Leather/Skin/Hide Processing Industry - Environmental Clearance

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Leather / Skin / Hide Processing Industry (Tannery)a) BackgroundThe following factors have to be taken into account when considering the application ofcleaner technologies:The condition of the raw stock received by the tanning industry has a direct effect onthe resulting cleaner technologies that can be applied.Good farming practices are encouraged so that hides and skins do not suffer fromectoparasite infestation or damage inflicted by barbed wire, horns or other outsideinfluences. Such damage has to be masked by the tanners involving extra processesusing additional material resources and often creating added waste disposal problems(e.g. buffing dust, shavings, etc.)The amount of dung attached to an animal hide or skin as a direct result of poorfarming practices also uses more natural resources and creates additional loadings onthe effluent and the solid wastes treating which becomes the responsibility of thetanner.Damage to the hide or skins, such as poor flaying practice at the abattoir, may alsocreate increased waste disposal problems for the tanner.The IUE Commission is concerned to take into account the technologies currently appliedby the most advanced tanneries and not just to consider the latest developments fromresearch units.The general recommendations have to be adapted to local conditions and under thesupervision of a leather specialist and taking into account the requirements of theproduction.b) Preservation of fresh or cooled hides and skinsFresh or uncured raw stock is available to tanneries in many countries. Wheneverpossible, treatment of fresh hides and skins is the best solution to reduce salt pollution.Time elapsing between slaughtering and further treatment (whether curing itself or theinitiating of wet processing in the tannery) must not exceed a few hours. When anabattoir and a tannery are operationally linked, fresh raw stock may be used. In suchcases, proper measures may be taken to handle excess raw stock available with theabattoir.Beyond this period, it is necessary to cool the raw stock, either in ice or cold air. Cold airis necessary if hides are transported over long distance. Storage below 4°C yields goodpreservation up to three weeks, under ideal conditions, although some dehydration maybe expected. This system of retaining raw stock quality is used in Europe, by transportingraw stock in refrigerated lorries, but it is recognized that this may not be feasible oreconomical in developing economies. Raw stock may be preserved in ice, but storage ismore problematical than chilling, due to melting of the ice, run-off of water and thepotential for bacterial growth on wetted pelt.c) DryingShade drying of small skins is a low cost environmentally acceptable process in someclimates. Controlled air-drying using heat pump or other system is suitable for anyclimate.TGM for Tanneries August 20103-14
Leather / Skin / Hide Processing Industry (Tannery)d) Dry saltingDry salting combining salt curing and shade drying can minimize the amount of salt usedfor preservation of skins and hides.e) Use of antisepticsThe use of antiseptics with low effect on the environment impact and toxicity can help toincrease storage time of fresh or chilled hides and skins. Suitable preservatives that areused around the world include: TCMTB, Isothiazolone products, potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate, sodium chlorite, benzalkonium chloride, sodium fluoride and boric acid.Their use must be regularly reviewed, to reflect changing legislation, because they will bedischarged in the effluent.Some of these agents that may have both bacteriacidal and fungicidal properties, are alsoappropriate for soaking, pickling and wet-blue preservation.f) Partial salt eliminationIt is possible to eliminate up to 10 % of the salt added to hides and skins for preservation,by using hand shaking, mechanical brushes or a suitable drum. The salt can be reused inpickle processes after dissolution and removal of solids. However, it must not be used forcuring purposes because it is too contaminated with bacteria, particularly halophilic orhalotolerant bacteria, which can cause so called red heat.This method of salt recovery gives a partial answer to the salt pollution problem. Neitherbrine curing nor salt curing can be considered as cleaner technologies, even if prefleshinghides reduces this waste. It is recognized that salt curing is one of the greatercontributors to the environmental impact of tannery operations, Even recovering some ofit has limited benefits, because its reuse is extremely limited, its ecological disposal isdifficult.Beamhouse processingThe new generation of drums and processors facilitate efficient draining and washing, andallow the routine use of low floats for processing, thereby resulting in significant savingsin water consumption.g) SoakingThe consumption of fresh water can be minimized by using a counter current system ofwashing to concentrate the salt (if present) and other soluble materials, such as dirt andblood.Additional cleaner technology that can be applied at this stage is the fleshing of greenhides after soaking. It yields a lower quantity of fleshings, with a neutral pH. Greenfleshings are more valuable than limed fleshings with regard to tallow recovery, becausethe green fleshings are not subjected to the hydrolyzing liming process. In this way, theamount of recovered tallow is greater and the content of undesirable free fatty acids ismuch lower, so the quality is better.An associated problem with this approach is the presence of dung on hides, which causesthe fleshing blade to cut into hide, thereby damaging the pelt in an economicallyunacceptable way. Removal of dried-on dung by methods other than soaking is difficult.TGM for Tanneries August 20103-15
