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Life CycleAssessment(LCA)NaturalcapitalapproachesFour-CapitalsNetworkanalysisLCA is a technique that seeksto consider all theenvironmental impacts ofparticular actions — overtheir lifetime. This isparticularly relevant toclimate change as the GHGemissions are often releasedduring the construction stage.LCA can include a fullassessment of all impacts indetail or be a less quantitativeand detailed consideration ofthe materials in use and theirprobable environmentalimpacts. For exampleresponsibly sourced wood hasa lower carbon footprint thatsteel and responsibly sourced(certified) wood has agenerally lower impact onbiodiversity than un-certifiedwood. LCAs can beundertaken by consultants orin-house.Various similar approachesthat use the concept of‘capital’ as derived fromeconomics and describebenefits through the servicesand outputs provided bynatural and other capital.The Four Capitals Modelconsiders development (andthe meeting of needs andaspirations) to take placethrough the services providedby economic, human, socialand environmental assets.Development is thenconsidered to be sustainableif and only if the stock of allassets or capital (wealth) percapita remains constant orrises over time. The fourtypes of capital are:manufactured capital(infrastructure); naturalcapital (natural resources);human capital (health, wellbeingand productivepotential of individuals); andsocial capital (human wellbeingon a societal level).Network analysis is aneffective way to considercomplex systems by linkingcauses and impacts via achain of causation. Theconcept is based on the ideathat there are links andimpact pathways betweenUndertaking full LCA can be a verycostly and timely process, howevercertain elements of a project mayalready be subject to LCA, there istherefore the potential for the EIAto use this information whereavailable.It may also be possible toundertake a qualitativeassessment of possible LCAimpacts based on readily availableinformation such as material types.LCA is particularly useful during theimpact assessment stage of the EIAand can inform the considerationof alternatives buy identify themost significant elements of aproject in terms of biodiversity andclimate change. But for SEA, LCA ismore likely to be relevant forproviding a way of thinking aboutstrategic options rather than beingapplied more formally.The four-capitals model, and othersimilar approaches, provide analternative framework for definingand assessing sustainabledevelopment and can provide analternative assessment frameworkto use as part of an SEA ensuringthat that all three of the pillars ofsustainable development —economic, social andenvironmental — are included inthe analysis and that the focus ison the evaluation is not just onstocks, but on the flows of benefitsto which they give rise to. It canalso provide a good means ofengaging stakeholders with theconcerns of sustainabledevelopment.This approach can be used toascertain the probable impacts andbenefits on climate change andbiodiversity of various elements ofa project by identifying theiroutcomes via the development ofa chain of causation. It is bestundertaken during the scopingOnline repository of LCA tools:http://www.dantes.info/Tools&Methods/Software/enviro_soft_SW.htmlRegional Economy EnvironmentInput Output (REEIO) is apotentially useful LCA type tool(see below)The SDRTOOLS programmedesign evaluation methods toassess sustainable development,using the Four Capitals Model asa starting point.http://www.srdtools.info/index.htmNetwork analysis is generallydependent upon the use ofexpert knowledge and judgmentand the accurate identificationand linking of drivers andimpacts.Examples of the application ofthis approach can be seen in66 <strong>Guidance</strong> on integrating climate change and biodiversity into SEA
stage, but may be extended intothe following stages ofassessment.case studies in Annex 4 of theguidance.RegionalEconomyEnvironmentInput Output(REEIO)Resourcesand EnergyAnalysisProgramme(REAP)Riskmanagementelements of a project andenvironmental outcomes, andthat these can be identified.This enables the identificationof actions that may achievedesired objectives, such asreduced impact orenhancement.Within SEA it is particularlyuseful in relating non materialelements of a PP (such asfunding or managementoptions) to specificenvironmental impact.The Regional EconomyEnvironment Input OutputModel is a powerful decisionsupport tool used to assesstheenvironmentalimplications of productionwithin a region.The model was the mainoutput from the REWARDproject and is nowmaintained by CambridgeEconometricsREAP is a software tooldeveloped by the StockholmEnvironment Institute.In addition to managing datato quantify GHG emissionsand other indicators ofresource use REAP can beused as a scenariodevelopment tool.Subscription is required.When considering climatechange it is particularly usefulto frame potential impacts interms of the probability andmagnitude of impacts. Thesetwo components make uprisk.This can be achieved byconsidering the probability ofimpact (e.g. how likely is itthat sea level rise will impacton a PP) in relation to themagnitude of the impact(what would be the likelyREEIO links economic activity in 42industrial sectors to environmentalcomponent. Using eitherCambridge Econometrics regionaleconomic forecasts or a userdefined scenario, it allows the userto measure and compare theenvironmental impact of economicdevelopment. The model providesannual comprehensive projectionsto 2020 for a wide range ofindicators.REAP can be used to answercertain questions related tounderstanding the environmentalconsequences of economicactivity. These include:• How do we account for theresource use associated witheverything people buy and use?• How do we track complexproduct supply chains?• How do we calculate, attributeand report results in a consistentfashion?• How do we relate this topopulations at different spatialscales and over time?• How do we explore whereresource savings can be madeboth in production efficiencyand consumption patterns?Thinking in terms of probabilityand magnitude within an SEA caninform the stakeholders as to thevulnerability of a PP and thereforethe necessity of adaptationmeasures (what alternatives areavailable) and what monitoring isrequired to enable adaptivemanagement.http://www.camecon.com/AnalysisTraining/suite_economic_models/Reeio/ReeioOverview.aspxTool website:http://www.resourceaccounting.org.uk/Vulnerability and climatechange:http://www.metrovancouver.org/planning/ClimateChange/ClimateChangeDocs/Vulnerability_climate_change.pdfIAIA’s risk management advice:http://www.iaia.org/iaiawiki/ra.ashx<strong>Guidance</strong> on integrating climate change and biodiversity into SEA 67
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Guidance on Integr
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ForewordThe need for action on clim
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GlossaryTermAdaptation(climate chan
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Mitigation (climatechange)Mitigatio
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HOW TO ADDRESS BOTH CLIMATE CHANGE
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guidance.Since it is the first such
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Page 17 and 18: 2.2.3 Resilience of a PP to a chang
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Page 21 and 22: 3. Understanding climate change and
Page 23 and 24: EU Climate and EnergyPackageRoadmap
Page 25 and 26: • Under Article 6(3) of the Habit
Page 27 and 28: Table 5: Key aspects of biodiversit
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Page 31 and 32: Engaging proactively with environme
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Page 35 and 36: 4.3 Identifying the key biodiversit
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Page 45 and 46: Flood regimes and extremerainfall e
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Page 51 and 52: Annex 1: Further readingThe policy
Page 53 and 54: Resource Paper: No Net Loss and Los
Page 55 and 56: Resource Manual to Support Applicat
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Page 61 and 62: GeneralData and Maps (EEA)EUROSTATE
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