Villa the short story

VillaThe Short StoryThe Short StoryThe short story is a brief piece of fiction that deals with a single crucial incident in thelives of its characters.SettingSetting is the time and place of the events in a story.CharactersThe characters of a story are the people in it. There are three kinds of fictioncharacters: type, individual, and developing. A type character displays only one trait.The villain, the dupe, the clown, the butler, the faithful lover, and numerous other stockcharacters are types. An individual character shows various traits – usually three to five.A developing character changes during the course of the story. If he changes for theworse, he is a “deterioration character.”PlotA plot is a series of incidents increasing in complexity until a climax is reached and anew situation is evolved. The essential element of a plot is conflict. Conflict is notnecessarily a pitched battle, a fight, or even an open argument. It may be a subtlecombat of wits, friction of temperament, clash of ideals, or merely striking contrast.There are five kinds of conflict: physical, classical, romantic, social, and psychological.• In physical conflict the leading character struggles against the forces ofnature, animals, or other men with his physical strength.• In classical conflict the leading character struggles against fate.• In romantic conflict the lading character struggles against the villain.• In social conflict the leading character struggles against the ideas, practices, orcustoms of other people• In psychological conflict the struggle is in the mind of the leading character.Within his own soul the forces of good and evil or strength and weaknesscontend for domination.Most stories have more than one type of conflict but there is always one kind thatdominates the others. The classification of conflict in a story is determined,therefore, by this dominant struggle.The climax in a story is the end of the struggle. It is the turning point in the action.ThemeThe theme of a short story is a universal or general truth of life which the authorwishes to present. The theme is the underlying thought or idea upon which a story,play, or poem is based. It may be expressed in one sentence.

VillaConflicts in LiteratureMost conflicts fall in to one of the following categories. Remember, there can be morethan one conflict (and therefore more then one climax) in any story or novel.Here are some examples to get you brainstorming for your Short Narrative:("Man” is used to refer to “human'”)Man vs. Man(Superman vs. Lex Luther)Man vs. Himself(Huck Finn vs. his Conscience-- should he turn Jim in or let him remain free?Man vs. Society(Thoreau vs. American government/ society by refusing to pay taxes)Man vs. Nature(Human(s) vs. Any Force of Nature (flood, drought, mountain, ice, rain, etc.)Man vs. Fate/God(Oedipus-Rex vs. His Predetermined Destiny to kill his father and marry hismother)

VillaList of Literary DevicesAlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of similar sounds, generally at the beginning of words and usually by means of consonants or consonantsound clusters in a group of words. (“The willfull waterbeds help me thrall, / the laving laurel turned my tide.”)AllusionIn literature, this is a reference to another work. (In the Police song “Wrapped Around Your Finger”, Sting writes, “trapped betweenthe Scylla and Charybdis” in reference to Homer’s Oddyssey.)AnecdoteA very short story that is told to make a point.AssonanceIs the repetition of vowel sounds in non-rhyming words.(Hear the mellow wedding bells. — Edgar Allan Poe, "The Bells" or And murmuring of innumerable bees - Alfred Lord Tennyson,The Princess VII.203)Consonanceis the repetition, at close intervals, of the final consonants of accented syllables or important words especially at the ends of words(as in blank and think or strong and string or Lady lounges lazily and Dark deep dread.)FlashbackA scene in a short story, a novel, a narrative poem, or a play that interrupts the action to show an event that happened earlier.ForeshadowingThe use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest what action is to come. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and buildsuspense.HyperboleHyperbole is an exaggeration of fact used either for serious or comic effect. (“Her eyes opened wide as saucers.”)ImageryImagery refers to the way words create or suggest pictures in the reader’s mind – what we see, hear, smell, feel, or taste. (“Thepungent fragrance of orange blossoms sweetly drifted through the air.” / ‘The stunning blue waters sparkled with brilliant clarity.’)IronyA contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is meant or between what is expected to happen and what actuallyhappens. The three kinds of irony are verbal irony, in which a writer or speakers says one thing and means something entirelydifferent, dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience knows something that a character in the story or play does not know,and irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected result of some action or situation and itsactual result. (“It was ironic when the marriage counselor himself got a divorce.”)MetaphorA metaphor is a comparison that is only suggested or implied, with no clear indication of a relation between the two items. (“Herface is a wrinkled leaf.”)MotifA reoccurring feature, such as a name, an image, or a phrase, in a work of literature. A motif generally contributes in some way tothe theme of a short story, novel, poem, or play.OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia is the use of a word in which the sound imitates or suggests its meaning. (Hiss, clang, snap buzz.)OxymoronA phrase where two or more words are diametrically opposed. (Sweet sorrow, wise fool, honest thief, short eternity)ParadoxA statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue.PersonificationA figure of speech in which something nonhuman is given human qualities.(“Grey mist on the sea’s face”)SatireA kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, orhumanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to set theirpoint of view through the force of laughter.SimileA figure of speech comparing two essentially unlike things through the use of words “like” or “as”. (My love is like a rose)SymbolAny object, person, place, or action that has a meaning in itself and that also stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, an attitude,a belief, or a value. Such as a rose if often a symbol of love.

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Writer: ___________________________________Evaluator: ________________________________Rubric for Narration: Short StoryFor Peer Review: When we read each other’s paper, please use the words in bold below to locate the following in their story. Placebrackets around the evidence when you locate it. DO NOT GRADE YOUR OWN STORY! Also, you must provide 3suggestions that will help your writer improve in his/her paper.CriteriaRating ScaleNot veryVeryHow effective is the title?1 2 3 4 5How effective is the beginning of the story?12345How well does the beginning grab thereader’s attention?12345How interesting is the main character?12345How effectively does the story show achange or growth in the main character?12345How clearly and vividly is the settingdepicted?12345How well is the conflict of the storyexplained?12345How well does the plot build to a climax?12345How well is the theme developed?12345How effectively have descriptions beenbrought to life with rich sensory details?12345How effective is the ending or resolution ofthe story?12345How effectively are correct grammar,spelling, and punctuation used?12345How accurate is the use of Standard English?12345How effective is the dialogue?12345Comments: