g]k fnsf blntx? / gofF ;+l jwfg

g]kfnsfblntx?/ gofF;+ljwfgg]kfnsf blntxŸsf] cj:yf, pgLx?sf dfu tyf gofF;+ljwfgsf nflu ;'emfj;DaGwL ;|f]t;fdu|L;ÍngM;+o'Qm /fi6«; Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_sf7df8f}F, ;g\ @))* ;]K6]Da/

g]kfnsf blntx?/ gofF ;+ljwfgg]kfnsf blntx¿sf] cj:yf, pgLx¿sf dfu tyfgof“ ;+ljwfgsf nflu ;'emfj;DaGwL ;|f]t;fdu|L;ÍngM;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_sf7df8f}F, ;g\ @))* ;]K6]Da/

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgue"ldsf…c:k[ZotfÚ cl:tTjdf 5}g – kl/dflh{t d'n'sL P]g–@)!( jf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg–@)$& jf @)^# ;fn j}zfvdfk'gM:yflkt ;+;b\sf] 3f]if0ffkq k9]kl5 s;}n] klg lgsfNg] lgisif{ sDtLdf oxL x'g;S5 . tL ;a} b:tfj]hdf …hftsf cfwf/dfs;}nfO{ klg c5'tsf ¿kdf lje]b ug{ kfOg] 5}gÚ jf o:t} zAbx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . blntx¿sf] hLjGt cg'ej eg] lgs}km/s 5 . c:k[Zotf cem} lgs} hLjGt 5 .blntx¿n] aGbsf nflu cfXjfg u/]sf 5}gg\ jf uf8Lx¿ hnfPsf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿sf ljlzi6 cfjZostfx¿nfO{ k|ltljlDat x'g]u/L ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg ug{ ;/sf/;Fu s'g} ljz]if ;Demf}tf klg ePsf] 5}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf k|fjwfgx¿ tyf lgjf{rgsfg'g / ljz]if u/L ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf sf/0f g]kfndf ljutsf t'ngfdf lgs} a9L k|ltlglwd"ns ;+ljwfg;eflgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . o;df klg $( hgf hgk|ltlglw t blnt ;d'bfoaf6} 5g\ – blnt ;d'bfoaf6 ePsf] of] clxn];Dds};a}eGbf 7"nf] k|ltlglwTj xf] . ;+ljwfg;efdf x'g] ljrf/ljdz{df ;fFlRrs} k|efj kfg{sf nflu o; l:yltn] pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f]cj;/ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .ljleGg ;d'bfo tyf hftLo ;d"xsf] jf:tljs hg;ª\Vof lglZrt x'g afFsL x'g' Pp6f cK7\of/f] ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;/sf/L tYofÍsf cg';f/ s'n hg;ª\Vofdf hghfltsf] c+z #&=* k|ltzt / dw];Lsf] c+z #!=@ k|ltzt 5t/ tL b'j} ;d"x cfˆgf hg;ª\VofnfO{ sd cg'dfg ul/Psf] / jf:tljs hg;ª\Vof pNn]v ul/PeGbf a9L ePsf] bfaL ub{5g\ .To;}u/L, @)%* ;fnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfn] blntx¿ !#=* k|ltzt /x]sf] pNn]v u/] klg pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] hg;ª\Vof @)k|ltztb]lv @% k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] bfaL u/]sf 5g\ .jf:tljs k|efj kfg{ tyf gofF ;+ljwfg ck]Iff ul/PeGbf klg a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+ljwfg;ef;dIf k|:t't ug{sfnflu tYo tyf ts{nufotsf ;fdu|L blntx¿nfO{ rflxPsf] 5 . of] k|sfzgsf] p2]Zo To:t} s]xL ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg' /x]sf]5 .c:k[ZotfnfO{ Oltxf;sf] s'/f agfpgsf nflu af/Daf/ ePsf k|of;x¿ c;kmn eO/x]sf];Gbe{df of] s'/fsf] s'g} t's 5

# g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg

{]g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgªk|fSsyg tyf s[t1tf1fkgk|d'v blnt ;+:yfx¿ / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdaLrsf] ;DaGwsf] k|ltkmn:j¿k of] k|sfzg cl:tTjdf cfPsf]xf] . blnt ;d'bfoaLr r]tgf k|jw{g ug{ tyf ;+ljwfgdf pko'Qm ;'wf/ x'g'kg] {;DaGwdf blnt d'2fnfO{ ;"qa4 ug{ / To;sf]k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ s]xL blnt ;+:yfn] @)^# ;fndf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd;Fu ;Dks{ u/]sf lyP . @)^# ;fnsf] j}zfvdf/fhfn] u2L kl/Tofu u/]kl5sf] pT;fxsf qmddf blntx¿n] ef]u]sf bdg Pj+ gofF ;+ljwfg, gLltx¿ tyf sfg'gx¿ cGtu{t/fd|f] Jojxf/ kfpg] pgLx¿sf cfzf tyf cfsfª\Iffx¿k|lt vf;} Wofg k'Ug ;s]g . blntx¿n] cfˆgf d'2fnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ Pj+nf]stflGqs ¿kdf -cGo s]xL ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfoeGbf leGg} lsl;dn]_ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf lyP t/ /fhg}lts bnx¿, ;~rf/dfWod tyf bft[ lgsfox¿af6 cfkm" pk]lIft ePsf] cg'ej pgLx¿n] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . cfkm"x¿n] lx+;fsf] ;xof]u glnPsfsf/0f cfˆgf] cj:yfnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s glnOPsf] xf] ls eGg] zÍf klg pgLx¿n] ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd pgLx¿sf k|:tfjk|lt t'?Gt ;xdt eof] . z'?b]lv g} xfd|f] Pp6f k|fyldstf ;LdfGtLs[t;d'bfox¿;Fu sfd ug' { /x]sf] 5 . cGt/bnLo ;xdltx¿ / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] sf/0fn]klg xfdL blntx¿sf] k|:tfjk|lt cfslif{t ePsf lyof} F . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf o;sf sfdx¿dWo] Pp6fsf ¿kdf…g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfˆgf] nflu cfkm} ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ]Ú pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/Lo;sf] wf/f ^# df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ g]kfnL hgtfn] ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ cfkm}n] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ]5 . cGo sltkon]em} F xfdL klg s] ljZjf; u5f} F eg] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf g]kfnsf ;a} ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf eof] eg] dfq} g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO{;Daf]wg ug{ ] Gofof]lrt ;+ljwfg xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .kl/of]hgfsf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ k|d'v blnt ;+:yfx¿aLr ;fem]bf/L :yfkgf x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf blntx¿;Fusf]xfd|f] ;DaGw cfwfl/t lyof]Ù Pp6f hftLo ;d'bfoleqsf] u'6aGbLn] o;nfO{ sdhf]/ kf5{ . ;f]xL cg';f/, kl/of]hgfsf] of]hgfth' {df tyf sfof{Gjog;DaGwL k|d'v pQ/bfloTj ;DxfNg tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd;Fu ;Dks{ /fVgsf nflu blnt;+:yfx¿ -x]g' {xf];\, cg';"rL &_n] Pp6f d"n ;ldlt u7g u/] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn] ljQLo ;|f]t h'6fpg tyf ljz]ifu/L g]kfnaflx/af6 ;|f]t JolQmx¿ klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u u¥of] . blntleqsf] ljljwtfnfO{ ljrf/ ub{ } blnt d'2fx¿af/] kfFr j6fIf]qLo ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug{ ] ;xdlt eof] . d"n ¿kdf blntsf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL d'2f p7fOP klg ;Dd]ngx¿ ;f]xL d'2fdf dfq;Lldt /x]sf lyPgg\ . 88]nw'/f, bfË, w/fg, kf]v/f / jL/u~hdf ;Dd]ngx¿ cfof]hgf ul/Psf lyP . k|To]s ;Dd]ngdf k|To]sIf]qsf ljleGg lhNnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{ } sl/a Ps ;ob]lv !@) ;xefuLx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf,sfo{;"rL Pj+ ;|f]t JolQm;DaGwL lg0f{o ug{ ] lhDd]jf/L d"n ;ldltn] k"0f{ ¿kdf axg u/]sf] lyof] eg] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf;sfo{qmdn] ;'emfjx¿ lbg], s]xL ;qsf] g]t[Tj ug{ ] tyf cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fpg] h:tf sfd u/]/ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .k|To]s ;Dd]ngn] 3f]if0ffkq klg hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . -tL 3f]if0ffkq ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;DaGwLj]a;fO6 www.undp.org.np/constitutionbuilding df g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f ;‹sf] låeflifs k|sfzgsf] c+zsf¿kdf pknAw 5g\ ._d"n ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿df eQm ljZjsdf{ -g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f ;‹_, b'uf{ ;f]a -blnt dlxnf ;‹_, t]h ;'gf/-blnt u};; dxf;‹_, uhfw/ ;'gf/ -blnt ;]jf ;‹_, jL/]Gb| ljs -blnt u};; dxf;‹–g]kfn_, hLjg kl/of/ -5'jf5'tlj?4jlsnx¿sf] /fli6«o cleofg_, zDe' xhf/f kf;jfg -/fli6«o blnt cfof]u_, cd[t ljZjsdf{ -hgpTyfg k|lti7fg_, dLg ljs-dfgj clwsf/ k/fdz{ s]Gb|_, b]zaxfb'/ ;fsL{ -sfg'gL clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;dfh_, xl/ uGwj{ -uGwj{ snf s]Gb|_ / dfgaxfb'/ ljs-;]e b lrN8« ]g–;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf_ x'g'x'GYof] .If]qLo ;Dd]ngkl5 d"n ;ldlt / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;+o'Qm tTjfjwfgdf ;+ljwfg;Fu ;DalGwt blnt d'2fx¿af/]/fli6«o ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug{ ] ;xdlt klg ePsf] lyof] . /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf If]qLo ;Dd]ngx¿sf l;kmfl/zx¿af/] 5nkmn ug{sfo{qmd /x]sf] lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ng uf]bfj/Ldf @)^$ ;fn dª\l;/ @& / @* ut] cfof]hgf ul/of] . pQm ;Dd]ngdf ljleGg;+:yfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{ } tyf JolQmut x}l;otdf tLg ;oeGbf a9Lsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgIf]qLo ;Dd]ngx¿k|lt /fli6«o rf;f] cfslif{t ePsf] lyof] / ltgLx¿n] b]zel/sf blnt k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ Ps} ynf]df e]nf eO{;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfaf/] 5nkmn ug{ ] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf lyP .;Dd]ngx¿sf pknlAwx¿sf] k|sfzg tyf ;Dk| ]if0f;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L ljefhgsf qmddf tL ;Ë7gnfO{ ;a} ;Dd]ngsf k|ltj]bgtof/ ug{ ] / ljt/0f ug{ ] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] eg] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn] a8fkq / blnt d'2fx¿;DaGwLkl/rofTds k'l:tsf tof/ ug{ ] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] lyof] . of] k|sfzg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;f]xL argsf] k|ltkmnxf] . of] k|sfzg blnt ;Ë7gx¿;Fu o;n] u/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿ jf /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] k|ltj]bgeGbf klg g]kfndf blntx¿nfO{k"0f{ :jLsfo{ agfpgsf nflu cfjZos ;a} k|fjwfg gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;lDdlnt ePsf] ;'lgZrt ug{ ] k|lta4tf;lxt gofF ;+ljwfglgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sfx¿sf nflu ;|f]tsf ¿kdf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .w]/} dlxgf nlDaPsf] o; k|of;df ;+nUg ;a}k|lt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd / ljleGg blnt ;+:yfx¿ s[t1tf1fkgug{ rfxG5 . If]qLo ;Dd]ng ePsf k|To]s zx/df :yfgLo blnt ;+:yfx¿n] ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . xf]6nx¿ lgs} ;xof]uL lyP/ ltgLx¿n] cfuGt'sx¿sf] 7"nf] ;d"xsf] ;'lj:tfsf nflu /fd|f] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . k|To]s ;Dd]ngsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;+o'Qm/fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf /a6{ l;nf d'lygL lgs} ;lqmotfk"j{s ;+nUg x'g'ePsf] lyof] . 8flg8f Xo'uf], Og]alnª :6]6 k|f]u|fd-O{P;kL_, ef]n]lG6o/ ;le{;]h\ cf]e/l;h -eLP;cf]_ tyf ;]e b lrN8« ]g–cd]l/sfaf6 k|fKt cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu xfdL ;fd"lxs¿kdf cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5f} F .blnt ;+:yfx¿aLrd} klg g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f ;‹, ljz]if u/L o;sf cWoIf eQm ljZjsdf{dfly cfof]hgf;DaGwLlhDd]jf/Lsf] 7"nf] c+z k/]sf] lyof] .ljleGg If]qLo ;Dd]ngdf ;~h' a}y, xL/f ljZjsdf{, dLg ljZjsdf{, lhn sf]6« ]n, ;"o{ 9'Ë]n, oz 3O{, dx]Gb| nfjtL, /a6{ l;nfd'lygL, uf]ljGb kl/of/, k|sfzrGb| kl/of/, zDe' kf;jfg, b'uf{ ;f]a tyf 6]s tfd|fsf/ ;|f]t JolQmsf ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof] .;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf a;Gt ;'Aafn] s]xL ;Dd]ngdf efiffg'jfb ug' {ePsf] lyof] . /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf ef/tsf]hjfx/nfn g]x¿ ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks gGb' /fd ;xefuL x'g'x'GYof] .of] k|sfzgnfO{ ;Dej agfpg'x'g] y'k| } dxfg'efjx¿, ljz]if u/L 8f= s[i0f e§rg klg wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Loljsf; sfo{qmdsf lhn sf]6« ]n, laGbf du/ / /a6{ l;nf d'lygLn] ;Dkfbg sfo{df ;xof]u ug' {ePsf] lyof] . o; k|sfzgdfdfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkL Gofo s]Gb|sf] k|sfzg …Gofosf] ¿kfGt/0fÚ / hfu/0f ;~rf/ s]Gb|sf] j]a;fO6sf s]xL ;fdu|Lx¿;dfj]z ug{ :jLs[lt k|bfg ul/Psf]df xfdL tL ;+:yfx¿k|lt klg cfef/L 5f} F .d"n ¿kdf cª\u| ]hL efiffdf k"j{k|sflzt o; ;ÍngnfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb ug{ ] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_sf];xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;xfotf kl/of]hgf–g]kfn -P;kL;LaLPg_sf] cg'jfb PsfOsf j;Gt ;'Aaf, dgf]h sfsL{, s]bf/e§/fO{, lbnf kGt, lbg]z z'4sf/ / k'is/ dfy]dfk|lt klg wGojfb JoQm ug{ rfxG5f} F .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg%ljifo;"rLe"ldsfk|fSsyg tyf s[t1tf1fkg ªblnt d'2f M ;Ddfg, ;lDdng tyf ;fdflhs Gofo 1blnt clwsf/;DaGwL sf7df8f} F a8fkq–@)^$ 11blntsf ;d:of M Ps cfwf/kq 17v08 ! M P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld 17v08–@ M sf] sf] blnt x'g\ < 19v08 # M sl7gfO / ckx]ngf 23v08–$ M gofF g]kfnsf r'gf}tLx¿ 303f]if0ffkqb]lv ;+ljwfg;Dd 33;+ljwfg;efn] s] ub{5 < 33dfux¿ 34gofF ;+ljwfgdf s] s] kg{ ;Sb5g\ < 34;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;xof]u 37;ef;b\x¿sf] lhDd]jf/L 37s] ;+ljwfg …:jsfof{Gjogsf/LÚ x'g;Sb5 < 38Gofosf] k'gM;+/rgf M g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf blnt clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff 39cg';"rLx?cg';"rL ! M blnt hftx¿, pk–hftx¿, y/x¿ tyf k/Dk/fut k]zfx¿ 41cg';"rL @ M g]kfnL blnt hLjgsf s]xL emns 43cg';"rL # M kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgx¿n] blntaf/] s] eg]sf 5g\ < 47cg';"rL $ M cbfntdf blnt clwsf/ ;+/If0f 52cg';"rL % M ljutdf zf]lift tyf g;d]l6Psf ;d"xx¿af/] cGo ;+ljwfgx¿ s] eG5g\ < 55cg';"rL ^ M k':ts tyf j]a;fO6sf] 5f]6f] ;"rL 61cg';"rL & M If]qLo tyf /fli6«o ;Dd]ngx¿df ;+nUg blnt ;+:yfx¿ 63u

hg]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg

]g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg1blnt d'2f M ;Ddfg,;lDdng tyf ;fdflhs Gofo– oz 3O{!= of] k|sfzgsf ;Gbe{dfof] k|sfzgsf] k[i7e"ldsf ;Gbe{df k|fSsygd} pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . g]kfndf blntx¿sf] cj:yf;DaGwL y'k| } ;fdu|L -…;ÍngÚ_o;df ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . tL ;fdu|Ldf /fHo tyf ;dfhsfhLjgsf em08} em08} ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf b}lgs ¿kdf pgLx¿n]ef]usf lje]b tyf bdgaf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|of]hgsfnflu d'Vo ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|ltli7t ;dfhzf:qL tyfcleoGtf 8f= s[i0f e§rgåf/f g]kfndf hft k|yfsf] pTklQtyf blntx¿sf] ;d;fdlos ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhg}ltskl/l:yltsf ;Gbe{df tof/ ul/Psf] cfwf/kq k|:t't ul/Psf]5 . pkNnf hfltx¿ tyf ju{x¿ Pj+ /fHosf k|ltlglwx¿åf/fljleGg lsl;daf6 blntx¿lj?4 ul/Psf lje]b, pgLx¿sf]clwsf/ pNn‹g Pj+ pgLx¿sf] dof{bfk|ltsf] cj1faf/] lrq0ful/Psf JolQmut cg'ejx¿ hfu/0f ;~rf/sf] j]a;fO6af6pb\w[t u/L k"/s ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .o; ;Íngsf] d'Vo ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf y'k|} blnt ;+:yfåf/fkfl/t ul/Psf] …blnt clwsf/;DaGwL sf7df8f}F a8fkq–@))&Ú /x]sf] 5 . o; a8fkqdf /fd|f] eljio, dof{bfk"0f{hLjg / sDtLdf cfˆgf k|fylds clwsf/x¿ tyf cfwf/e"tcfjZostfx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu blntx¿sf cfsfª\Iffk|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]y'k| } k|:tfj a8fkqdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . o;kl5 k|Voftljåfg tyf ;+j}wflgs k|lqmof tyf sfg'g;DaGwL k/fdz{bftflhn sf]6« ]nåf/f ;+ljwfgdf k|:tfjx¿nfO{ s;/L ;dfj]z ug{eGg];DaGwdf lbOPsf ;'emfjx¿ -…a8fkqb]lv ;+ljwfg;DdÚ_nfO{ :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . Go"of]s{ ljZjljBfnosf] dfgjclwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkL Gofo s]Gb|sf] Pp6f n]vdf g]kfnkIf /x]sf cGt//fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ ;lGwx¿af6 k|Tofe"ltePsf clwsf/x¿ tyf :jtGqtfx¿sf ;Gbe{df blntx¿sfrf;f]nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf s;/L ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5eGg] s'/fsf] d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfg d;f}bfsfnflu dfu{lgb{ ]lzsfsf ¿kdf o;n] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;zQm kfg{ jfvf8n k'g{sf nflu lglZrt kl/jt{gx¿ l;kmfl/z u/]sf] 5 .clÍt 9sfn -;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmddf OG6g{lzkug'{ePsf sfg'gsf ljBfyL{_n] blntsf clwsf/;DaGwdfg]kfnsf cbfntx¿n] u/]sf k|d'v lg0f{ox¿sf] ;dLIffug' {ePsf] 5 / o;n] sfg'gL k|efj l;h{gf ug{sf nflu blntsfrf;f]x¿nfO{ s;/L ;"qa4 ug' {k5{ eGg];DaGwdf dfu{lgb{ ]zgpknAw u/fPsf] 5 . b'O{ j6f ;fdu|Ln] pkof]uL k[i7;"rgfpknAw u/fpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf 5g\ – cg''';"rLdf blntsf;Gbe{df @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ul/PsfJoj:yfx¿sf] t'ngf ul/Psf] 5 -…kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgx¿n]blntaf/] s] eg]sf 5g\

]2 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgpgLx¿n] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\Ù pgLx¿n] ef]lu/x]sf sltkosl7gfO tyf g]kfnL ;dfhdf pgLx¿n] kfO/x]sf] x}l;otcGo ;d'bfosf] t'ngfdf uDeL/ 5 / jf:tjd} of] cj:yfpgLx¿sf nflu ljlzi6 5 .o; ;Íngdf ;d]l6Psf sltko ;fdu|L blntsf] ef}ltscj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ t/ k|fylds ;|f]tsf ¿kdfblntx¿sf ;fy} cflbjf;L hghfltx¿;DaGwL cu|kª\lQmsflj1 k|fWofks s[i0f e§rgsf] n]v /x]sf] 5 . pxfFn] blntx¿sf]cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts cj:yfaf/] lj:t[t ljj/0fk|:t't ug' {ePsf] 5 eg] wd{, /fHo / ;dfhdf blntx¿lj?4eO/x]sf lje]b tyf alxis/0fsf] h/f;Dd} pxfF k'Ug'ePsf]5 . blntx¿sf] ;ª\Vof slt 5 eGg] s'/f eg] ljjfbf:kb5 – ;/sf/L tYofÍn] !# k|ltzt eG5 eg] blntx¿sfcg';f/ of] ;ª\Vof @) k|ltzteGbf a9L 5 . dflg;x¿n] ug{klxrfgsf] tl/sfsf sf/0f jf hgu0fgfsf nflu ckgfOPsf]ljlwsf sf/0f of] leGgtf cfPsf] x'g;S5 . hghfltx¿sf]h:t} blnt ;d'bfosf] klg :ki6 kl/efiff 5}g . o;n] ubf{ klgpgLx¿nfO{ ljz]if sfg'gL x}l;ot lbgdf sl7gfO eO/x]sf]5 . ;fdfGotof cGo ;d"xåf/f Pp6} k|sf/sf] ;d"xsf ¿kdfx]l/g] blnt ;d"xleq ljBdfg ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ e§rgn]cf}FNofpg'ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿leq txut ¿kdf juL{s[tsDtLdf @@ j6f hflt 5g\ . s]xL hflt /fi6«el/ g} km}lnPsf5g\ eg] s]xL :yfgLo ¿kdf ;Lldt 5g\ -cg'';"rL ! dfd'Vo hft / pk–hftx¿ tyf pgLx¿sf d'Vo k]zf pNn]vul/Psf] 5_ . s]xL blnt ;d'bfo, ljz]if u/L dw]zdf /x]sfblnt ;d'bfo ljz]if ¿kdf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ . To;dfklg blnt x'g'sf sf/0f k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf a9L kLl8t5g\ .3/, dlGb/, xf]6n, /]i6'/]G6, vfB sf/vfgf, b"w pTkfbg:yn, kfgLsf] d"xfg:yndf k|j]z glbg] tyf /f]huf/L -anft\>d;lxt_, ef]h, rf8kj{, hGtL tyf dnfdLdf ul/g] lje]bh:tf blntx¿n] b}lgs ¿kdf ;fdgf ug' { kl//x]sf ljleGglsl;dsf lje]b tyf ckdfgx¿af/] e§rgn] lj:t[t ljj/0fpNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5 . ! pgLx¿nfO{ af/Daf/ ckdfg tyfefjgfTds Pj+ zf/Ll/s b'Jo{jxf/sf] lzsf/ agfOG5 .blnt dlxnfx¿sf s]xL ;d:of blntx¿sf] cfˆg} ;fdflhs;+/rgfleq h/f uf8]/ a;]sf x'gfn] pgLx¿n] emg\ a9Lsl7gfO ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ 3/]n' lx+;f tyf j]Zofnodf;+nUg u/fpg] p2]Zon] ul/g] a]rlavgsf] lzsf/ ;lhn}x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf hLjgnfO{ c?sf t'ngfdf sd dxTjlbOG5 -sf]zL af9Lsf qmddf ef/tdf ul/Psf] p4f/ sfo{df of]s'/f b]lvPsf] lyof], blntx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf kl5 p4f/ ul/Psf]lyof] / To;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k s}of}Fn] Hofg u'dfpg'k/]sf]lyof]_ . o;}u/L pxfFn] lje]bsf :j¿kx¿nfO{ bdg, alxis/0f,ckdfg, lx+;f;Fu hf]8\g'ePsf] 5 .ljjfb/lxt tYofÍx¿n] bzf{P cg';f/ ;d'bfosf] l:ylt /;DkGgtf lgwf{/0f ug{ ] s'/fx¿ -;fIf/tf, lzIff, ul/aL, cfo,:jf:Yo tyf ck]lIft cfo', k]zf, /fHo tyf ;dfhsf] zlQms]Gb|df k|ltlglwTj / ;/sf/L dfldnfdf ;xeflutf_ sf;Gbe{df blntx¿ tNnf] txdf 5g\ . s]xL ;do cl3;Dd klgg dlGqd08n jf Gofofnodf sf]xL blnt lyP g t ;+j}wflgslgsfox¿ tyf cfof]ud} -/ Joj:yflksfdf klg lgs} gu0ok|ltlglwTj lyof]_, o;sf cltl/Qm lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} klgjl/i7 kbdf klg blntsf] pkl:ylt 5}g . o;}u/L blntx¿cy{tGqaf6 alxis[t 5g\, Go"g kfl/>ldso'Qm sfd, anft\>ddf ;Lldt 5g\ / s[lifdf ;+nUg eP klg e"ldxLg 5g\ .k|ljlwdf kl/jt{g tyf 7"nf kl/df0fdf pTkfbg x'g yfNgfn]pgLx¿sf k/Dk/fut k]zf;d]t ;Í6df kg{ yfn]sf 5g\-pbfx/0fsf nflu 5fnfsf ;fdu|L agfpg] sfd jf n'uf l;pg]k]zfnfO{ lng ;lsG5_ .oL lglZrt sl7gfO afx]s, blntlj?4sf Jofks lje]b -lzIff,/f]huf/L / k|ltlglwTjdf kx' Fr cflb If]qdf_ sf sf/0f pgLx¿ul/aLaf6 u|:t 5g\ . g]kfnsf blntx¿aLr ul/aL c;fdfGos'/f geP klg pgLx¿ o;af6 ;a}eGbf a9L kLl8t eO/x]sf5g\ . ul/aL eg]sf] cfosf] cefj dfq} xf]Og . ul/aL eg]sf]zf/Ll/s tyf cfly{s c;'/Iff, eljio;DaGwL qf;, sdhf]/x'g'sf] lgoldt cg'e"lt klg xf] . of] eg]sf] Gofof]lrt zf/Ll/scl:tTj lgjf{x ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ] / lrGtg, snfTds l;h{gf,g}lts ljsf; Pj+ g}ltstf;DaGwL JofVofg tyf ;dfhsf]/fhg}lts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s hLjgsf nflu ;xof]u/ ltgLx¿df ;xeflutfnufot cfˆgf cfWoflTds tyf;f+:s[lts ;DefJotf xfl;n ug{ JolQmx¿ tyf ;d'bfox¿nfO{;zQm agfpg] l:yltx¿df kx' Frsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf]/fd|f] hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg] u'0fx¿sf] cefj xf] .of] b[li6sf]0f ufF; af;sf ;fy} sNof0fsf ljleGg kIfnfO{dfq geO{ …lagf ;Íf]r ;fj{hlgs x'g ;Ifd x' Fb} ;d'bfosf]hLjgdf efu lng] h:tf a9L hl6n ;fdflhs pknlAwÚnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{] dxTjk"0f{ …lqmofzLntfÚ jf …cl:tTjÚxfl;n ug{] cj;/x¿sf ¿kdf kl/eflift cdTo{ ;]gsf]dfgj …IfdtfÚ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffdf /fd|/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . @ul/aL;DaGwL cWoogsf lj1 6fpg;]08 ;d'bfosf] ;DefJotfjl/kl/ s]lGb|t ul/aLsf ljz]iftfnfO{ …;dfhsf] ;b:o ePsf]cfwf/df pgLx¿af6 ck]Iff ul/g] e"ldsf lgjf{x, ;DaGwdf! blntx¿n] ef]u]sf kL8f tyf ckdfgx¿sf s]xL k|tLsfTds pbfx/0f cg';"rL @ df k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ -…g]kfnL blnt hLjgsf s]xL emnsÚ_ .@ Inequality Reexamined -cS;kmf]8{ M Sn]/]G8f]g k| ];, Go"of]s{, !((@_, k[i7 !!) .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg3;xeflutf tyf k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/sf] kfngf ug{df ;Ifdagfpg] hLjgsf zt{x¿ cyf{t\ kf]if0f, ;'ljwf, :t/ tyf ;]jfk"0f{ dfqfdf jf kof{Kt dfqfdf k|fKt ug{ ] cIfdtfÚsf ¿kdfkl/efiff ug{] qmddf leGg} kl/k|]Ioaf6 em08} em08} p:t}lgisif{df k'Ug'ePsf] 5 . #blntsf] ljz]if ;Gbe{df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷;+o'Qm/fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd÷o'lg;]kmsf] k|ltj]bg …ljsf;dfhgcfjfhÚ -;g\ @))^_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 – æul/ahgtf, ljz]if u/L blntx¿ tyf cNk;ª\Vos ;d"xx¿n]cfkm"nfO{ cGo hl6n ;d:ofx¿sf] b'irqmdf r]lkPsf]kfpF5g\ . tL ;d:ofx¿df wgL kl/jf/x¿af6 x'g] ckdfg/ cljZjf;sf sf/0f cfTdljZjf; u'Dg' klg xf] . ul/ahgtf pgLx¿sf] c1fgtf / k[ystfsf sf/0f zf]if0fsf] ykhf]lvddf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . k|foM lgof]lht ¿kdf pgLx¿nfO{pknAw gu/fOPsf jf jl~rt ul/Psf ;]jf, ;"rgf tyfcj;/x¿df kx' Fr k|fKt ug{ pgLx¿ cw}o{ x'G5g\ / o;n]ubf{ pgLx¿sf hLjg cem a9L sl7g x'gk'U5 . ;fdfGotofpgLx¿ dfu ug{ ] jf ;f}bfafhL ug{ ] l:yltdf klg x' Fb}gg\Æ -k[i7@)#_ . oL / cGo sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f blntx¿ åGåsfndf lgs}kLl8t ePsf lyP -sf7df8f} F a8fkqn] blntlj?4 ul/PsfcTofrf/sf] 5fglag ug{ tyf pgLx¿nfO{ pko'Qm ¿kdfIfltk"lt{ lbg cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 ._dfly ul/Psf] j0f{g tyf o; ;Íngdf ;dflji6 cGo;fdu|Ldf hLjg tyf ;DaGwsf clwsf+z kIfx¿ 5'jf5'ttyf lje]b;Fu s;/L ;DalGwt 5g\ / lghL tyf ;fj{hlgsIf]qdf ljleGg clwsf/ s;/L pNn‹g ePsf 5g\ eGg]s'/f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . blntx¿n] ef]u]sf c;'ljwfx¿tyf kL8fx¿sf nflu Pp6f dfgj clwsf/ jf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;d"xk|lt ul/Psf] cj1fnfO{ dfq lhDd]jf/dfGg ;lsFb}g . lje]b tyf bdg lgs} Jofks 5 / lgs} w]/}pbfx/0fdf ltgLx¿n] ;d'bfosf ljleGg ;b:ox¿-afnaflnsf, dlxnf, j[4, dhb'/, e"ldxLg_nfO{ JolQmut tyf;fd'bflos :t/df ljleGg lsl;daf6 k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5-Go"of]s{ ljZjljBfnosf] k|ltj]bgn] :ki6 ¿kdf lrq0f u/]cg';f/_ . o;sf] kl/0ffd lglZrt clwsf/sf] pNn‹gdf dfq;Lldt geO{ o;af6 l;Ëf] ;d'bfosf] ;LdfGtLs/0f, k/fwLgtf/ bdg x'gk'U5 – / pgLx¿sf] dfgjLotfsf] ;jf{lwscfwf/e"t pkfonfO{ c:jLs[t ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{JolQmsf ;fy} ;d'bfosf nflu Gofosf] b[li6sf]0faf6 /0fgLltagfpg nufpF5 . tL clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f dfq klg ;dfwfgx'g ;Sb}g . xfdLn] /fHo;Fu blntsf] ;DaGwnfO{ dfq b[li6utug' {kg{ ] geO{ pgLx¿ / cGo ;d'bfox¿aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ klgb[li6ut ug' {kg{ ] x'G5Ù / ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dfq geO{ ;fdflhstyf lghL If]qdf klg sfd ug' {kg{ ] x'G5 ./fhgLlt, lghfdtL ;]jf tyf Joj;fox¿df k|ltlglwTjsf]cefjsf sf/0f cfˆgf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflublntx¿åf/f ePsf k|of;x¿ lgs} k|efjxLg /x]sf 5g\ .pgLx¿ clwsf/sf nflu ;‹if{df pqFbf pgLx¿sf] lgDgx}l;ot tyf dflyNnf hftx¿n] blntx¿nfO{ ;dfhdfpgLx¿sf] :yfg k'gM:d/0f u/fpg] lgotaf6 cf+lzs ¿kdfplS;P/ pgLx¿nfO{ b]vfpg] t'h'ssf sf/0f pgLx¿ k|foM8/nfUbf] k|ltzf]wtkm{ pGd'v x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h] eP klg,clxn] gofF g]kfnsf nflu gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g nfu]af6pgLx¿sf] /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pGgltsfnflu cj;/x¿sf] 9f]sf v'n]sf] 5 . @)^@÷)^# ;fnsf]hg–cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f k|d'v dfu ;fdflhs tyf If]qLo;dfj]zLs/0f / ;LdfGtLs[tx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f lyof] . k|d'v/fhg}lts bnx¿sf g]tfx¿åf/f tof/ ul/Psf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgn] blntlj?4 alxis/0f / lje]b eO/x]sf] s'/fnfO{:jLsf/]sf] 5 / /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfsf dfWodaf6 ;dfj]zLs/0f /;fdflhs Gofosf] a[xb\ sfo{qmdsf ;fy} cf/If0f / ;sf/fTdskxnsf cGo :j¿kx¿k|lt /fHonfO{ k|lta4 agfPsf] 5 .o; p2]Zosf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf ;'wf/x¿dWo] ;a}n] cGo;d'bfonfO{ hlQsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf blntx¿nfO{ ;xof]uug{ ] 5}g -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;‹Lo k4lt_ . ;+ljwfg, /fHosf];+/rgf / ;+:sf/df cfkm"x¿n] rfx]sf ;'wf/x¿ s] s] x'g\eGg] s'/f blntx¿n] sf7df8f} F a8fkq / cGo sltko :yfgdf:ki6 / ;zQmtfsf ;fy /flv;s]sf 5g\ .#= blnt clwsf/;DaGwLsf7df8f}F a8fkq–@))&blnt ;+:yfx¿;Fusf] xfd|f] kl/of]hgfsf] Pp6f p2]ZopgLx¿nfO{ blnt clwsf/;DaGwL a8fkq tof/ u/fpg'tyf To;nfO{ kfl/t u/fpg' lyof] . pQm a8fkq ;dfj]zL tyf;xeflutfd"ns z}nLdf tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . d'n'ssf ljleGgefu tyf ljleGg blnt ;d'bfosf rf;f]x¿ k|ltljlDat ug{sfnflu pQm a8fkq tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s ;Dd]ngn]If]qLo rf;f]x¿nfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{ } cfˆg} a8fkq tof/ u/]sf]lyof] . tL a8fkqx¿n] /fli6«o a8fkq …blnt clwsf/;DaGwLsf7df8f} F a8fkq–@))&Ú sf nflu cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] .d;f}bfdflysf] lj:t[t 5nkmn / ax;kl5 uf]bfj/L ;Dd]ngdfsf7df8f} F a8fkq kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] . tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLlul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] pQm a8fkq cfkm" / ;/sf/nfO{# 6fpg;]08, lk6/, The International Analysis of Poverty -Go"of]s{ M xfe] {:6/ lAx6lzkm, ;g\ !((#_ k[i7 #^ .