Page 1 and 2: FORPrepared forGovernment of India
Page 4 and 5: Table of Contents3.5.2 Tannery effl
Page 6 and 7: Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURESFig
Page 9: AcronymsIUEkglLDARLCALTLm 2mg/m³mg
Page 12 and 13: protocol/ related regulations/ and
Page 14 and 15: IntroductionOperational issues1.1 P
Page 16 and 17: Introductionfor 27 industrial and r
Page 18 and 19: Conceptual Facets of EIA2.2 Polluti
Page 20 and 21: Conceptual Facets of EIABench marki
Page 22 and 23: Conceptual Facets of EIAproduct aft
Page 24 and 25: Conceptual Facets of EIA2.3.2.8 4-R
Page 26 and 27: Conceptual Facets of EIAR&D activit
Page 28 and 29: Conceptual Facets of EIAProject lev
Page 30 and 31: Conceptual Facets of EIAThis practi
Page 32 and 33: Conceptual Facets of EIAother effec
Page 34 and 35: Conceptual Facets of EIApractitione
Page 36 and 37: Leather / Skin / Hide Processing In
Page 64 and 65: 4.OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF EIAPrior e
Page 66 and 67: Operational Aspects of EIAFigure 4-
Page 68 and 69: Operational Aspects of EIA4.2 Scree
Page 70 and 71: Operational Aspects of EIA4.2.4 Sit
Page 72 and 73: Operational Aspects of EIA−−−
Page 74 and 75: Operational Aspects of EIAfor furth
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Page 78 and 79: Operational Aspects of EIAPHASE IPR
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Page 84 and 85: Operational Aspects of EIAFigure 4-
Page 86 and 87: Operational Aspects of EIA4.4.2.3 B
Page 88 and 89: Operational Aspects of EIA4.4.3 Imp
Page 90 and 91: Operational Aspects of EIALegislati
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Page 94 and 95: Operational Aspects of EIAImportant
Page 96 and 97: Operational Aspects of EIABiologica
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Operational Aspects of EIAS. NO EIA
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Operational Aspects of EIAConcerned
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Operational Aspects of EIAFinal EIA
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Operational Aspects of EIAIf the Au
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5.STAKEHOLDERS’ ROLES ANDRESPONSI
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Stakeholders’ Roles and Responsib
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ANNEXURE IGeneral Standards for Dis
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18. Hexavalent chromium (as Cr+6) m
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2. The user should make efforts to
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ANNEXURE IIForm 1 (Application for
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1.6 Demolition works?1.7 Temporary
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3. Use, storage, transport, handlin
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5.6 Emissions from incineration of
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9. Factors which should be consider
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ANNEXURE IIICritically Polluted Ind
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8 Vellore (North Arcot) (TamilNadu)
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31 Pali (Rajasthan)CEPI-73.73 (As_W
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TYPES OF MONITORING AND NETWORK DES
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knowledge of the sources of the pro
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GUIDANCE FOR ASSESSMENT OF BASELINE
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AttributesSamplingMeasurement Metho
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AttributesSamplingMeasurement Metho
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ANNEXURE VISources of Secondary Dat
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Information8. Nature of Terrain, to
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Annexure IVB: Summary of Available
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13. Department of Ocean Development
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19. Indian Meteorology Department S
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32. National Botanical Research Ins
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ANNEXURE VIIForm through which the
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ANNEXURE VIIIComposition of EAC/SEA
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I)Primary treatment is the first st
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compounds degraded in step 1) and t
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New Machineries:These are a few pho
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REFERENCESMinistry of Environment a
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IL&FS Ecosmart LimitedFlat # 408, S
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