Study of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern In Urinary Tract Infection At A ...

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Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern In Urinary Tract Infectionpermission from Institutional Ethical Committee inRohilkhand Medical College & Hospital, Bareilly.Clean-catch midstream urine specimens frompatients diagnosed clinically to be having UTI onthe basis of symptoms (fever, dysuria & increasedfrequency of urination) were inoculated on BloodAgar and McConkey Agar plates, which wereincubated aerobically at 37 o C overnight. Platesshowing growth suggestive of significantbacteruria, with colony counts exceeding 10 5cfu/ml were subjected to standard biochemicaltests for identification and antimicrobial sensitivitytesting by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method.Interpretation as 'Sensitive' or 'Resistant' was doneon the basis of the diameters of zones of inhibitionof bacterial growth as recommended by the discmanufacturer. Antibiotics against which sensitivitywas tested in the present study includedAmoxycillin, Amoxiclav, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin,Levofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole, Gentamicin,Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin, Minocycline andCeftazidime.Result: A total of 170 urine culture sensitivityreports were analyzed in the present studybetween Aug 2009 and July 2010. The predominantgrowth of single bacteria was seen in 143 (84.12%)samples. The most common organisms isolatedwere Escherichia coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas, andStaphylococcus aureus. (These represented64.33%, 92; 20.30%, 29; 9.10%, 13 and 6.30%, 9 ofisolates respectively). More than 80% of theisolates were sensitive to amikacin andnitrofurantoin, while more than 70% were sensitiveto norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin [Table1]. E. coli showed high sensitivity to Amikacin98.91% (91), Nitrofurantoin 93.48% (86) andceftazidime 80.43% (74) with good susceptibility toFluoroquinolones- {Levofloxacin 75% (69),Norfloxacin 73.91% (68), Ciprofloxacin 69.56% (64)}and Minocycline 75% (69). The Klebsiella showedhighest sensitivity to Amikacin 89.65% (26) andNitrofurantoin 75.86% (22), while it was alsosusceptible to the Ceftazidime 68.96% (20) andFluoroquinolones {Levofloxacin 72.41% (21),Norfloxacin 72.41% (21), and Ciprofloxacin 68.96%(20)} and Gentamicin 62.10% (18). Pseudomonasshowed highest sensitivity to Ceftazidime 84.62%(11) and Fluoroquinolones {Norfloxacin 76.92%(10), Ciprofloxacin 69.32% (9)} followed byAminoglycosides {Amikacin 61.54% (8), Gentamicin53.85% (7). The Staphylococcus aureus showedhigh sensitivity to Amoxiclav 88.9% (8), Amoxicillin77.8% (7), Nitrofurantoin 88.9% (8), Ciprofloxacin77.8% (7), Gentamicin 55.5% (5) [Table 2].Table 1- Overall Percentage of uropathogenssensitivity to AntibioticsAntibiotic Sensitivity (%) Resistance (%)Amoxicillin 22.38% 77.42%Amoxi-clav 35.66% 64.34%Cotrimoxazole 18.18% 81.82%Gentamicin 63.64% 36.36%Amikacin 87.41% 12.59%Ciprofloxacin 73.43% 26.57%Norfloxacin 72.73% 27.27%Levofloxacin 73.43% 26.57%Nitrofurantoin 81.12% 18.88%Ceftazidime 73.43% 26.57%Minocycline 53.15% 46.85%Table 2- Antibiotic Sensitivity & Resistance Pattern of Isolated Organism in UTIE.coli (n=92) Klebsiella (n=29) Pseudomonas (n=13) Staph.aureus (n=9)Sensitive Resistant Sensitive Resistant Sensitive Resistant Sensitive ResistantAmoxicillin 19.60% 80.40% 31.0% 69.0% ND 55.55% 46.15%Amoxi-clav 27.20% 72.80% 65.52% 34.48% ND 77.80% 23.1%Cotrimoxazole 19.60% 80.40% 10.34% 89.66% ND 55.55% 46.15%Gentamicin 66.30% 43.70% 62.10% 37.90% 53.85% 46.15% 55.55% 46.15%Amikacin 98.91% 1.09% 89.65% 10.35% 61.54% 38.46% NDCiprofloxacin 69.56% 30.44% 68.96% 31.04% 69.32% 30.68% 77.8% 22.2%Norfloxacin 73.91% 26.09% 72.41% 27.59% 76.92% 23.08% 66.70% 33.30%Levofloxacin 75.0% 25.0% 72.41% 27.59% 61.54% 38.46% 77.77% 22.23%Nitrofurantoin 93.48% 6.52% 75.86% 24.14% ND 88.9% 11.10%Ceftazidime 80.43% 19.57% 68.96% 31.04% 84.62% 15.38% NDMinocycline 75.0% 25.0% 10.34% 89.66% 15.38% 88.89% 22.22% 84.60%NJIRM 2011; Vol. 2(3). July- September eISSN: 0975-9840 pISSN: 2230 - 9969 44