]4 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgx:tfGt/0f u/fpg k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ afn'jf6f/l:yt cfˆgf]lgjf;df lgdGq0ff ug' {ePsf] lyof] . clxn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fk|lqmof tyf ;+ljwfgsf ;Gbe{df blntsf cfwf/e"t dfusf¿kdf /x]sf] pQm a8fkqk|lt k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfn] k"0f{;dy{g hgfpg'ePsf] lyof] .o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf blntx¿ ;LdfGtLs[t x'g'sf] sf/0fsf ¿kdf…;fdGtL lxGb" hftLo k|yfÚ nfO{ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 / …/fi6«nfO{5'jf5'taf6 d'Qm ug{Ú k|ltlglw;efåf/f @)^# ;fn h]7 @! hf/L3f]if0ffkqdf ul/Psf] cfXjfgnfO{ ;dy{g ul/Psf] 5 .;+ljwfg;efdf ;xeflutf;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{ljlwn] ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTj tyf k"0f{ k|ltlglwTjsf nflu Joj:yf ug' {kg{ ] s'/fa8fkqn] ;d]6]sf] 5 . To;df elgPsf] 5 – æhg–cfGbf]ngsf]efjgf cg'¿ksf] ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f k|flKtsf nflublnt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] ;Fu} sfd ug{ /fhg}lts bnx¿n];xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug' {kb{5 .Æ/fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf tyf blnt ;xeflutfblnt kl/k| ]Ioaf6 k'gM;+/rgfsf k|d'v tTjx¿ eg]sf] ;a}ju{ -dw];L blnt, v; kj{t] blnt, dlxnf tyf k'?if_sf nflu;dfg'kfltstf, ;xeflutf -cf/If0f;lxt_sf] l;4fGt cg';f/cf/If0f;lxt pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj tyf ;xeflutf xf] .blntx¿sf nflu nfek|b gx'g] -pgLx¿sf hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fsfsf/0f_ ;‹Lo k4ltsf ;DaGwdf rf;f] JoQm ub{ } a8fkqdfelgPsf] 5 – pgLx¿nfO{ yk lje]b tyf ;LdfGtLs/0f ug{;|f]t of] x'g' x' Fb}gÙ pgLx¿sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;+ljwfgåf/f jf/fli6«o ;/sf/åf/f k|bQ clwsf/x¿nfO{ 36fpg /fHo ;Ifdx'g'x' Fb}g . ;/sf/sf] s'g} klg txdf æs'g} klg k|sf/sf 5'jf5'6/ hftLo e]befj ug{ 5'6 lbg] k|s[ltsf s'g} klg wd{, ;+:s[ltPj+ k/Dk/fnfO{ :yfgLo zf;g k|0ffnLn] 5'6Æ lbg' x' Fb}g ./fhgLlt tyf /fhg}lts bnx?/fhgLlt tyf /fhg}lts bnx¿ ;dfj]zL x'g'k5{ / blntx¿sf];xeflutfsf nflu logLx¿n] ;xhLs/0f ug' {kb{5 . r'gfjlhTg ;Ifd blnt pDd]bjf/x¿sf] kof{Kt ;ª\VofnfO{ bnx¿n]cËLsf/ ug' {kb{5 . pgLx¿ To;f] ug{ rflx/x]sf 5}gg\ eg]…juL{oÚ /fhg}lts bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw nufpg] lgodnfO{vf/]h ul/g'kb{5 . /fhgLlt1x¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtfn] hftLolje]b / 5'jf5'tnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf jlh{t ug' {kb{5 .cfly{s tyf /f]huf/L cj;/a8fkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 – æs'g} ;fdflhs cfly{s ;'/Iff5}g, h;n] ubf{ ;d'bfo k]zf / Joj;fo /f]Hgaf6 jl~rtePsf 5g\ .Æ ;a} lsl;dsf anft\ >dsf] pGd"ng tyf sfdPj+ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k"lt{;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/sf]k|jw{gsf] kIfdf o;n] jsfnt u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf] :jfldTjdf/x]sf pBf]ux¿ tyf z}lIfs ;'ljwfnufot cfly{s If]qdf;sf/fTds kxn ul/g'kg{] s'/fdf o;n] ;dy{g hgfPsf]5 . o;n] qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/sf] cfjZostftkm{ ;Í]tu/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L blntx¿ blnt ljsf;;DaGwL of]hgfdf;xefuL x'g}k5{ .hftLo lje]b Pj+ 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo tyf ;fdfGodfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0flje]bnfO{ …:ki6 ¿kdfÚ cj}w ul/g}kb{5 . ;fdflhsd"NodfGotfsf gfddf blnt ;d'bfosf df}lns tyf dfgjclwsf/ pNn‹g gul/g] s'/fnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrtug' {kb{5 . gful/s ;dfhdf lje]b gePsf], z}lIfs ;fdu|Ldfs'g} ;d'bfok|lt ckdfghgs efiff jf ;Gbe{ k|of]uaf/] ;dLIfful/Psf], ;+:yfgx¿ dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL st{Joaf6 afFlwPsf],z}lIfs ;'ljwfx¿ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf], h'g;'s} hfltnfO{ klgkfgLdf kx' Fr pknAw ePsf] tyf cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] s'g} klgJolQm;Fu ljjfx ug{ ] JolQmut clwsf/ k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] /pQm clwsf/k|lt lj/f]w ug{ ]nfO{ bl08t ul/Psf] ;'lglZrtug{nfO{ sbd rflng'kb{5 . ;a}nfO{ Gofodf kx'Fr x'g'k5{-GofofwLzx¿nfO{ k'gMcled'vLs/0f;lxt_ / :jR5 k|zf;lgscEof;k|lt clwsf/ x'g'k5{ . blntx¿sf] ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;+/lIft x'g'kb{5 / wfld{s If]qx¿df pgLx¿sf] kx'FrnfO{k|Tofe"lt ul/g'kb{5 .blnt dlxnfPs dlxnf, Ps blnt / Ps blnt dlxnfsf ¿kdf blntdlxnfn] af]Sg'kg{ ] t]x/f] af]emaf/] a8fkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . ljjfx tyf ;DaGwljR5]bsf ;Gbe{df ;dfg ;xeflutfhgfpg kfpg] pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ tyf 3/]n'lx+;faf6 k"0f{ ;+/If0f k|Tofe"lt ug{ pQm a8fkqn] /fHo;Fudfu u/]sf] 5 . kl/jf/sf] cfly{s ;DklQdfly dlxnfx¿sf];dfg kx' Fr tyf lgoGq0f x'g'kb{5 . cGt/hftLo ljjfxnfO{k|f]T;flxt ug{ /fHon] gLltx¿ th' {df ug' {kb{5 / sfo{qmdx¿;~rfng ug' {kb{5 .aflb ;d'bfosf] ljz]if c;'ljwfaf/] pNn]v ub{} o;n]pgLx¿dfly eO/x]sf cfly{s, z}lIfs, ;fdflhs tyf;f+:s[lts zf]if0fnfO{ h/}b]lv pv]Ng cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 .dw]zL blntblnt ;d'bfoaLr ljz]if ¿kdf blaPsf] ju{ dw]zL blnt xf] .nfdf] ;dob]lv pgLx¿ gful/stf tyf To;;Fu hf]l8Psfclwsf/x¿ gkfPsf sf/0f kLl8t /x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg5e"ldxLgtf;DaGwL ;d:ofaf6 klg lgs} kLl8t 5g\ . a8fkqdfpNn]v ul/Psf] 5 – ædw]zL blnt ;d'bfosf ;d:of;dfwfg u/L /fHosf x/]s lgsfodf pgLx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts;xeflutfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug' {kb{5 .Æ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf blntx¿sf of]ubfgtyf pknlAwaf/] k|rf/ ug'{sf ;fy} blnt d'2f;DaGwLsfo{qmdx¿af/] hfgsf/L ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;/sf/L tyf lghL;~rf/ dfWodx¿nfO{ cfXjfg ul/Psf] 5 . pgLx¿n]æljBdfg hftLo / lnËLo lje]bnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ pQmlje]b lg/fs/0f ug] { / ;dfgtf k|jw{g ug] { lqmofsnfknfO{cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5Æ .a8fkq kfl/t ul/Pkl5 o;sf dfux¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgdfs;/L ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df ;'emfj lbg ;+o'Qm/fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . o;ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt tnsf] v08 cf+lzs ¿kdf o; p2]Zosfnflu lhn sf]6«]nåf/f tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{kqaf6 lnOPsf]5 / o;df klxnf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;Gbe{ tyfsfo{ljlwaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;kl5 ;+ljwfg;DaGwLk|fjwfgx¿af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .$= a8fkqb]lv ;+ljwfg;Dd;Gbe{ tyf k|lqmof;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{ blnt cfsfª\Iff tyfdfux¿sf nflu lgs} cg's"n /x]sf] 5 . ;ft bnaLr @)^@;fn dª\l;/ & df ;DkGg !@ a' Fb] ;dembf/Ldf ;LdfGtLs[t;d'bfosf clwsf/x¿eGbf klg nf]stGqk|ltsf] k|lta4tf a9LxfaL /x]sf] lyof] . h] eP klg @)^@÷)^# ;fndf Tolta]nf/fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs zlQmaf6 alxis[t ;d'bfox¿sf]g]t[Tjdf ePsf] hg–cfGbf]ngn] cNk;ª\Vos tyf ;LdfGtLs[t;d'bfox¿sf rf;f] tyf cfsfª\Iffk|lt ljz]if Wofg lbOPsf]cu|ufdL ;'wf/ sfo{;"rL :yflkt u¥of] . of] sfo{;"rL @)^#;fn c;f/ @ ut] ;ft bn tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr ;DkGgcf7 a' Fb] ;xdltdf klxnf]k6s k|ltljlDat ePsf] lyof] . ;f];xdltsf qmddf pgLx¿ æ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdfkm{t\juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo tyf lnËLonufotsf ;d:ofx¿;dfwfg ug] { u/L /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'gM;+/rgf ug{ ]Æ s'/fdf;xdt ePsf lyP . $ @)^# ;fn sflQs @@ ut] tL bnx¿sfpRr:t/Lo g]tfx¿aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf pQm k|lta4tfsf]s]xL a9L lj:tfl/t :j¿kdf tL kIfx¿aLr ;xdlt ePsf]lyof] – æjuL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s/ If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf] jt{dfg s]Gb|Ls[t /PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs/ cu|ufdL k'gM;+/rgf ug]{Æ -a'Fbf !)_ . lj:t[t zflGt;Demf}tfsf] bkmf #=% df lje]b cGTo ul/g] blntnufotsf;d"x jf ;d'bfox¿sf] klxrfg u/L o;nfO{ lj:tf/ ul/Psf]5 . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfn] lj:tL0f{ ul/aLsf sf/0f ljz]ifu/L blntx¿;Fu ;DalGwt vfgf, :jf:Yo, lzIff tyflghL ;DklQ;DaGwL ;fdflhs–cfly{s clwsf/x¿k|lt klgbnx¿nfO{ k|lta4 agfof] -bkmf &=%_ . To;}n] blnt tyf cGo;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfox¿sf cfsfª\Iffk|lt 7"nf] ;d'bfoaLr dfqgeO{ k|d'v /fhg}lts bnx¿aLr klg lgs} a[xb\ k|lta4tf/x]sf] b]lvG5 -/ kl5 cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf cleJoQm ul/Psf]¿kdf of] s'/f k|ltljlDat eO;s]sf] 5_ .;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] k|lqmof klg k|z+;gLo 5 . pQmlhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . ljutsf] t'ngfdfdlxnf, hghflt, blnt tyf dw]zLx¿sf] lgs} 7"nf] k|ltlglwTjePsf] 5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf clwsf/k|lt ljutsf t'ngfdf w]/};r]t 5g\ / pgLx¿dWo] sltko cfˆgf clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;+/If0fug{] ;+ljwfg ;'lglZrt ug{ k|lta4 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsflg0f{ox¿ ;j{;Ddltsf dfWodaf6 ul/g'kb{5 -b'O{ ltxfO dtk|fKt gePsf] cj:yfdf_, o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] blnt tyfcGo ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfox¿ Ps ePdf pgLx¿sf dxTjk"0f{rf;f]x¿nfO{ ;+/If0f gug{ ] ;+ljwfg kfl/t x'g sl7g k5{ .;+ljwfg;efdf blntx¿n] cfˆgf] ;dfwfg kfOxfNnf eGg]cg'dfg ug{ kSs} klg ;lsFb}g . pgLx¿sf dfudWo] s]xL,ljz]if u/L ;sf/fTds kxn / cf/If0fsf sf/0f a9L ;'ljwfo'Qm-/ k|efjsf/L_ ;d'bfox¿ tyf pgLx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ ck|zGgx'g] ;Defjgf 5 . blntx¿ ;+ljwfg;efdf t'ngfTds ¿kdf;fgf] cNk;ª\Vossf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿sf] cfˆg}:yflgs ljt/0f -/ cfGtl/s ljefhg_ sf sf/0f ;femf c8fgtof/ ug{ tyf k|:t't ug{ sl7g ePsf] 5 . blnt tyf cGocNk;ª\Vosx¿n] k/Dk/fb]lv g} ;Qf?9 ;De|fGt ju{sf] k|e'Tj/x]sf /fli6«o bnx¿sf] l6s6df dfq ;+ljwfg;efdf k|j]zug{ kfPsf 5g\ . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cGtu{t pgLx¿ bnsf]cg'zf;gdf a:g'kb{5 / bnsf] ;'lglZrt zlQm c:ki6 ePklg pgLx¿nfO{ bnsf] g]tfåf/f bn tyf ;+ljwfg;efaf6lgsfNg ;S5 -wf/f ^& -3__ . sDtLdf klg, blntx¿sf] ;femfc8fg lgdf{0f ug{ jf pgLx¿sf /0fgLltx¿aLr ;dGjoug{df klg k/Dk/fut bnx¿sf] lgoGq0fn] ;d:of kfg{;S5 .$ dfcf]jfbLx¿n] gAa]sf] bzsdf ljb|f]xsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ] qmddf blntx¿ tyf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ;d'bfox¿sf] rf;f]nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf lyP .@)%@ ;fndf pgLx¿n] k|:t't u/]sf $) a' Fbfx¿dWo] a' Fbf @) df pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof], æ;a}vfn] hftLo zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf] cGTo ul/g'k5{Æ / a' Fbf @! dfpNn]v ul/Psf] lyof], æblntx¿dfly e]befj cGTo ul/g'k5{, 5'jf5't k|yf k"0f{ ?kn] aGb ul/g'k5{Æ .

