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APPENDIX 4 ~ 237Appendix 4The NewGreat GameSTATUS OF PIPELINES IN 19991. Contract for a Turkmenistan-Turkey pipeline under the Caspian Seasigned in 1999 by consortium made up of Bechtel Group and US GeneralElectric. Cost US$2.5 billion.2. Suspended.3. Suspended.4- Stalled.5. Stalled.6. Stalled.Source: Ahmed RashidTABLE 1. PROPOSED GAS PIPELINES FROM TURKMENISTAN IN 1996Firm Route Details1. Enron/WingMerril BOTAS/Gama Guris2. Unocal, DeltaOil,Turkmenrosgaz3. Bridas-TAP4- Royal DutchShell, Gaz deFrance,Snamprogetti,Turkmenistan5. Mitsubishi,Exxon, China,Turkmenistan6. China-Iran-TurkmenistanTurkmenistan-Azerbaijan-TurkeyTurkmenistan-Pakistan-AfghanistanTurkmenistan-Pakistan-AfghanistanTurkmenistan-Iran-TurkeyTurkmenistan-Kazakhstan-China-JapanKazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran-Persian GulfUnder Caspian Sea.Cost US$1.6billion937 miles. CostUS$2.5 billion750 miles. CostUS$2.5 billion1875 miles. CostUS$2 billion5,000 miles. CostUS$22 billion1,500 miles. Cost2.5 billion7. 120-mile-long gas pipeline connecting Iran-Turkmenistan opened inDecember 1997.1989199019941995199619971998TABLE 2. TURKMENISTAN GAS PRODUCTIONBillion cubic metres/year89.655.720.622.026.017.013.6Source: Turkmen governmentTrillion cubic feet/year3.202.000.730.780.910.600.48TABLE 3. CHRONOLOGY OF UNOCAL-BRIDAS COMPETITION FORAFGHANISTAN PIPELINE1992 13 January1993 FebruaryMarch1994 SeptemberNovemberBridas awarded gas exploration rights for Yashlarblock in eastern Turkmenistan, 50-50 split in productionprofits.Bridas awarded Keimir oil and gas block in westernTurkmenistan. 75-25 split in profits in Bridas favour.President Niyazov visits USA. Former US NationalSecurity Adviser Alexander Haig hired by PresidentNiyazov to head campaign to encourage US investmentin Turkmenistan and soften US position onpipelines via Iran.Bridas prevented from exporting oil from Keimirblock.Turkmenistan establishes working group to study gaspipeline routes. Group includes Haig and Bridas.Taliban capture Kandahar.
238 ~ TALIBAN1995 January16 MarchAprilJuneAugust21 OctoberDecember1996 FebruaryMarchAprilMayAugustAfter renegotiating Keimir block, Bridas reducesits share of profits to 65 per cent. Oil exportsallowed.President Niyazov and Pakistan's PM Benazir Bhuttosign agreement for Bridas to carry out pre-feasibilitystudy of Afghan gas pipeline.Turkmenistan and Iran sign agreement to build first180 miles spur of proposed gas pipeline via Iran toTurkey.USA sets up working group including NationalSecurity Council, State Department and CIA tostudy US oil and gas interests in Caspian region. UStells Turkmenistan it will oppose financing for pipelinesthrough Iran and urges it look to the west.Turkmen officials visit Houston, Texas, at invitationof Bridas and meet with Unocal for first time.Unocal delegation in Ashkhabad and Islamabad discussjoining Bridas for Afghan pipeline. Bridas presentsfeasibility study to Turkmen government.Bridas makes oil and gas discovery at Yashlar. Bridasmeets with Taliban for first time in Kandahar. Bridasexecutives travel to Kabul, Herat and Mazar.President Niyazov in New York signs Afghan pipelineagreement with Unocal/Delta.Turkmenistan bans Bridas's oil exports from Keimirblock for second time.Bridas signs agreement with Afghan government forconstruction of pipeline. Bridas files suit in Houstonagaint Unocal/Delta interference with its business inTurkmenistan.US Ambassador Tom Simmons urges PM Bhutto togive exclusive rights to Unocal. Bhutto demands awritten apology for Simmons's rudeness.Bridas begins arbitration against Turkmenistan forbreach of contract. US Assistant Secretary of StateRobin Raphel visits Kabul and Kandahar.Iran opens new 100-mile railway route linking Turkmenistanand Iran. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistanand Afghanistan sign agreeement giving Turkmenistanthe right to nominate the consortium tobuild the pipeline.Russia's Gazprom signs agreement with Unocal/Delta and Turkmenistan's Turkmenrosgaz for pipe-SeptemberAPPENDIX4 ~ 239line project. US Assistant Secretary of State RobinRaphel visits Afghanistan and Central Asia. Sherefers to US interest in the Unocal pipeline.Unocal presents pipeline definition report to PresidentNiyazov. Unocal says it will give humanitarianaid as bonuses to Afghan warlords once they agreeto form a council to supervise the project.27 September Kabul falls to the Taliban. USA says it will reestablishdiplomatic relations with Afghanistansoon.1 October Unocal expresses support for Taliban takeover ofKabul, says pipeline project now easier. Later Unocalsays it was misquoted.26 October President Niyazov and Unocal/Delta sign agreementgiving them exclusive rights to form consortium forAfghan pipeline.Robert Oakley, former US Ambassador to Pakistan,heads first meeting of Unocal's Afghan AdvisoryNovember9 December29 December1997 20 JanuaryJanuaryFebruaryMarchApril 8Committee.Bridas signs agreement with Taliban and GeneralRashid Dostum to build pipeline.Pakistani Foreign Secretary Najmuddin Sheikh inKandahar for talks with Taliban on pipeline.Iran, Turkey, Turkmenistan sign agreement for Turkeyto buy Turkmen gas through Iran.Turkmenistan signs agreement with Mobil andMonument Oil for oil and gas exploration.Interim order of International Chamber of Commercegives Bridas right to export oil from Keimir.Turkmenistan rejects order.UN Under Secretary General Yasushi Akashi criticizesoil companies and Afghan warlords for pipelineprojects.A Taliban delegation in Washington seeks USrecognition and meets with Unocal. Second Talibandelegation visits Argentina as guests of Bridas. Onreturn Taliban meet with Saudi Intelligence chiefPrince Turki in Jeddah.Unocal to set up office in Kandahar and trainingcentres for Afghans. Bridas sets up office in Kabul asCarlos Bulgheroni visits Kabul, Kandahar.Taliban say they will award pipeline contract to thecompany which starts work first. Unocal PresidentJohn Imle says he is baffled by Taliban statement.
