Sodium Hypochlorite Handbook - Force Flow

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Weight percent available chlorine x NaOCl/Cl 2 or x 74/71 or 1.05 = weight percent NaOClWeight percent sodium hypochlorite= gpl available chlorine x 1.05(10 x specific gravity)or = trade % Available Cl 2x 1.05specific gravityor = weight percent available chlorine x 1.05Since sodium hypochlorite is sold based on the strength of the product, it is critical to specify exactlywhich term is used to define the strength of the product.2.3 Ratio of Gallons of Sodium Hypochlorite to Pounds of Chlorine UsedIn order to calculate the volume and the strength required to replace the oxidizing power of existingchlorine applications, the strength of the sodium hypochlorite purchased must be converted to theequivalent pounds of available chlorine.For Example:Using the definition of GPL of available chlorine (weight of available chlorine in grams per liter ofbleach) the following conversion is useful:120 GPL available chlorine =120 gpl Av. Cl 2 x 3.785 liters/gallon x 2.205 pounds/1000grams = 1 pound/gallon available Cl2Therefore, one gallon of sodium hypochlorite at 120 GPL available chlorine strength will have theoxidizing power as one pound of chlorine.Other equal terms:120 GPL available chlorine = 12 Trade percentor 12/ 1.168*= 10.27* weight percent available chlorineor 10.27* x 1.05 = 10.79* weight percent sodium hypochlorite*Caution: Each manufacturer will produce sodium hypochlorite with different specific gravity due to thevariation in the amounts of excess caustic, chlorates, and salt. Therefore, all test procedures by boththe producer and the consumer should calculate the bleach strength in grams per liter availablechlorine. Therefore, if gpl available chlorine is used as the indication of sodium hypochlorite strength,the accuracy of this measurement is not dependant on the accuracy of the specific gravitymeasurement of the product.If other strengths of sodium hypochlorite are utilized such as 160 gpl, the amount of available chlorineper gallon is the ratio of the new strength versus 120 gpl. Therefore, 160 gpl to 120 gpl (160/120) is1.333 and the amount of available chlorine per gallon is 1.333 pounds per gallon since 120 gpl has1#/gallon of available chlorine.In summary, if the process uses one pound of chlorine, the process will use one gallon ofsodium hypochlorite at strength of 120 GPL available chlorine.
2.4 Sodium Hypochlorite DecompositionThe consumer must understand the reasons for decomposition of sodium hypochlorite to successfullypurchase and utilize the product and to eliminate “oxygen locking” and piping systems plugging.There are two decomposition pathways of sodium hypochlorite.The dominant pathway is as follows:3NaOCl = 2NaCl + NaClO3 (Chlorate)This decomposition can be created two major ways.2.4.1 Sodium Hypochlorite Decomposition By Chlorate Formation Path #1If during production of the sodium hypochlorite the reaction of chlorine and caustic occurs in a low pHregion of the reactor (typically less than 10 pH), hypochlorous acid is formed. This will result in chlorateformation. Refer to Section 5.0 References.In most batch production systems for sodium hypochlorite using the original methods is common in the1950 & 1960’s, high levels of chlorate can be produced during the reaction process. During the 70’s,80’s and 90’s most manufacturers have converted to continuous production of sodium hypochloriteresulting in good control of the pH at the reaction point and thus reduced chlorate formation. However,it should be noted that within the continuous sodium hypochlorite manufacturing group, individualmethods of operation will greatly affect the levels of chlorate produced during the reaction. Forexample, if packed towers are utilized for the reaction of caustic and chlorine, high levels of chloratescan be expected if the excess caustic in the column drops below approximately 1.5% by weight excess.It should also be noted that the strength of sodium hypochlorite produced during the reaction will alsoaffect the levels of chlorate. Regardless of the method used in the sodium hypochlorite production, thatproduction method will create high levels of chlorates if higher strengths of sodium hypochlorite areproduced.2.4.2 Sodium Hypochlorite Decomposition By Chlorate Formation Path #2Sodium hypochlorite after production will decompose due to initial strength and pH, storagetemperature, sunlight, and contaminants such as heavy metals and suspended solids such as calciumand magnesium.The normal rate of sodium hypochlorite without salt, sunlight, heavy metals and contaminants (whichcan be easily controlled) with a pH of 11.86-13 can be expressed as:Rate = K2 (OCl - ) 2 (Reference #1)Therefore the strength of the bleach during storage and the amounts of chlorate can be calculatedusing the predictive chemical-modeling program created by Gilbert Gordon and Luke Adam.(Reference #1)2.4.2.1 Method #1 to Reduce Sodium Hypochlorite DecompositionChlorate Formation Path #2As indicated by the decomposition formula, sodium hypochlorite has a 2 nd order rate of decomposition.This means that a 200-gpl available chlorine sodium hypochlorite solution without salt will decompose 4times faster than 100-gpl available chlorine sodium hypochlorite if all other factors such as storagetemperature are the same.However, at a constant temperature, the rate of NaOCl decomposition is also affected by the total ionicstrength of the solution. Since salt is produced in the reaction of chlorine and caustic, this increase in
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Sodium Hypochlorite Handbook - Force Flow

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