6 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgoyfy{df eg] To:tf ;dGjok|lt lj/f]w hgfpgsf nflu bnsfg]tfx¿nfO{ lj/n} cfwf/ x'g]5 lsgeg] a8fkqdf cleJoQmul/Psf blnt d'2fx¿ ;dfj]zLs/0f Pj+ ;fdflhs Gofosf;DaGwdf ;Dk"0f{ bnx¿åf/f JoQm k|lta4tfx¿ tyf lglZrtkxn ug{ ]af/] pgLx¿n] JoQm u/]sf arga4tfx¿;Fu k"0f{tofd]n vfG5g\ .a8fkqsf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfg;efdfk|ltlglwTj ug] { blnt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] ;+ljwfg;efsf]k"0f{ a}7s / ;ldltsf sf/jfxLx¿df ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{xug' {kg{ ]5 . pgLx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efsf lgod tyf k|lqmofx¿af/]/fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg'kg] {5 / cfˆgf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu tLlgod tyf k|lqmofx¿nfO{ clwstd k|of]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5eGg]af/] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg] {5 . ;a} bnsf blnt ;b:ox¿PSoa4 eO{ sfd ug' {kg{ ]5 / u}/blnt ;ef;b\x¿;dIf bafalbg'kg{ ]5 lsgeg] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ pgLx¿sf d'2faf/] pko'Qmlsl;daf6 a'emfpg] oxL dfq pkfo xf] . blnt ;b:ox¿n]cfˆgf] ;d'bfon] ef]u]sf si6 tyf cTofrf/x¿nfO{ /fd|f]l;tatfpg'k5{ / tL s'/fx¿af6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg'g /g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf cGt//fli6«o ;lGw–;Demf}tf cg';f/sfdfgj Pj+ ;fd"lxs clwsf/ s;/L pNn‹g ePsf 5g\ eGg]s'/fnfO{ k|:t't ug'{k5{ . oL s'/fnfO{ s;/L ;dfwfg ug{;lsG5 / blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts¿kdf /fHo / ;dfh;Fu s;/L PsLs[t ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/]klg blnt ;d'bfoaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;b:ox¿n] :ki6JofVof ug' {k5{ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, a8fkqdf rrf{ ul/P h:t}u/L_ . oL s'/fx¿ ;+ljwfg;efsf clen]vx¿df clen]vLs[tul/g'k5{ . lhn sf]6«]nn] k'gM:d/0f u/fpg'eP h:t} tLclen]v eljiosf nflu Oltxf; / ;"rgfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{;|f]t x'g]5g\ / blntx¿n] u/]sf ;‹if{x¿af/] hfgsf/Lxfl;n ug{ efjL k':tfnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg]5g\ . ;+ljwfgdfblntx¿sf] lxtsf nflu ljz]if k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ug' {sfsf/0f / p2]Zox¿ s] s] x'g\ eGg]af/] klg tL clen]vn] :ki6kfg{]5g\ . tL clen]vn] cbfnt, /fHosf clwsf/Lx¿ Pj+c¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ug{ / sfof{Gjog ug{ klg ;3fpk'¥ofpg]5g\ .cg';Gwfg ug{ tyf hfgsf/Lkq tof/ ug{sf nflublnt ;ef;b\x¿nfO{ blnt ;+:yfx¿, a'l4hLjLx¿ tyfsfo{stf{x¿ -cGo ;d'bfosf klg_ sf] klg ;xof]u cfjZoskg]{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;sf/fTdskxn;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿ eP klg ltgLx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdfafWofTds 5}gg\ / gLltsf] 3f]if0ffsf ¿kdf dfq /x]sf 5g\ .tL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ afWofTds agfOPdf / Go"gtd sf]6ftf]Sg] k|of; ul/Pdf lj/f]w x'g;Sb5 . ;sf/fTds kxn /cf/If0f;DaGwL cg'ejaf/] cg';Gwfg ul/g' pkof]uL x'g;Sb5/ ;Defljt cfnf]rgfx¿nfO{ s;/L hjfkm lbg ;lsG5eGg]af/] ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿sf nflu Pp6f hfgsf/Lkqtof/ ug{ ;lsPdf blnt ;b:ox¿nfO{ lgs} ;zQm agfpg;lsg]5 .;b:ox¿ / pgLx¿sf ;dy{sx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] d;f}bf tof/ug{ ] k|lqmofnfO{ k|efj kfg{ ] ;xeflutfTds k|lqmof h'6fpg,g]kfnleq / aflx/af6 ;dy{g h'6fpgsf nflu bafa lbg,nf]stGq / dfgjflwsf/sf d"No–dfGotfx¿sf ;fy} cfkm"leqePsf cGofo;DaGwL cfg'eljs k|df0faf/] pgLx¿sf] d'2ftof/ ug{ pknAw cj;/x¿ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . pgLx¿n];LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfox¿;Fu P]Soj4tf sfod ug' {k5{ / dte]bb]lvPsf ljifox¿df ;f}xfb| {tf sfod ug{ 'k5{ . o:tf] P]Soj4tf;kmntfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'g;S5 .clwsf+z b]zx¿df ;+ljwfgaf/] 5nkmn eO/xFbf tyf d;f}bftof/ eO/xFbfsf] cjlwn] -;fdfGotof ljQLo Pj+ cGo;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;lsPdf_ cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf];+/rgf / p2]Zo, /fHosf] ;+/rgf / To;sf p2]Zo;Fu hgtfs;/L ;DalGwt x'G5g\ / pgLx¿n] ltgLx¿dfly s;/Lk|efj kfg{ ;Sb5g\, hgtfsf /fhg}lts tyf cfly{s clwsf/s] s] x'g\ / tL clwsf/nfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug{ / ;+/If0f ug{;lsG5 eGg]af/] pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg / kl/rfng ug{cj;/ tyf pTk|]/0ff pknAw u/fpF5 . lxhf] cfh Jofks¿kdf t/ ;fdfGotof cfnÍfl/s ¿kdf dfq 3f]if0ff ul/g]…hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfÚsf] cjwf/0ffsf] dxTjaf/] JofVofug' { pgLx¿nfO{ ;zQm kfg{ ] of] Pp6f pkfo xf] . pgLx¿dflglxt dtbfg clwsf/sf] k|tLsfTds dxTj / To;sf] ;fy{sk|of]unfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf hf]8 lbO/xg' cfjZos 5 . 5l/P/jf cnu–cnu eP/ /x]sf cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf nfludxTjk"0f{ kIfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] blnt ;d'bfosf] P]Soa4tfnfO{pgLx¿sf] cfˆgf] cfGtl/s klxrfg x«f; gx'g] u/L jf /fli6«oklxrfg ljkl/t gx'g] u/L ;d"xut /fhgLltaf6 cIf'00f /x]sfpgLx¿sf ;femf lxtsf nflu bafa lbg] / To;nfO{ xfl;nug{ ] lsl;daf6 lgdf{0f / ;'b[9 ug] { cj;/ oxfF 5 .;+ljwfgdfly elgPe}mF, k|d'v /fhg}lts bnx¿n] ;LdfGtLs[t;d'bfox¿sf nflu k"0f{ clwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs Gofo;'lglZrt ug] { b[9 k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf 5g\ . k|j[lQ, gLlttyf k|ltj4tfx¿df cfPsf] of] cfd"n kl/jt{g cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf ljleGg wf/f / k|:tfjgfdf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ;dfg k|s[ltsf wf/fx¿df /fd|};'wf/sf] k|ltlglwTj cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . ;sf/fTdskxnx¿ sfof{Gjog ubf{ To;af6 nfeflGjt x'g] ;d'bfopNn]v ul/Psf] 5 / To;leq blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5