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YALE NOTA BENE"The broader storyher
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TalibanMilitant Islam,Oil and Funda
Page 5 and 6:
Vi ~ CONTENTSChapter 8A Vanished Ge
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AFGHANISTAN•^ UZBEKISTAN J TAJIKI
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2 ~ TALIBANaccounts for some 40 per
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"6 ~ TALIBANgas riches of landlocke
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10 ~ TALIBANgious mix that was to m
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Part 1History of theTaliban Movemen
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18 ~ ISLAM OIL AND THE NEW GREAT GA
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34 TALIBANKabul- Hikmetyar had alli
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38 ~ TALIBANrHERAT 1995: GOD'S INVI
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42 ~ TALIBANdo manage to take Kabul
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J46 ~ TALIBANgreater weight to UN e
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50 ~ TALIBANas they hung from steel
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54 ~ TALIBANthey would help rearm t
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58 TALIBANGul Mohammed Pahlawan, Gh
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62 TALIBAN2,500 Taliban, who had re
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66 TALIBANshould throw all aid agen
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70 ~ TALIBANyears of battle and hel
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74 ~ TALIBANThousands of Hazaras we
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78 TALIBANhas become a plague,' sai
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NEW STYLE FUNDAMENTALISM OF THE TAL
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86 TALIBANsity students - Hikmetyar
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90 TALIBANSharia was heavily influe
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94 TALIBANinflamed the debate in th
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98 TALIBANizing factor of Islam, it
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102 TALIBANadministrations made the
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106 ~ TAUBANfrom working, but it no
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TALIBANUniversity, she held down a
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114 TALIBAN A VANISHED GENDER 115Ta
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118 TALIBANUS$1,300 - a small fortu
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122 TALIBANper cent of the total Pa
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126 TALIBANequipment, no electricit
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130 ~ TALIBANfight with the Mujahed
Page 75 and 76: 134TALIBANAugust 1996 noted that Bi
Page 77 and 78: 138 ~ TALIBANwho were using the Kho
Page 79 and 80: 11DICTATORS AND OILBARONS: THE TALI
Page 81 and 82: 146 TALIBAN DICTATORS AND OIL BARON
Page 83 and 84: 150 — TALIBANgrowth of beards and
Page 85 and 86: 154TALIBAN1998 when international o
Page 87 and 88: 158 ~ TALIBANaround Afghanistan? Af
Page 89 and 90: 162 TALIBAN ROMANCING THE TALIBAN 1
Page 91 and 92: 166 TALIBAN ROMANCING THE TALIBAN 1
Page 93 and 94: ROMANCING THE TALIBAN 2: 1997-99 17
Page 95 and 96: 174 — TALIBANnon-Russian pipeline
Page 97 and 98: 178 — TALIBANROMANCING THE TALIBA
Page 99 and 100: 182 ~ TALIBANApril 1999. 'The US ha
Page 101 and 102: 186 ~ TALIBANters or the transport
Page 103 and 104: 190 ~ TALIBANThis Wild West of free
Page 105 and 106: 194 ~ TALIBANgovernance. Pakistani
Page 107 and 108: 198 TALIBAN SHIA VERSUS SUNNI: IRAN
Page 109 and 110: 202 TALIBAN SHIA VERSUS SUNNI: IRAN
Page 111 and 112: 206 — TALIBANin Afghanistan - to
Page 113 and 114: 210 — TALIBANand antagonism. The
Page 115 and 116: 214 ~ TALIBANdrawn since 1996 - a P
Page 117 and 118: 218 ~ TALIBANated and severely puni
Page 119 and 120: Origins of Members of the Taliban M
Page 121 and 122: APPENDIX 3 ~ 227Appendix 3A CHRONOL
Page 123 and 124: 230 ~ TALIBANgraves near Shebarghan
Page 125: 234 ~ TALIBAN8 June. US FBI places
Page 129 and 130: 242 ~ TALIBANJune21 August10 Septem
Page 131 and 132: 246 ~ TALIBANDupree, Nancy Hatch, A
Page 133 and 134: 250 ~ NOTESChapter 31 Interview wit
Page 135 and 136: 254 ~ NOTESmuddin, Religious Police
Page 137 and 138: 258 NOTES13. The Japanese company M
Page 139 and 140: 262 ~ NOTES28. Waxman, Sharon, 'A c
Page 141 and 142: Abbas, Mulla Mohammed 22,61,100Abda
Page 143 and 144: INDEX - 270Hazaras (continued)burea
Page 145 and 146: INDEX ~ 274nF»r\/FaliViar» milita
Page 147: INDEX ~ 278Talibans (continued)Sunn
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