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EcosystemservicesvaluationGHG emissioncalculatorsEcosystem services can beused as additional oralternative assessmentcriteria within SEA, even at ageneric/strategic level e.g.what will be the effects on i)supporting services; ii)provisioning services; iii)regulating services; and iv)cultural services. See alsoecosystem services valuationbelow.The economic valuation ofecosystem services hasdeveloped significantly as apotential tool within impactassessment. Recent analysiswithin the TEEB and variousMember States indicate thisapproach has some potentialfor making clear theeconomic value ofbiodiversity. This in theorywould allow a more informedunderstanding of the societalimpact of a project.Valuation is a useful tool butthe most efficient use of theconcept of ecosystemservices within impactassessment may be indemonstrating that theenvironment is important tous rather than in quantifyingthe cost equivalence of thisimportance.Emission calculators seek toquantify the total GHG (oroften carbon alone) emissionsfrom an activity or project asa whole. Emissions can becalculated for operation orthe construction of a project.A range of calculators existand are generally based onGHG equivalents for certainindicators such as energyconsumption.Assessment and consideration ofalternatives — ecosystem servicescan provide important informationon the potential for multifunctionalityof an area whenconsidering alternatives. They canbe supplementary or an alternativeto the typical assessmentobjectives or criteria — e.g. anobjective ‘To protect and enhancebiodiversity’ might be re-cast inecosystem service terms ‘What willbe the effect on biodiversityprovisioning services?’ However,‘ecosystem services thinking’ couldalso provide an importantperspective in the same way thatlife cycle thinking provides widerbenefits to sustainable productand service provision beyondheavily data dependent life cycleanalysis/assessment.The time and resourcerequirements for ecosystemvaluation are significant and mayundermine its potential to supportimpact assessment practice whereresources are often limited. This isparticularly true at the strategicscale. It is possible to relateexisting valuation studies to adifferent area this can be useful atthe strategic scale but itseffectiveness is limited at morelocal levels due to the contextualnature of value.However certain ecosystemservices (i.e. provisioning services)can be relatively simply valued andmay add value to someassessments.Within SEA the focus should be onthe value of services and areasbroadly rather than specifically,this can be based on linking land orhabitat types to services usingexisting studies or stakeholder andexpert engagement.Depending on the level of detailcontained within your PP, it maybe possible to quantify possibleGHG emissions. This can beundertaken by consultants or viaonline tools where available.A number of consultancies operateGHG emissions calculators that canbe undertaken for individualprojects. Calculators can be foundonline though the accuracy andassumptions (such as the type offuel used to generate power, etc.)will vary and may not be relevanthttp://www.wri.org/publication/ecosystem-services-a-guide-fordecision-makersSheate W, Eales R, Daly E,Murdoch A, and Hill C (2008),Case study to develop tools andmethodologies to deliver anecosystem-based approach:Thames Gateway Green Grids,Project report NR0109, London,Defra, 2008, available athttp://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=NR0109_7429_FRP.pdfChapter 6 of TEEB for Local andRegional Policy makers considerseconomic valuation as part ofEIA and SEA practice:http://www.teebweb.org/localand-regional-policy-makersreport/Guide to valuing ecosystemservices:http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/natural/ecosystemsservices/valuing-ecosystemservices/Resources and Energy AnalysisProgramme (REAP) (see below)is a potentially useful strategiclevel emission calculator.The World Resource Instituteand World Business Council forSustainable Development havedeveloped and maintain thehttp://www.ghgprotocol.org/which includes a wide range ofsectoral GHG calculators andrelated tools and case studies.The Scottish Government isdeveloping a Quantitative64 <strong>Guidance</strong> on integrating climate change and biodiversity into SEA
to your PP area. Greenhouse Gas ImpactAssessment: A Tool For SpatialPlanning Policy Developmenthttp://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/341338/0113478.pdfGIS andspatialanalysisGreeninfrastructureGeographic InformationSystem (GIS) and its use as aform of spatial analysis hasproven value incommunicating andidentifying environmentalimpacts of PPs. There is ahuge spectrum of possible GISmethods and uses and thesecan be tailored depending onthe required scales andavailable resources.Green infrastructure is aconcept addressing theconnectivity of ecosystems,their protection and theprovision of ecosystemservices, while alsoaddressing mitigation andadaptation to climate change.It contributes to minimisingnatural disaster risks, by usingecosystem-based approachesfor coastal protection throughmarshes/flood plainrestoration rather thanconstructing dikes.The protocol allows theformation of a GHG emissionsinventory. The GRIP approachenables regions across theworld to compare theirreleases using a consistentapproach.The nature of the GIS required willvary depending on the scale of PPand the intended purpose of theGIS. GIS is a broad technique andcan be used to undertake analysisof various morphological ortechnical factors or to supportconsultation exercises viavisualisation.Useful for consideration ofalternatives and mitigationmeasures.GIS is largely dependent uponthe available data. Potentiallyuseful sources of pan-Europeaninformation and data arepresented in Annex 2.http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/index_en.htmGreenhouseGas RegionInventoryProtocol(GRIP)Industry(project)profiles ofGHGsSEAs should, where possible,make use of existinginformation — one potentialsource of useful informationmay be sectoral ortechnology profiles of theenergy requirements ofvarious elements of a projectduring operation andconstruction.GRIP also contains a Scenario Tooldevised to bring togetherdiscussions on energy futures. Itenables coherent discussionsacross the energy system, so that(for example) debates on transportcan take place in combination withthose on electricity generation anddomestic heating.Subscription required.This information will be usefulduring the scoping and screeningstages of the SEA and tounderstand the relative profiles ofdifferent sectors.For general informationhttp://www.grip.org.uk/Industry profiles may often bebased on the experience ofvarious stakeholders and lookingto see examples of previous PPs(or EIAs where appropriate). Incertain Member States specificindustry profiles may exist.<strong>Guidance</strong> on integrating climate change and biodiversity into SEA 65
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Guidance on Integr
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ForewordThe need for action on clim
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GlossaryTermAdaptation(climate chan
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Mitigation (climatechange)Mitigatio
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HOW TO ADDRESS BOTH CLIMATE CHANGE
Page 13 and 14: guidance.Since it is the first such
Page 15 and 16: 2. Climate change and biodiversity
Page 17 and 18: 2.2.3 Resilience of a PP to a chang
Page 19 and 20: 2.3.2 Complexity of the issues and
Page 21 and 22: 3. Understanding climate change and
Page 23 and 24: EU Climate and EnergyPackageRoadmap
Page 25 and 26: • Under Article 6(3) of the Habit
Page 27 and 28: Table 5: Key aspects of biodiversit
Page 29 and 30: single biggest cause of biodiversit
Page 31 and 32: Engaging proactively with environme
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Page 35 and 36: 4.3 Identifying the key biodiversit
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Page 41 and 42: • Key areas that may be particula
Page 43 and 44: • aim for ‘no-net-loss’ of bi
Page 45 and 46: Flood regimes and extremerainfall e
Page 47 and 48: • Where possible, use causal chai
Page 49 and 50: This guidance document emphasises t
Page 51 and 52: Annex 1: Further readingThe policy
Page 53 and 54: Resource Paper: No Net Loss and Los
Page 55 and 56: Resource Manual to Support Applicat
Page 57 and 58: Annex 2: Sources of information on
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Page 61 and 62: GeneralData and Maps (EEA)EUROSTATE
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