{{g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg7-wf/f !# -#_ . 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befjlj?4sf] clwsf/JoQm ul/Psf] efiff nfdf] eP klg klxn]sf] eGbf lj:t[teg] 5}g . jf:tljs k|ult cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! dfb]lvG5 . o;n] æcfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] k5fl8k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo,pTkLl8t ju{, ul/a ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kfltsl;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xsÆ lbPsf]5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] Ps ;+zf]wgn] blntnufot;a} ;d'bfonfO{ æ;dfgtf / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/dfÆ;z:q ;]gfdf etL{ x'g kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5-wf/f !$$ -$_ s_ . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf dlxnf tyf afnclwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 -wf/f @) / @@_ . o;;+ljwfgdf gofF efiff k|of]u u/L zf]if0flj?4sf] clwsf/nfO{yk ;'b[9 kfl/Psf] 5 – æk|yf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] gfddf jfs'g} klg lsl;dn] s;}nfO{ zf]if0f ug{ kfOg] 5}gÆ -wf/f @(_ .cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] sfd ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ -wf/f !* -s__ /æplrt >d cEof;sf] xsÆ -wf/f #) -!_, sf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf]5 . To:t}, cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfox¿sf] ;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{o;n] k'/fgf] ;+ljwfgsf] t'ngfdf a9L ;+/If0f lbPsf] 5 -wf/f!&_ . oL clwsf/nfO{ /fHosf ljleGg bfloTj, gLlt tyflgb] {zs l;4fGtaf6 yk ;'b[9 kfl/Psf] 5 -ljz]if u/L wf/f## -3_ b]lv -em_ n] . kl/0ffd:j¿k cNk;ª\Vos / /fHosf;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ;d'bfox¿sf clwsf/sf] l:yltdf klxn]sf;+ljwfgx¿sf t'ngfdf lgs} ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 .cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efdf afx'Notf /x]sf ;ft bn /dfcf]jfbLåf/f tof/ u/L kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof] . dfly pNn]vul/Psf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf dfGotfx¿k|lt ax';ª\Voshgtfsf] ;zQm ;dy{g /x]sf] 5 . blnt;DaGwL sfo{;"rLnfO{Jofks ¿kdf :jLsfl/g'sf ;fy} kfl/t klg ul/Psf] 5 .To;}n] oL k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ gofF ;+ljwfgdf klg ;dfj]z ul/g]dfq geO{ yk ;'b[9 ul/g] ljZjf; ;xh} ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n]kl5 rrf{ ul/g] blntx¿sf] jf:tljs ;‹if{ ;+ljwfgdfpko'Qm k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z u/fpgsf nflu geO{ ltgLx¿nfO{sfo{k/s oyfy{df ptfg{sf nflu x'g]5 . lhn sf]6« ]n / dfgjclwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkL Gofo s]Gb|sf n]vdf pNn]v ul/Ph:t} k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ cfGtl/s ¿kdf k/:k/ lj/f]wL gx'g]u/L ;xL ¿kdf tof/ ul/g'% / y'k| } gofF sfg'g Pj+ lgodcfjZos gx'g] u/L tyf ;/sf/L kxndf e/ kg' { gkg{ ] u/L tLk|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g' dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;;ª\u|xdf ;Ílnt ljleGg ;fdu|Ldf pNn]v ul/P h:t} @)$&;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf o;;Gbe{df cfwf/e"t sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\ .;dfj]zLs/0fk|ltsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ k/Dk/fut ljlzi6 ju{sfljrf/ tyf lgodaf6 lgjf{x x'g] u/L tof/ ul/Psf k|fjwfgx¿sfcfwf/df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] cu|ufdL gLltx¿k|lt arga4tfhgfpg] sfg'gL l:yltaf6 sdhf]/ kfl/Psf] 5 .kl5Nnf] a'Fbf;DaGwL Ps pbfx/0f s] x'g;Sb5 eg] ;g\@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs Gofo -wf/f @% -#__,hg;xeflutf / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f -wf/f @$ -$__ / dlxnf tyfafnaflnsfsf] ljz]if clwsf/ -wf/f @^ -qmdzM & / *__sf]dxTjnfO{ :jLsf/]sf] 5 . tL nIo k|flKtsf nflu vf; s'g}sfd eg] ePg / tL k|fjwfg -/fHosf lgb] {zs l;4fGt jf/fHosf gLltsf ¿kdf /flvPsfn]_ sfof{Gjog u/fpgsfnflu ;Defljt nfeu|fxLx¿nfO{ cbfntsf] ;xof]u vf]Hgklg ;Dej lyPg . lgb] {zs l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cbfntaf6 nfu"ug{ g;lsg] oyfy{sf sf/0f tL k|fjwfgk|lt ;xfg'e"lt bzf{pg]GofofwLzx¿ slt c;xfo ePsf 5g\ eGg] lrq0f cbfntsf]e"ldsfaf/] clÍt 9sfnsf] l6Kk0fLdf ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tjd}lhn sf]6]«nn] pNn]v ug'{eP h:t} df}lns clwsf/x¿sf];"rLdf s'g} k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] eP klg yk Joj:yflagf pQm k|fjwfg cfkm} sfof{Gjog gx'g ;Sb5 . Tof] …ykJoj:yfÚ ;'lglZrt ug{ ] ;fwg hgtf;Fu gx'g ;Sb5 . s'g}clwsf/sf] pknAwtf tyf If]q sfg'g cg';f/ g} tf]lsPsf]x'g'k5{ . o;sf b'O{ j6f kl/0ffd x'g;Sb5g\ . klxnf], clwsf/pknAw 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f To;sf nflu sfg'g agfOPsf]5÷5}g eGg] s'/fdf e/ kb{5 . bf];|f], sfg'gn] clwsf/sfcfwf/x¿ tf]Sg klg ;Sb5 . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f !^ n] …k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf s'g} klgljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs x'g]Ú ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 t/To; clwsf/nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug] { sfg'g eg] @)^# ;fn;Ddklg kfl/t ul/Psf] lyPg / To; sfg'gsf] lgodfjnL @)^$;fnsf] k"jf{w{;Dd klg d:of}bf r/0fd} lyof] . To;} sf/0fblnt -/ ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfo_sf cfjZostf ;dfwfg ug]k|fjwfgx¿ df}lns clwsf/;DaGwL ;"rL jf cGo s'g} 7fpFdf:ki6;Fu pNn]v ug{ ] h:tf pkfo ckgfO{ tyf ltgLx¿sf]sfof{Gjog ljwflosf jf sfo{kflnsfsf] ljj]sdf lge{/ /xg]vfnsf] efiff k|of]u gu/L lglZrt ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{;lsg] u/L ;dfj]z ul/g' lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . s'g} Jofjxfl/ssf/0fn] s'g} k|fjwfg tTsfn} nfu" ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf To:tfk|fjwfg nfu" ug' {kg] { lglZrt ;do;Ldf ;+ljwfgd} tf]lsg'k5{ /;DejtM pQm k|fjwfg nfu" ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfo;d]tklxrfg ul/g'k5{ . s'g} clwsf/sf] pknAwtfnfO{ hl6nzt{x¿ tyf k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t kfl/g' x' Fb}g . blntx¿n] efjLljwflosfx¿df ljz]if k|ltlglwTj ug{ kfP klg ;+ljwfg;efsf]cGTokl5 ljwflosf jf sfo{sfl/0fLsf] k|lqmofdfly k|efj kfg]pgLx¿sf] zlQmdf x«f; cfpg] ePsf]n] oL s'/fx¿df /fd|/Lljrf/ k'¥ofOg' blntx¿sf nflu ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ 5 .% dfgjflwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkL Gofo s]Gb|åf/f @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg;DaGwL k|fjwfgx¿af/] tof/ ul/Psf] Ps ;fdu|Ldf pQm ;+ljwfgdf æy'k| } efiffut ck"0f{tf,c;dfgtf / c:ki6tfÆ 5 egL cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

