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Ann. For. Res. 54(1): 57-71, 2011wetter <strong>and</strong> milder during the winter. In South,climate is temperate continental, with pronouncedtemperature extremes <strong>and</strong> prolongeddrought during the summer months. Southernforest st<strong>and</strong>s are located in plains, frequentlyexposed to summer drought (Giurgiu - MihaiBravu, Brneti, Vlsia - Buriau, ExperimentalStation tefneti, Brgan, Vldiceasca,Slveti, Snagov, Comana). Comana <strong>and</strong> MihaiBravu are located an the Neajlov riverdelta. The st<strong>and</strong> age varied between 60 <strong>and</strong> 90years.Stressful conditions affecting the trees fromdifferent investigated locations were assignedto groups: (i) soil pollution from an oil extractionplant (Tinca), (ii) several years of recurringdrought (Brgan), (iii) multiple sourcesof city pollution in the city of Oradea, (iv)chronic foliar disease produced by ErysipheResearch articlesalphitoides (Griffon & Maubl.) U.Braun &S.Takam <strong>and</strong> infestations produced by gall insects-Dryomyiacircinans (Giraud) (Dobreti)<strong>and</strong> Cynips quercus-folii (Linnaeus) (Oradea),(v) defoliations produced mainly by Lymantriadispar (Linnaeus) (Tinca).Root processing protocol. Mycorrhizalsystem is dened as a lateral ramication <strong>and</strong>all its tributary apices from a sustaining suberi-ed root, total length varying between 1 <strong>and</strong> 5cm. During the research mycorrhizal root systemswere studied according to this denition,pieces of 10-20 mm being cut <strong>and</strong> investigatedfor alive <strong>and</strong> declining mycorrhizal apices.Blocks of soil of 5 x 5 x 5 cm were excavatedin the rhizosphere of selected tree hostspecies (<strong>Quercus</strong> spp.), in the area of horizontalcrown projection, three trees of the samespecies per st<strong>and</strong>. The blocks were wrapped1614121086420qcaqcbqcbaqcdqcmbqcoqcsNumber of morphotypesqcslqctqcvqcvlqfaqfdqfgqfmbqfslqftFigure 1 Number of mycorrhizal morphotypes by host (<strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Q. <strong>frainetto</strong>, Q. <strong>robur</strong>) <strong>and</strong> locationNotation: qca - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Arad; qcbr - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Brgan; qcba - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Bneasa; qcd- <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Dobreti; qcmb - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Mihai Bravu, qco - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, F.D. Oradea, qcsl -64Host species<strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Slveti; qcs - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, tefneti; qct - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Tinca; qcv - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>,Vldiceasca; qcvl - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Vlsia; qfa - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>frainetto</strong>, Arad (Radna); qfd- <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>frainetto</strong>,Dobreti; qfg - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>frainetto</strong>, F.D. Giurgiu (Comana); qfmb - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>frainetto</strong>, Mihai Bravu; qfsl -<strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>frainetto</strong>, Slveti; qft - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>frainetto</strong>, Tinca; qrb - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>robur</strong>, Buteni; qro - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>robur</strong>,city of Oradea; qcb - <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong>, Buteni.
Fodor et al. Mycorrhizal status of several <strong>Quercus</strong> species in <strong>Romania</strong> ...Table 3 Proportion of mycorrhizal apices in root samples (15 mycorrhizal systems selected at r<strong>and</strong>om) collected during the vegetation season from several <strong>Quercus</strong> species, different locations (1996-2001)Tree species, location <strong>and</strong> date Proportion of mycorrhizal apices (%)Q. <strong>cerris</strong>, tefneti (08.1996) 43.5Q. <strong>cerris</strong>, Mihai Bravu (10.1996) 42.0Q. <strong>cerris</strong>, Brganu (10.1996) 85.0Q. <strong>frainetto</strong>, Comana (10.1996) 86.0Q. <strong>cerris</strong>, Tinca (10.1997) 20.0Q. <strong>frainetto</strong>, Radna (10.1998) 30.0Q. <strong>frainetto</strong>, Tinca (09.1998) 32.4Q. <strong>cerris</strong>, Tinca (09.1998) 31.4Q. <strong>frainetto</strong>, Mihai Bravu (10.1996) 46.0Q. <strong>cerris</strong>, Dobreti (07.1998) 46.3Q. <strong>frainetto</strong>, Dobreti (09.1998) 13.1Q. <strong>cerris</strong>, Dobreti (07.1998) 67.6Q. <strong>cerris</strong>, Oradea (09.1998) 67.6Q. <strong>robur</strong>, Buteni (07.2000) 78.0Q. <strong>robur</strong>, city of Oradea (06. 2001) 33.0in paper <strong>and</strong> brought to the laboratory. Thesamples, corresponding to one tree mergedin one composite sample subjected to furtherprocessing. Roots were carefully washed intap water using sieves, placed in Petri dishesof 9 cm <strong>and</strong> observed under stereomicroscopecleaning meanwhile the adhered soil with nebrushes <strong>and</strong> needles. The descriptions of themorphotypes are based on macroscopic charactersfollowing the adapted protocol afterAgerer (1987-2002). Actual mycorrhizas wereconrmed microscopically by the existence ofthe Hartig net <strong>and</strong> mycorrhizal mantle (Nylundet al., 1982).Quantitative analysis. Comparison ofthe mycorrhizal status (relative frequencies ofactive mycorrhizal apices) in 5 root samplestaken from <strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong> at Dobreti wasperformed by means of One-Way ANOVA. Aprevious test of variance homogeneity (Bartlett)conrmed the lack of signicant differenceswith respect to the variances amongsamples. Also Tukey test of pair-wise multiplecomparisons was performed in order to detectany signicant differences in mycorrhizationfrequency in the 5 samples set collected from<strong>Quercus</strong> <strong>cerris</strong> roots at Dobreti. This locationwas selected to perform the specied statisticalanalyses due to the fact that it corresponds tothe highest diversity of morphotypes found atany location, at a particular moment.The association status of different morphotypeswith Coenococcum geophilum Fr., mostfrequently encountered morphotype, was assessedusing Yule coefcient of association.Yule’s Q coefcient of association is a symmetricmeasure, based on the difference betweenconcordant (meaning both absences a,<strong>and</strong> both presences, d) <strong>and</strong> discordant (meaningabsence-presence data, b <strong>and</strong> presence-absencedata, c) data pairs (Singh, 2004).Q = (ad-bc)/(cd+bc)The coefcient takes values between -1 <strong>and</strong>1: -1 corresponds to a complete exclusion ofthe species, 0 corresponds to r<strong>and</strong>om associations<strong>and</strong> 1 to constant associations. Q statisticdenes null relationship as statistical independence.Hierarchical cluster analysis of tree species<strong>and</strong> locations, with regard to mycorrhizal morphotypes,was performed after the calculationof the Sørensen similarity index. The similar-65
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