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern In Urinary Tract InfectionDiscussion: In community and hospital settings theetiology of UTIs and the antimicrobial susceptibilityof UTI causing bacteria’s have been changing overthe years 8,9 . Over the last decade, the treatment ofchoice for urinary tract infections (UTIs) haschanged from co-trimoxazole to quinolones owingto the rate of resistance to co-trimoxazole and itshigh level of therapeutic failure 10 .Antimicrobialresistance has been associated with an increasedrate of clinical failure, and reports from Canadaand the US indicate that the prevalence ofcotrimoxazole resistance exceeds 15% and can beas high as 25%. Use of fluoroquinolones isrecommended for uncomplicated UTIs in areaswhere the incidence of cotrimoxazole resistanceexceeds 10%, as well as for the treatment ofcomplicated UTIs and acute pyelonephritis 5 .Amongst the bacteria causing UTIs, Escherichia coliremains a common aetiology (< or =60%), otherbacteria like Enterobacteriaceae other than E.coli,Gram-negative bacilli (e.g. Pseudomonasaeruginosa), and Gram-positive bacteria (e.g.Staphylococcus aureus) are frequently isolated.Patients with long-term catheterisation have UTIstypically caused by organisms that producebiofilms making eradication even more difficult.Overall, aetiology and resistance patterns are notpredictable for those with serious UTIs,necessitating confirmation by culture andsusceptibility testing 11 .A total of 170 urine culture sensitivity reports wereanalyzed in the present study between Aug 2009and July 2010. The predominant growth of singlebacteria was seen in 143 (84.12%) samples. In ourstudy we found significant growth of Escherichiacoli, klebsiella, pseudomonas, and Staphylococcusaureus. These represented 64.33%, 92; 20.30%, 29;9.10%, 13 and 6.30%, 9 of isolates respectively.From this study, it can be seen that cotrimoxazoleand amoxicillin are virtually useless againsturopathogens causing UTI, as they were effectiveagainst 18% and 22% of all isolated organisms,respectively. Amoxiclav and minocycline wereslightly better and showed activity in 35% and 53%cases respectively. Some studies specificallyindicate the higher use of oral minocycline in lastfive years because of the higher susceptibility ofuropathogens against minocycline 12 , probablybecause of good activity against E.coli which is alsoobserved in our study that E.coli isolates showed75% sensitivity.Our study suggests nitrofurantoin (81.12%susceptibility) or levofloxacin (73.43%susceptibility) as the first-line drug against UTIbefore culture and sensitivity is done. Both werevery active against Escherichia coli and Staphaureus particularly. Both are cost-effective andreadily available in developing countries.Nitrofurantoin replaces levofloxacin in case ofpregnancy, since it has been shown to be very safein pregnancy 13 and also a recent study in Indiashowed that Nitrofurantoin had the best in-vitrosusceptibility profile against E.coli 14 . The consistentand high-level susceptibility of E. coli tonitrofurantoin may be influenced bynitrofurantoin's narrow spectrum of activity,limited indication, narrow tissue distribution, andlimited contact with bacteria outside the urinarytract 15 . Recently some studies have found anincreased microbial resistance to piperacillin,cephazolin, amikacin, and levofloxacin.Additionally, extended-spectrum β-lactamase(ESBL)-producing E. coli tended to be isolated moreoften in these studies 12 .In another recent study 29.5% of E. coli weresuspected to produce extended-spectrum betalactamase(ESBL) and amikacin and nitrofurantoinwere the only drugs to which >90% of E. coli weresusceptible 16 . In the present study nitrofurantoinwas effective against 93% isolates of E.coli, 89%isolates of Staph.aureus and 76% of Klebsiella,compared to levofloxacin which was effective in75%, 77% and 72% cases respectively, but with anadvantage of better activity against Pseudomonas(61% susceptibility). In our study E. coli showedhighest sensitivity to Aminoglycoside- Amikacin98.91% (91), along with good sensitivity toMinocyclines 75% (69).Conclusion: In conclusion one can truly affirm thatthe choice of drugs in the treatment of UTI is quitenarrow today due to the wide scale resistance thatthe common UTI pathogens show to drugs whichhave been used previously. Drugs likecotrimoxazole and aminopenicillins which wereNJIRM 2011; Vol. 2(3). July- September eISSN: 0975-9840 pISSN: 2230 - 9969 45
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