}8 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgcGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnsf nflu ;dflji6 gofF s'/f eg]sf] s]xLlgb] {zs l;4fGt / gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/df¿kfGtl/t ul/g' tyf df}lns clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf ;fdflhs Pj+cfly{s clwsf/ ;dfj]z ul/g' xf] . cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt//fli6«o cg'aGw tyf /fli6«o;+ljwfgx¿sf k|fjwfgx¿ tyf Gofozf:qsf] ;Gbe{ k|:t't ub{lhn sf]6« ]nn] kfgL, lzIff, :jf:Yo clwsf/ s] x'g\ / tL clwsf/s;/L nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] :ki6 kfg' {ePsf] 5 . /fHon] tL;a} cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;a} cj:yfdf pknAw u/fpg}k5{eGg] 5}g . /fHon] lghL ;+:yf jf kl/jf/x¿sf] cu|;/tfnfO{;xof]u / k|f]T;fxg lbP/, To:tf clwsf/sf] pkef]udf afwfc8\rg l;h{gf gu/L clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ ;xh t'NofP/ cfˆgfst{Joaf6 5'6\sf/f k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 . g]kfn h:tf] ;+:yfut;+/rgf sdhf]/ /x]sf] ul/a tyf c;dfg ;dfhdf cfly{s Pj+;fdflhs clwsf/ k|jw{g ug{ /fHo cfkm}n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsflgjf{x ug' {kg] { x'G5 .lhn sf]6« ]nn] sltko ;+ljwfgx¿df dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf;Gbe{df xfn x'g] u/] ´} F cGo wf/fdf k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf s]xL;fdfGo clwsf/ bf]xf]l/g] eP klg gofF ;+ljwfgdf blnt;d'bfosf nflu 5'§} wf/fsf] Joj:yf ug' {kg] { s'/fdf ljrf/ul/g'kg{ ] ;'emfj lbg'ePsf] 5 . . of] ljlwn] blntx¿sf ljlzi6clwsf/x¿sf] dxTjdfly k|sfz kfg{;Sb5 -h:t}, gful/stfjf wfld{s cEof; jf ;dfgtf tyf k|lti7fsf] k|Tofe"lt_ .o;n] blntx¿n] ljut / jt{dfgdf ef]Ug'k/]sf dsf{x¿,sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ OlËt ub{ } pgLx¿sf nflu Gofo ;'/lIft ug{/fHo / ;dfhn] k"/f ug' {kg] { ljz]if lhDd]jf/Ldfly ;d]t k|sfzkfb{5 .cGo ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfosf sfo{stf{x¿ h:t} blntsfo{stf{x¿sf] d'Vo Wofg xfn;Dd ;+ljwfgsf] Jofks9fFrfk|lt geO{ pgLx¿sf lglDt dxTjk"0f{ clwsf/x¿,k|fjwfgx¿ / ;+:yftk{m s]lGb|t eO/x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsfnflu, sf7df8f} F–a8fkqn] ;d]t /fHo / /fHosf] ;+/rgfsf]cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug] { df}lns d"No–dfGotf / l;4fGtx¿af/] yf]/}dfq pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . blntx¿n] ;fdgf ug' {k/]sf uDeL/sl7gfO tyf JojwfgnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ of] s'/fnfO{ a'‰g;lsG5 . blntsf kIfdf /x]sf k|fjwfgx¿nufot ;+ljwfgn]s;/L sfd u5{ jf To;nfO{ s;/L sfd u/fOG5 eGg] s'/fdfeg] /fHosf ljlwx¿sf] k|s[lt / ;+/rgf tyf ltgLx¿aLrsf];DaGwn] dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kfb{5 . cflv/ ;+ljwfg eg]sf] /fHo/ o;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ]sf] ;+/rgf / ljlw xf] / o;n] /fHosf]zlQm s;/L k|of]u ul/g]5 / ;+ljwfgn] lnPsf nIox¿k|flKtsf nflu slQsf] pT;fxhgs jf ljWj+zfTds lsl;daf6nfluG5 eGg] s'/f lglZrt ub{5 .^ @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgaf6k|fKt lzIff s] xf] eg] To;df /x]sf /fHosf k|ultzLn Pj+cu|ufdL lgb] {zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ ;'if'Kt /x] . o;f] x'g'sf]d'Vo sf/0f To; ;+ljwfgsf ljlwx¿dfly ;fdflhs ;'wf/k|lt;Lldt rfxgf ePsf / ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfok|lt clwsf+z¿kdf hafkmb]xL gePsf k/Dk/fut u0odfGo JolQmx¿sf]afx'Notf /x]sf /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] lgoGq0f sfod x'g'lyof] . To;}n] blntx¿n] ;+ljwfgsf k|To]s kIfdf cToGt}rf;f] b]vfP/ sfd ug{ 'k5{ / cfˆgf] xLtsf nflu hafkmb]xLx'g] ljlwsf kIfdf hgdt l;h{gf ug' {k5{ . ;+ljwfgsf JofkskIfx¿af/] kl/lrt eO/fv]df ;+ljwfg;efdf ;f+;bx¿sf]lsga]r ePsf] cj:yfdf jf ;Demf}tfx¿ ePsf] cj:yfdfsfd nfU5 . ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ ] / k|of]uug] { k|lqmof yfngL x' Fbf oL s'/fx¿ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5g\ .%= ;dtf tyf ;fdflhsGofo sfof{Gjogsf] r'gf}tLgofF ;+ljwfgdf sf7df8f}F a8fkqdf pNn]v ul/Psfblntx¿sf dfux¿dWo] w]/}, ;DejtM clwsf+z, ;dfj]zx'g] ;Defjgf 5 . ;DejtM ltgLx¿ ;sf/fTds kxn tyfcf/If0f;DaGwL lj:t[t of]hgf h:tf s'/fnfO{ kG5fP/ ck]Ifful/Psf] t'ngfdf lgs} g} ;fdfGo ¿kdf cfpg]5 . h'g;'s}k|fjwfg /fVgdf ;xdlt eP klg ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjogeg] jf:tljs r'gf}tL x'g]5 . c? sltkon] h:t} Go"of]s{ljZjljBfnon] g]kfnsf] æblnt clwsf/nfO{ ;Daf]wgug{df g/fd|f] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;Æ / æblntsf ;Gbe{dfdfgj clwsf/ bfloTj sfof{Gjogsf] bogLo Oltxf;Æaf/]l6Kk0fL u/]sf] 5 . cGt//fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ ;lGwx¿sf]ko{j]If0f;DaGwL g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ k/LIf0f u/]sf ;+o'Qm/fi6«;‹Lo ;ldltx¿n] klg o;df uDeL/ ¿kdf sdL ePsf]kfPsf 5g\ . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf clwsf+z /fHogLltx¿nfO{ kfngf ul/Pg . ;fdflhs Gofosf] rf;f]k|ltclwsf+z dfqfdf ;xfg'e"ltzLn cbfntx¿ kof{Kt k|ult ug{c;kmn /x] . @)^@÷)^# ;fnsf] hg–cfGbf]ngkl5sf /fHolgsfox¿n] klg lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgtyf cGo b:tfj]hx¿df ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfox¿sf] kIfdfy'k| } k|lta4tfx¿ hfx]/ u/]sf eP klg pgLx¿sf] cj:yfdf;'wf/ ug{ d'lZsnn] s'g} sbd rfn]sf 5g\ . tL ;d'bfodWo]s]xLn] cfˆgf s'/f ;'gfpgsf nflu s8f bafa / a]nf a]nfdf;fj{hlgs Joj:yfdf vnn k'¥ofpg] sfd jf lx+;fsf] ;xof]ulng'k/]sf] lyof] – / lglZrt ;Demf}tfx¿af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf]lyof] . wd{, hflt, hghflt jf efiffdf cfwfl/t jf …/fi6«sf]^af8{ P= P08/;g / :6]km]g kL= dfS;{åf/f ;Dkflbt …Development As a Human Right: Legal, Political, and Economic DimensionsÚ -soflDa|h, Dof;fr';]6\; Mxfj{8{ ljZjljBfno 5fkfvfgf, ;g\ @))^_ df ;dflji6 d]/f] n]v …;xL ljsf;sf nflu /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfÚ sf] d"n ljifo oxL lyof] .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg9wfld{s jf ;fDk|bflos Pstfdf vnn k'¥ofpg] jf d'n'snfO{ljvl08t ug{] k|s[ltsfÚ p2]Zo jf lrGx ePsf /fhg}ltsbnx¿dfly k|ltaGw nufpg] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdful/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf klg sfod ul/Psf]5 -wf/f !$@ -$__, of] Joj:yf hf/L /x]df o;n] /fhg}ltstyf gLltut kxn lng] ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfox¿sf] IfdtfnfO{;Lldt kfg{;S5 .blntx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿ lsg plrtlsl;daf6 sfof{Gjog x'g] 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf s}of} F sf/0fx¿5g\ . sltko sf/0fx¿ ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts jf cfly{skl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf k|s[lt tyf ;Lldttfx¿;Fuhf]l8Psf 5g\ . hftLo pTs[i6tf jf ltgLx¿sf] dxTjnfO{sfg'gn] l;h{gf u/]sf] geP klg To;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf]s'/f eg] kSs} klg ;To xf] . To;df klg k/Dk/fut jfk|yfhlgt sfg'gdf geO{ pGgfO{;f} F ztfAbLdf NofOPsf] /fHosfg'g d'n'sL P]gn] g} To;nfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] . pQm sfg'g/fhtGq tyf To;;Fu ;DalGwt ju{x¿sf p2]Zo cg'¿ktof/ ul/Psfn] hftLo juL{s/0f, hfltRo"t tyf cflv/dfzlQmljxLg kfg{ ] sfo{nfO{ oyfy{df sfof{Gjog ug{ pQm sfg'g;kmn ePsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg cfh zlQm / ;DklQ vf]l;Psfdflg;x¿nfO{ p4f/ ug{ tyf pgLx¿nfO{ gofF ;fdflhsJoj:yfdf k|j]z u/fpgsf nflu pQm sfg'gsf] e"ldsfnfO{pN6fpg vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . /fHosf] kx' Fr tyf ;+oGq lgs} Jofks/ hl6n 5 / To;}n] pQm kl/jt{g ug{ /fHo ;Ifd 5 eGg]ck]Iff s;}n] klg ug{ ;S5 .o; kl/jt{gsf cj/f]wx¿ 5g\ eg] s] s] x'g\ eGg] d"NofÍgug{ sl7g 5 . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ug{ / o;sf lgsfox¿nfO{gofF ¿k k|bfg ug{ ;+ljwfgx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g;S5g\ .slxn]sfxLF tL lgsfon] sfd ug{] z}nLnfO{ k|efljt ug{klg ltgLx¿ ;kmn x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gNofpgdf eg] ;+ljwfgx¿ Tolt ;Ifd x'Fb}gg\ . oL b'j}s'/fsf ;Gbe{df ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] cg'ejn] oL k|:tfjsf]pko'QmtfnfO{ k|dfl0ft ub{5 M blntx¿ /fHo;+/rgfnfO{l5rf]Ng'sf ;fy} cfˆgf] dxTjaf]w u/fpgsf nflu …dta}ÍÚ klg ag]sf 5g\ t/ pgLx¿n] hft tyf ;fdflhsprgLrsf] lsNnfnfO{ lrg{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . e§rgn] c5'ttftyf blntlj?4sf cGo ;fdflhs bdgnfO{ lbuf] kfb{ } ;dfhdfufl8P/ a;]sf h/fx¿tkm{ ;Í]t ug' {sf ;fy} jf:tljs r'gf}tLsfg'gdf kl/jt{g ug' { geO{ …c5'ttfnfO{ k|rngdf NofO/x]sfdflg;x¿sf] ;f]r / k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g ug'{ / blntdflybdg ug{ ] j0ff{>dnfO{ vf/]h ug{ ;‹if{ ug' {Ú xf] egL pNn]vug' {ePsf] 5 . clg To;kl5, e§rgsf] of] p4/0fn] xfdLnfO{:d/0f u/fP em} F, pRr hftx¿ tyf :yfgLo u0odfGoaf6k|lt/f]w x'g;S5 / bnsf g]tfx¿n] ;DejtM blnt dtnfO{eGbf pgLx¿sf] dtnfO{ a9L dxTj lbg ;S5g\ . ;+ljwfgdfePsf ;+/If0ffTds k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg, sfg'gJoj;foL tyf cbfnt;Fu sfd ug{ / sd{rf/LtGqlj?4;‹if{ ug{ blntx¿;Fu sfg'gL tyf ;fdflhs ;|f]t;fwg /;DejtM 1fgsf] klg cefj x'g;S5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn]u/] em}F gofF ;+ljwfgn] klg ljBdfg /fhg}lts bnx¿sf];+/rgf / ljBdfg ;DklQ ;DaGwnfO{ ;+/If0f u/]df -qmdzMwf/f !$@ -$_ / !(_ of] sfo{ emg\ sl7g x'g]5 . /fHo;+oGqk|lt/f]wsfdLx¿sf] lxtdf k|of]u ePsf] ;dosf t'ngfdfkl/jt{gsf kIfw/x¿sf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf -d"nd'n'sL P]gsf] ;dodf h:t}_ sfg'gsf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhskl/jt{g ;lhnf] x'G5 .csf{]lt/, ljleGg ;d'bfox¿aLr yk ;dtfd"ns ;DaGwl;h{gf ug{ / ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu a[xb\ kxn ug{ ] jf:tljsrfxgf ;+:yfkg kIfdf ePsf] cj:yfdf ;sf/fTds kxn, k"0f{/ k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf, cfwf/e"t cfjZostf cflbsf nflu7f]; nIo, xb, ljlw Pj+ Joj:yfx¿af/] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdfxfn pNn]v ePeGbf a9L :ki6 ¿kdf gofF ;+ljwfgdf pNn]vul/g' cfjZos 5 / o; cfjZostfnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ;lsFb}g .lg0f{o k|lqmof Pj+ sfof{Gjogsf ;fy} gLlt Pj+ k|lqmofsfcfwf/, ltgLx¿sf k|ult Pj+ ltgLx¿df ul/g'kg{ ] ;dfof]hgsfcfjlws ;dLIffx¿df blntx¿ cfkm} ;+nUg x'g'k5{ .sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fhg}lts Pj+ k|zf;lgs ¿kdf k|d'vpQ/bfloTj axg ug{ blntx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;Ël7t kfg' {k5{ .sf7df8f} F 3f]if0ffkqdf /x]sf sltko dfux¿ cd"t{ …/fHoÚk|ltnlIft 5g\ . /fHon] c?sf clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfnfO{c:jLsf/ ug{] ljleGg afWotfsf] ;xof]u glnO{ …k|j[lQ /;f]rÚ df kl/jt{gsf ;DaGwdf vf;} 7"nf] sfd ug{ ;Sb}g t/blntsf] lxtnfO{ g} xflg k'¥ofpg ;S5 . ;xdlt l;h{gf ug' {sf;fy} sfg'gL sfo{ljlwsf dfWodaf6 ;+j}wflgs pknlAwx¿nfO{Jofjxfl/s oyfy{df ¿kfGtl/t ug{ ] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L blnts}x'g]5 . pgLx¿n] cfˆg} 3/nfO{ Jojl:yt u/]/ cyf{t\ cfGtl/shftLo prgLr tyf c5'ttfnfO{ cGTo u/L yfngL ug{;S5g\ . To;kl5 pgLx¿ tyf cGo ;d'bfoaLr Ps cfk;df;+jfb x'g}k5{ / pgLx¿sf g]tfx¿ gofF g]kfnsf d"NodfGotfsf]k|jw{gsf nflu P]Soa4 x'g}k5{ . ;fy} /fhg}lts g]tfx¿n]cfˆgf] WofgnfO{ …bnLo /fhgLltÚ / …bnLo k|lt:kwf{Úaf6kmsf{pg}k5{ / hgtfnfO{ ;Ël7t kf/]/ Pp6f /fi6«sf ¿kdfPstfa4 kfg{df cfˆgf] g]t[TjnfO{ ;dlk{t ug{ 'k5{ . o;af/] d}n]csf{ ] v08df ;ª\If]kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5' .

10 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg^= lgisif{ M ljljwtf / cv08tfg]kfnsf] /fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;af6 cnUofP/ blntsfo{;"rLaf/] ljrf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g . of] t nf]stGq, ;dfj]zLs/0ftyf ;fdflhs Gofo;DaGwL dfGotfx¿ JofKt x'g}kg{ ] gofFg]kfnk|ltsf] a[xb\ k|lta4tfsf] c+z xf] . blntx¿ tyf cGo;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfox¿sf] ;Ddfg tyf lxtsf nflu tL k|To]sdfGotfsf] 7"nf] dxTj 5 . cem} klg cfˆgf clwsf/x¿sf nflutL ;d'bfosf xsbfaL tyf pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft kfg{ ] ;+j}wflgsJoj:yfx¿sf] dfun] :yflkt ;De|fGt ju{aLr 7"nf] a]r}gLl;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . d"n ¿kdf hf/L ul/Psf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg;fdfGotfeGbf cln k/ uPsf] lyof] / o;sf d;f}bfsf/x¿n];b:ox¿sf lglZrt l;kmfl/zx¿nfO{ pk]Iff u/]sf] b]lvGYof] .;d'bfox¿n] lj/f]w ug' {sf ;fy} lx+;fTds k|bz{g u/]kl5 tLl;kmfl/zdWo] s]xLnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP/ pgLx¿sf] lxtsf nflu sbdx¿ rfNg] ;xdltdf pgLx¿/ ;/sf/aLr x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . t/ ;d'bfosf ¿kdf;Ël7t x'g] ;Gbe{df blntx¿sf] cIfdtf tyf To;n] ubf{ePsf] /fhg}lts zlQmsf] cefjsf sf/0f To:tf s'g} ;+zf]wgtyf ;Demf}tfx¿ blntx¿;Fu ul/Psf] lyPg ./fHosf ;+:yfx¿ -ljBfnox¿, Joj:yflksf, sfo{sfl/0fL,Gofokflnsf tyf nf]s;]jf_df sf]6f jf cf/If0f, :yfgLo;d'bfox¿sf nflu k|fyldstf;lxt ;‹Lotf, :yfgLoefiffsf] k|of]u tyf g]kfnnfO{ wd{lg/k]If /fHosf ¿kdf3f]if0ff h:tf ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfox¿sf dfusf ;Gbe{dfs]xL ju{df b]lvPsf] gsf/fTds k|ltlqmof af]wuDo 5 . tLsbdn] cs'zntfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] / a9L of]Uox¿sf lj?4cGofok"0f{ lje]b ug' {sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] Pstf / cv08tfnfO{Wj:t kfg{ ] cg'e"lt sltkosf] 5 . pgLx¿ :jfyL{ jf e|ldt/x]sf] ljZjf; c?nfO{ eP klg tL rf;f]nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{slnOg'kb{5 . g]kfn u'lh|/x]sf] ax'n ;ª\qmd0f -/fhtGqaf6u0ftGqtkm{, clwgfosjfbaf6 nf]stGqtkm{, txut hftLoJoj:yfaf6 ;dtfjfbtkm{, wfld{s /fHoaf6 wd{lg/k]Iftftkm{,alxis/0faf6 ;dfj]zLtkm{, s]Gb|Ls[t /fHoaf6 ;‹Lotftkm{_ljjfbf:kb tyf ;DxfNg sl7g x' Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿n]g]kfnL hgtfsf] klxrfgaf/], ljz]if u/L pgLx¿ Pp6f /fi6«x'g\ jf kmflnPsf] /fhj+zsf] ;}lgs zlQm cGtu{t anft\¿kdf PsLs[t cfˆg} Oltxf;, k/Dk/f, wd{ / efiff ePsfljleGg ;d'bfosf] ld>0f dfq} xf] eGg]af/] cfwf/e"t k|Zgx¿p7fPsf 5g\ .tL clglZrttf tyf låljwf;Fu g]kfnLx¿ h'em]sf sf/0f tyfclxn];Dd g]kfnLx¿n] b]vfPsf ;fx;sf sf/0f ljb]zLx¿pgLx¿k|lt ;xfg'e"lt k|s6 ug' {eGbf c? s]xL ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .;f}efUojz, pgLx¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu Pp6fpkfo lgsfn]sf 5g\ / Tof] xf] ;+ljwfg;ef . …g]kfnL klxrfgÚlbOg] jf lbg ;lsg] s'/f geO{ jftf{ ug' {kg] { s'/f xf]Ù o;n]/fli6«o klxrfg tyf :yfgLo kl/l:yltx¿, ;d'bfox¿, efiffx¿tyf k/Dk/fx¿;Fusf] nufjaLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{k5{ ./fHo tyf gful/sx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t k/Dk/fut;+ljwfgx¿ -/ jf:tjd} g]kfnsf kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgx¿_h:tf] geO{ g]kfn;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf låljwfx¿ ;fdgf ul//x]sfsltko /fi6«sf ;d;fdlos ;+ljwfgx¿n] /fHo tyf lglZrt;d'bfox¿aLrsf ;DaGw / tL ;d'bfoaLrs} ;DaGwsf lgs}hl6n d'2fx¿;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ .hgfb]z k|fKt b]zs} ;a}eGbf k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfsf ¿kdf/x]sf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;Gt'ng;DaGwL 5nkmnsf nflu tyf/fli6«o dfGotf Pj+ klxrfg lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu pko'Qm ynf]ag]sf] 5 . hg–cfGbf]ng–@)^@÷)^# kl5sf dlxgfx¿dftyf ;+ljwfg;ef u7g ug{ ] qmddf hgtfn] b]z, pgLx¿sf;d'bfox¿ tyf ;d"xx¿sf] eljioaf/] 5nkmn cfof]hgfu/]sf lyP / gofF ;+ljwfgsf nflu cfˆgf dfux¿ tof/ u/]sflyP . o;lsl;dsf] k|lqmofsf] Pp6f pknlAw sf7df8f} F a8fkqxf] . hg–cfGbf]ngsf dfGotfx¿df cfwfl/t g]kfnsf] klxrfglgdf{0fsf nflu hgtfsf] lgoldt ;+nUgtf cfjZos ePsf]n]hgtfsf kxn;Fu ;+ljwfg;efn] cGt/lqmof ug{ }k5{ . gofF;+ljwfgsf] d;f}bf tof/ ug' { eg]sf] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu dfqgeO{ /fHo lgdf{0fsf nflu klg cEof; xf] .o;}n] blntx¿sf] sf7df8f} F a8fkqnfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef / bnsfg]tfx¿n] uDeL/tfk"j{s lng'kb{5 . o;f] ug{kg' {sf] csf{ ] sf/0fklg 5 . blntlj?4 eO/x]sf] 5'jf5't tyf lje]bn] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;f/ cyf{t\ ;dtf / dfgjLo dof{bfnfO{ pNn‹gul//x]sf] 5 . cfˆgf gful/sx¿dWo] s]xL lglZrt ju{nfO{hGds} sf/0f …c5'tÚ agfO/fVg] 8/nfUbf] rng / em08} em08}bf;Tj, aFw'jf >d, ljb]zL;dIf of}g ;dk{0f, lgisfzg /alxis/0f h:tf rng tyf ;DaGwx¿nfO{ plrt 7x¥ofpg]vfnsf wf/0ffsf] 8/nfUbf] efjnfO{ g]kfnn] x6fpg}k5{ . o;n]logLx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] kf7af6 dfq xf]Og klxn] alxis[teP/ /x]sfx¿sf] oyfy{ hLjgaf6 x6fpg}k5{ .

