon-Russian pipeline
Page 97 and 98: 178 — TALIBANROMANCING THE TALIBA
Page 99 and 100: 182 ~ TALIBANApril 1999. 'The US ha
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Page 103 and 104: 190 ~ TALIBANThis Wild West of free
Page 105 and 106: 194 ~ TALIBANgovernance. Pakistani
Page 107 and 108: 198 TALIBAN SHIA VERSUS SUNNI: IRAN
Page 109 and 110: 202 TALIBAN SHIA VERSUS SUNNI: IRAN
Page 111 and 112: 206 — TALIBANin Afghanistan - to
Page 113 and 114: 210 — TALIBANand antagonism. The
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Page 117 and 118: 218 ~ TALIBANated and severely puni
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Page 121 and 122: APPENDIX 3 ~ 227Appendix 3A CHRONOL
Page 123 and 124: 230 ~ TALIBANgraves near Shebarghan
Page 125 and 126: 234 ~ TALIBAN8 June. US FBI places
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Page 129 and 130: 242 ~ TALIBANJune21 August10 Septem
Page 131: 246 ~ TALIBANDupree, Nancy Hatch, A
Page 135 and 136: 254 ~ NOTESmuddin, Religious Police
Page 137 and 138: 258 NOTES13. The Japanese company M
Page 139 and 140: 262 ~ NOTES28. Waxman, Sharon, 'A c
Page 141 and 142: Abbas, Mulla Mohammed 22,61,100Abda
Page 143 and 144: INDEX - 270Hazaras (continued)burea
Page 145 and 146: INDEX ~ 274nF»r\/FaliViar» milita
Page 147: INDEX ~ 278Talibans (continued)Sunn
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