]g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg11blnt clwsf/;DaGwLsf7df8f} F a8fkq–@)^$k|:tfjgf MxfdL g]kfnL blntx¿,lxGb", ;fdGtjfbL j0f{Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t /fHoJoj:yfn] blnt;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts,z}lIfsnufotsf ;a} If]qdf jl~rtLs/0fdf kf/]sf] tYo 7x/ub} {,g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg hftLo 5'jf5't / ;a}vfn]lje]bx¿sf] ;d"n cGTo u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{clenfiffsf ;fy blntx¿sf] g]t[Tj / blnt ;d'bfo;d]tsf]pNn]Vo ;xeflutfdf g]kfnsf] bz jif{]nufot x/]snf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng, ;‹if{ / qmflGtx¿, !( lbg] P]ltxfl;shg–cfGbf]ng–@)^@÷^# df blnt ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf,jlnbfgLk"0f{ ;‹if{ / jL/ zxLbx¿sf] zxfbtk|lt uf}/j /;Ddfg;fy :d/0f ub} {,;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹sf] a8fkq, dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL3f]if0ffkq–!($*, gful/s / /fhg}lts clwsf/;DaGwLcGt//fli6«o cg'aGw–!(^^, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{sclwsf/;DaGwL cGt//fli6«o cg'aGw–!(^^, ;a} k|sf/sfhftLo lje]b pGd"ng;DaGwL cGt//fli6«o dxf;lGw–!(^%,dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng cle;lGw–!(&(,afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw–!(*(, cGt//fli6«o dfgjLosfg'g–!($(, bf;Tj dxf;lGw–!(@^ / oftgflj?4sf]dxf;lGwn] k|bQ u/]sf dfgj clwsf/sf k|fjwfgx¿ blntsfclwsf/ ePsf] / tL clwsf/x¿ blntx¿sf xsdf sfof{Gjoggx'g' / hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5'tsf 36gfx¿ lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf]l:yltnfO{ blnt dfgj clwsf/sf] r/d pNn‹gsf ¿kdfljZn]if0f ub} { uDeL/tfsf ;fy lnFb},g]kfndf ePsf /fhg}lts kl/jt{g / To;af6 k|fKt pknlAwnfO{Jojl:yt ub} { n}hfg] qmddf hf/L ePsf g]kfn clw/fHosf];+ljwfg–@)$&, k|ltlglw;efsf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff–@)%*,afx| a' Fb] ;dembf/L / a[xt zflGt ;Demf}tf tyf xfn;DdePsf ;Dk"0f{ 3f]if0ff, ;Demf}tf tyf ;xdltx¿ / g]kfnsf]cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# n] cËLsf/ u/]sf] ;dfg'kflts;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub} {,sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg, hftsf cfwf/df s;}n] s;}nfO{e]befj ug{ gkfOg] gofF d'n'sL P]g–@)@), g]kfn clw/fHosf];+ljwfg–@)$& Pj+ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# sf];+j}wflgs Joj:yf / dxfg\ hg–cfGbf]ng–@)^@÷^# åf/fk'gM:yflkt k|ltlglw;efåf/f ul/Psf] @)^# ;fn h]7 @! sf]…5'jf5'td'Qm /fi6« 3f]if0ffÚsf] /fli6«o ;ÍNksf afah'b blnt;d'bfodfly ePsf 5'jf5't / hftLo e]befjsf 36gfx¿sf]lg/Gt/tfsf] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf ub{ },5'jf5't / hftLo e]befjsf] k"0f{ cGTo u/L blnt ;d'bfonfO{klg /fli6«o hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;IfdagfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f / ;d"lrt ljsf;sf nflupknAw P]g sfg'g Pj+ gLlt lgodsf] clwstd sfof{Gjog/ cfjZos P]g sfg'g Pj+ gLlt lgodsf] cljnDa lgdf{0ful/g'kg] { s'/fdf ljZj:t /xFb},xfdL blntx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] zf;g cfkm} ug{ kfpg] / cfkm"dflycfˆgf] k"0f{ lgoGq0f /xg] nf]stflGqs clwsf/ lglxt /x]sf],;dfh / /fHodf xfd|f] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsfeP/ klg xfdLnfO{ pQm cj;/af6 anft\ jl~rt ul/Psf]n]/fHo ;+oGqsf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g'blntx¿sf] nf]stflGqs clwsf/ ePsf] pb\3f]if ub} {,blntsf gful/s clwsf/sf] /Iff / ;fdflhs Gofosf]k|Tofe"lt ub} { blnt ;d'bfosf] pTyfg / ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf]p2]Zon] lqmofzLn blntsf ;fdflhs ;Ë7g, hgjuL{o;Ë7g / hftLo ;Ë7gx¿sf aLrdf ;fy{s Pj+ ;f}xfb{|;xsfo{ lg/Gt/ x'g'kg] {df k"0f{ ljZjf; /fVb},

+12 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgljBdfg lje]bk"0f{ d"No, dfGotf, Jojxf/ / gLlt, lgodx¿sf];d"n cGTo ug{ d2t ug] { :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;~rf/, /fhgLlt,cy{, /Lltl/jfh, kfl/jfl/s Pj+ j}jflxs hLjg, wd{, ;+:s[lth:tf hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{ If]qnfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf ;fy} /fhg}lts tyf gful/s clwsf/sfkIfaf6 ljZn]if0f u/L dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ ;fdflhs Gofosfb[li6sf]0faf6 cfTd;ft\ ub{ } /,/fHo k'gM;+/rgf / ;+ljwfg;efdf blntsf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf] 88]nw'/f, dWo klZrdf~rnsf]bfª, klZrdf~rnsf] kf]v/f, dWodf~rnsf] jL/u~h /k"jf{~rnsf] w/fgdf ;DkGg If]qLo blnt ;Dd]ngx¿af6 k|fKtlgisif{x¿nfO{ b[li6ut ub{ },b]zsf &% lhNnfsf sl/j tLg ;o ;xefuLx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf@)^$ ;fn dª\l;/ @^ b]lv @* ;Dd nlntk'/sf] uf]bfj/Ldf;DkGg /fli6«o blnt ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t / cg'df]lbt lgDglnlvtdfux¿ ;+ljwfg;dIf lgDg adf]lhdsf dfux¿;lxt of]sf7df8f} F blnt a8fkq–@)^$ hf/L ub{5f} F .kl/k|]Iodf blntsf] xsdf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogul/g'kb{5 .&= ;‹Lo /fHo lgdf{0f ubf{ blntx¿sf nflu a]Un} /fHosf]lgdf{0f ;Dej gePsf]n] ;‹Lo /fHok|0ffnLdf blnt;d'bfosf cfly{s, /fhg}lts, k|zf;lgs / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTj;lxtsf] ljz]if gLlt /fli6«o ;+ljwfgdfg} Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 tf ls blnt ;d'bfo ;‹Lo/fHok|0ffnLaf6 pk]lIft x'g] 5}gg\ . o;}u/L :jfoQk|b]zx¿n] /fli6«o ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] o:tf] ;+/IfsTjJoj:yfnfO{ s6f}tL ug{ gkfpg] t/ a9f]Q/L ug{ kfpg]Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .*= ;‹Lo k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ubf{ k|fGtLo Pj+ :yfgLo zf;gk|0ffnLdf blntx¿sf] clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt x'g]k|fjwfg sfod ul/g'kb{5 . blntdfly s'g} klg :yfgdfs'g} klg k|sf/sf 5'jf5't / hftLo e]befj ug{ 5'6 lbg]k|s[ltsf s'g} klg wd{, ;+:s[lt Pj+ k/Dk/fnfO{ :yfgLozf;g k|0ffnLn] 5'6 lbg gx'g] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt ;+ljwfgdfg} Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 ./fHosf] k'g;+ {/rgf / blntsf] ;xeflutf M!= /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfox¿sf ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gLjf lgjf{lrt Pj+ dgf]gLt kbx¿df blntsf] hg;ª\Vofsf]cg'kftdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+sfg'gL k|Tofe"lt ul/g'kb{5 .@= /fHosf] zf;sLo k4ltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ub} { k|zf;lgsIf]qsf] k'g;{ +/rgf u/L ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf sd{rf/LtGq-;/sf/L tyf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf ;~rflnt ;d]tdf_;Dk"0f{ lgsfox¿df blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg'kflts;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ljz]if clwsf/;lxtsf] cf/If0fsf] Joj:Yff ul/g'k5{ .#= /fHosf hgk|ltlglwd"ns, ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL tyfcGo ;a} lgsfox¿df blnt ;d'bfosf] hg;ª\Vofsfcfwf/df k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yful/g'kb{5 .$= blnt ;d'bfosf] hg;ª\Vofsf] oyfy{ u0fgf ug{ Ps:jtGq / ;Ifd lgsfosf] :yfkgf u/L t'?Gt hgu0fgful/g] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .%= /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfodf blnt ;d'bfonfO{ sfo{kflnsf,Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf Pj+ ;+j}wflgs If]qdf;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] ] k|fjwfgx¿ k|efjsf/L¿kdf nfu" ug{ ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 pNn]v ul/g'kb{5 .^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# sf] wf/f @! n];dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGt k|bQ ul/;s]sf];+ljwfg;efdf blntsf] ;xeflutf M(= ;+ljwfg;ef g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df g} klxnf] k6sx'g nfu]sf] / b]zsf k|To]s ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosfgful/sn] ;d]t cf–cfˆgf k|ltlglwx¿ k7fO{ cfˆgf];+ljwfg cfkm} n]Vg] nf]stflGqs clwsf/ ePsf] x'Fbfblntsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrtul/g'kb{5 .!)= ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{ ] k|To]s ;d'bfo / If]qsf/ cg'ejL ;b:ox¿n] k"0f{ ;xeflutf / of]ubfg lbg]jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug' {kb{5 . hg–cfGbf]ngsf] efjgfcg'¿ksf] ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f k|flKtsf nflu blnt;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿n] ;Fu} sfd ug{ /fhg}lts bnx¿n];xhLs/0fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug' {kb{5 .!!= g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;a} tx / tKsfsf hgtfn] /fhg}ltsbn, gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yf / JolQmut ¿kdf;+ljwfg;efdf cfˆgf ;jfnx¿nfO{ /fVg kfpg] /;f]sf nflu pko'Qm ;dosf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kb{5 .blntnufotsf ;d'bfo g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fug{ u7g x'g] ;+ljwfg;efn] cjnDag ug] { gLlt, lgod,ljlw Pj+ k|lqmofdf k"0f{ ¿kn] ;';"lrt Pj+ hfgsf/ 5g\eGg] k|Tofe"lt ub{ } ;+ljwfg n]Vg] qmddf cfˆgf] ;fj{ef}dclwsf/sf] k|of]u ub}{, ;d'bfosf] ljrf/, efjgf /;jfnx¿nfO{ :jtGq, lgle{s Pj+ lge{o;fy cleJoQmug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfsf] ;d]t k|Tofe"lt ul/g'kb{5 .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg13/fhgLlt tyf /fhg}lts bn M!@ blnt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 5'§} bn btf{ ug{jf b]zdf :yflkt /fhg}lts bndf cfa4 eO{ b]z,hgtf / ;d'bfosf] ;]jfdf ;lqmo x'g kfpg] blntsf]/fhg}lts clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] ;+/lIft ug'{kb{5 .k|To]s /fhg}lts bndf sDtLdf @) k|ltzt ;xeflutfx'g] :ki6 Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf g} ug' {kb{5 .!#= /fli6«o /fhg}lts bnsf ;a} tx / lgsfodf blnt;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf, k|ltlglwTj /kx'Frsf nflu efjL ;+ljwfgdf g} :ki6 pNn]v u/L/fhg}lts bndf ;xeflutfsf] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttful/g'kb{5 .!$= /fhg}lts bnsf ;a} txsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x¿sfnflu hftLo 5'jf5't tyf e]befjlj?4 cfrf/;+lxtflgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ul/g] ;+j}wflgsJoj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .cy{ Joj:yf tyf /f]huf/L M!%= cfly{s gLltn] blntx¿sf] k]zfnfO{ b]zsf] cy{gLlt;FuufF;]/ x]/]sf] 5}g, g t pgLx¿sf] k]zfnfO{ ;+j4{g, k|j4{g/ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug] { s'g} gLlt sfo{qmd / of]hgfx¿ag]sf 5g\ . cfly{s ;+/rgfdf ljBdfg ;fdflhs,cfly{s tyf ;}4flGts Jojwfgx¿n] blnt ;d'bfosf];xeflutfnfO{ ;Lldt agfPsf 5g\, s'g} ;fdflhscfly{s ;'/Iff 5}g, h;n] ubf{ blnt ;d'bfo k]zf /Joj;fo /f]Hgaf6 jl~rt ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] blnt;d'bfosf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; tyf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflucfly{s clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{ cfjZos 5 . cfly{sIf]qdf blnt ;d'bfosf] kx' Frsf nflu ;+ljwfgdf cfly{scu|flwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'kb{5 .!^= qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/dfkm{t\ hldgdfly e"ldxLgblntx¿sf] :jfldTj ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ . ljz]if u/Lxlnofx¿nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug{sf nflu pko'Qm gLltlgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g'kb{5 .!&= /f]huf/L / k]zf 5fGg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgdfg} ;dfj]z u/L ;f]sf] k"0f{ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /fHon]cfjZos / pko'Qm sbd rfNg'kb{5 . blntsf k/Dk/futk]zf;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]u Joj;fodf pgLx¿nfO{cu|flwsf/ lbOg'kb{5 .!*= ljsf;sf] clwsf/nfO{ /fHon] ;+j]bgzLn ¿kdf cfTd;ft\ug' {kb{5, h;sf nflu hgtfn] dtbfg u/]sf x'g\ .!(= vfg kfpg] clwsf/ dflg;sf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/;Fu;DalGwt 5 . oL b'j} clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] df}lnsclwsf/sf ¿kdf dfGotf lbO{ blnt ;d'bfosf nfluvfB ;'/Iff k|Tofe"lt ug{ 'kb{5 .@)= blnt ;d'bfosf] ;Lk tyf k]zfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ub} { n3'pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf / blnt ;d'bfonfO{ Joj;fo k|j4{gug{ ;/sf/L cg'bfg / ;xh ¿kdf ljgf lwtf] C0fsf]Joj:yf u/L pTkflbt ;fdfgx¿sf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 . ;fy} blnt ;d'bfonfO{ n3'ljQsfo{qmddf ;xh kx' Frsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kb{5 .@!= ;fdGtL e"–pTkfbg ;DaGwn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf >dzf]if0fsf ¿kx¿ – xlnof, sd}of, x¿jf, r?jf, afnL3/],8f]nL, e' F8, l;gf] vfg] tyf ˆofFSg], a]7a]uf/L, sdn/Lk|yf / dw]zdf /x]sf] rf}sLbf/L k|yfnufotsf ;a} afFwf>dk|yf pGd"ng u/L xlnof tyf e"ldxLg blntnfO{plrt e"ld / cfjf;sf] Joj:yf u/L zL3| k'g:yf{kgfsf]Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .@@= Gofo k|0ffnLdf k'gM;+/rgf u/L ;fdGtL e"–pTkfbg;DaGwl;t hf]l8Psf 36gfx¿df >d cbfntaf6zL3|fltzL3| Gofo lbnfpg] Joj:yf ;'lglZrtul/g'kb{5 .@#= /fHosf ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g;DaGwL;Dk"0f{ of]hgf, /fli6«o tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ;~rfngx'g] sfo{qmdx¿n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf blnt ;d'bfonfO{Gofof]lrt ;xeflutf u/fpg}kg]{ gLltut Joj:yful/g'kb{5 .@$= ;/sf/L tyf cw{;/sf/L :t/df ;~rfng ePsf pBf]usnsf/vfgfx¿df blntsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf];+j}wflgs l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /f]huf/L k|Tofe"ltul/g'kb{5 eg] lghL :t/df ;~rflnt /fli6«o :t/sfpBf]u snsf/vfgfx¿df ;d]t ;f]xL cg'kftdf ;xefuLu/fOg] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt /fHon] clVtof/ug' {kb{5 .@%= Psn tyf kl/jf/sf] e/0fkf]if0f ug{ 'kg] { blnt ;d'bfosfdlxnfx¿sf] /f]huf/L tyf ;'ljwfsf] ljz]if Joj:yfug{ 'kb{5 .@^= ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf clt ljkGg egL klxrfg ul/Psfju{leq klg k|foM ;a} ;d'bfo blnt g} ePsf] t/ ul/aLlgjf/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd tL ju{ / ;d'bfo;Dd k'Ugg;s]sf]n] nlIft ju{df k'¥ofpg /fHon] k|efjsf/L gLltlgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug' {kb{5 . ;fy} n3'ljQ ;]jfdfblnt ;d'bfosf] ;xh kx' Fr /xg] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .@&= lzIff cfh{g ug{ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ kg{] sl7gfOnfO{Wofgdf /fvL lghfdlt, ;]gf, k|x/L tyf lzIff ;]jf Pj+;+:yfgnufotsf If]qx¿df bvf{:t lbg] pDd]b\jf/x¿sf]pd]/sf] xb cGosf] eGbf blnt ;d'bfosf] xsdf kfFrjif{ a9L sfod ug' {kb{5 .

{'14 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfghftLo e]befj Pj+ 5'jf5't cGTosfnflu k|efjsf/L ;+oGqx? M@*= 5'jf5't ck/fw xf], o:tf] ck/fw ;+ljwfgsf] lj?4 x'g]ePsfn] ;+j}wflgs ¿kdf g} pGd"ng ul/Psf] s'/f efjL;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/g'kb{5 .@(= hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5'tsf] :ki6 kl/efiff u/L blnt;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts cj:yfnfO{ljZn]if0f ub{ } df}lns xs, dfgj clwsf/ / ;fdflhsGofosf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt ug{ ] Ps ljz]if / lj:t[t P]gsf]lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ul/g'kb{5 .#)= /fli6«o blnt cfof]unfO{ clwsf/;DkGg ;+j}wflgs /;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL agfOg'k5{ .#!= dfgjflwsf/sf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ JolQm tyf lghL lgsfo/ JolQm Pj+ /fHosf] aLrdf ;d]t nfu" ug{ ] u/L g]kfnsf]gofF ;+ljwfgn] 5'jf5'tsf] cfwf/df x'g] lje]bnfO{;fj{hlgs :yndf dfq geO{ Jofkfl/s tyf lghLIf]qx¿, h:t} /f]huf/L, cfjf; tyf ;a} k|sf/sf ;]jfdf;d]t k"0f{ lgif]w ug' {kb{5 .#@= 5'jf5't;DaGwL b08xLgtfsf] cGTosf] k|efjsf/Lk|fjwfg ;'lglZrt u/L 5'jf5'tnfO{ /fHolj?4sf] ck/fw,dfgjlj?4sf] ck/fw / uDeL/ ;fdflhs ck/fwsf¿kdf kl/eflift ub{} ck/fwLx¿nfO{ s8f sfg'gLsf/afxLsf] Joj:yf u/L kLl8tnfO{ clgjfo{ Ifltk"lt{sf]Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .Dffgj clwsf/ M##= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq–!($* n];a} dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltcGt//fli6«o :t/df g} u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgn] hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/nfO{lgif]w / Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] b08fTds Joj:yf u/]sf]n]l;4fGttM blntsf df}lns xssf] ;+/If0f ug{ vf]h]sf]b]lvPsf] x' Fbf blnt ;d'bfo ;a} clwsf/sf xsbf/ 5g\eGg] b]lvG5 . t/ ljutsf] cg'ejnfO{ x]bf{ blntsf]xsdf oL clwsf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjog / pkef]u ;dfhsf]Jojxf/ / k|j[lQ;Fu hf]l8g] u/]sf]n] ca pk|fGt ;fdflhsd"No / dfGotfsf] gfddf blnt ;d'bfosf] df}lns xs/ dfgj clwsf/sf] xgg\ gx'g] ;'lglZrttf ;+ljwfgdfg} ul/g'kb{5 .#$= efjL ;+ljwfgn] hftLo lje]bsf] k"0f{ cGTosf] 3f]if0ffdfqgeO{ blntnufot lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf nflu ;sf/fTdslje]bsf] gLlt k|jw{g Pj+ nfu" ul/g] s'/fnfO{ /fHosf]st{Josf ¿kdf :ki6 pNn]v ul/g'kb{5 .#%= g]kfnn] lghLs/0f tyf pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt lnO/x]sf]jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf gful/ssf df}lns xs tyf dfgjclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug] { sfo{ JolQm jf ;d'bfo / /fHosf]aLrdf dfq geO{ JolQm, Jofkfl/s tyf lghL If]q,u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ tyf cGt//fli6«o ;+:yfx¿ ;d]tn]nfu" ug{ 'kg] { k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 ul/g'kb{5 .lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] clwsf/ M#^= lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfBfGg, cfjf; / ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRgkfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/sf¿kdf ;+ljwfgdf g} ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 . /fHon] cfˆgf]bfloTj lgjf{x ubf{ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstflbg'kb{5 . oL clwsf/x¿ cbfntaf6 nfu" ug{ ;lsg];d]t x'g'kb{5 .#&= g]kfn kIf /fi6«sf ¿kdf /x]sf cGt//fli6«o cg'aGwdfpNn]lvt z}lIfs clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu k|fylds txb]lvpRr lzIff;Dd / j}b]lzs 5fqj[lQdf ;d]t blnt;d'bfosf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;d'lrt 5fqj[lQ;lxt lgMz'Ns,u'0f:t/Lo Pj+ lzIffsf] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .#*= lje]bhGo lzIff k|0ffnL / k|j[lQdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/Lx/]s lghL tyf ;/sf/L ljBfno tyf SofDk;x¿dfblnt ;d'bfoaf6 lzlIfsf clgjfo{ ¿kdf lgo'lQm ug]Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .#(= lghL :t/af6 ;~rflnt ljBfno, pRr dfWoldsljBfno / SofDk;x¿df blnt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{k7gkf7gsf] lgMz'Ns Joa:yf ldnfpg ;dfg'kflts¿kdf 5fqj[lQ lbg] Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf ;/sf/n]ug' {kb{5 .$)= ljBfyL{nfO{ sIff sf]7f tyf sf]7faflx/ hftLo cfwf/dful/g] e]befjn] pgLx¿sf] df}lns xs tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] xgg\ x'g] x'Fbf To:tf sfo{df ;+nUg tyfk|f]T;fxg ug]{nfO{ s8feGbf s8f ;hfo ul/g'kb{5 .;fy} k|fylds txb]lv pRr lzIff;Ddsf kf7\oqmddf/x]sf lje]bhGo zAb, efiff, syf cflb tTsfn vf/]hug' {kb{5 .$!= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/L tyf 8fS6/x¿af6 hftLocfwf/df ;dfg Jojxf/ gul/g' jf ug{ c:jLsf/ ug{:jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/sf] 3f]/ pNn‹g x'g] ePsf]n]To:tf 36gfnfO{ k|>o lbg] tyf Jojxf/df Nofpg]:jf:YosdL{ Pj+ k|zf;sx¿nfO{ s8f sfg'gL sf/afxLug] { Joj:yf ug{ 'kb{5 .$@= hgtfsf nflu pknAw x'g'kg]{ jf pknAw ePsfvfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf kx' FrnfO{ hftLo lje]bsf cfwf/dfc:jLsf/ ul/P blnt ;d'bfosf] kfgL;DaGwL clwsf/

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg15tyf df}lns Pj+ dfgj clwsf/ b'j}sf] 3f]/ pNn‹gePsf] dfgL To:tf sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] jf k|f]T;fxgug] {nfO{ s8feGbf s8f sfg'gL sf/afxL ug] { ;fy} blnt /u}/blntnfO{ cnu cnu wf/f, kFw]/f lgdf{0f / k|of]unfO{b08gLo ul/g'kb{5 .$#= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lghLs/0fnfO{ /f]sL :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{df}lns clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt u/L blnt ;d'bfosf]:jf:Yo ;]jfdflysf] kx' Fr ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 . ;fy}blnt ;d'bfosf] lgMz'Ns cf}ifwf]krf/sf nflu /fHoaf6ljz]if sf8{sf] ;d]t nfu" ;d]t ug{ 'kb{5 .;fdflhs, wfld{s Pj+ ;+f:s[lts M$$= :jtGq ¿kdf cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] JolQm;Fu ljjfx ug{ kfpg]clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ;+ljwfgn] ug' {kb{5 . hftLo lje]bsfcfwf/df s;}nfO{ ljjfx x'gaf6 /f]s]df To:tf JolQmnfO{JolQmut :jtGqtf ckx/0fsf/Lsf ¿kdf s8f b08;hfosf] eflubf/ agfOg'kb{5 . j/jw' :jtGqtfk"j{s5fGg / ljjfx ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t ug{ ] P]g,sfg'g tyf gLltlgodx¿ tyf d"NodfGotfnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf vf/]h ug' {kb{5 .$%= g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg bfOhf]k|yf -bx]h_, a'sf{ k|yf,5fpk8L k|yf, afnljjfx, ax'ljjfx, cgd]n ljjfx h:tfs'k|yfx¿sf] k"0f{ cGTosf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kb{5 .$^= HfftLo cfwf/df s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfkm"n] cf:yf / ljZjf;u/]sf] kljq wfld{s :yn tyf lghL :yfgdf ;~rflnt;fd"lxs wfld{s Pj+ ;fdflhs sfo{x¿df k|j]z / s[Toug{af6 /f]Sg' / /f]Sg k|f]T;fxg ug'{ wfld{s clwsf/,wd{lg/k]Iftf / ljgf e]befj ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg]clwsf/ ;d]tsf] alv{nfk ePsf] x'g] x' Fbf To:tf JolQmnfO{s8f sfg'gL sf/afxL ul/g'kb{5 .$&= blnt ;d'bfosf] ;+f:s[lts ;Dkbf -ljz]if u/L dw]zsfblnt_ nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ug] { / To:tf ;d'bfosf efiff,;+:s[lt / snfTds ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug{k|efjsf/L sbd rflng'kb{5 .sfg'g, Gofo tyf lgikIf k|zf;g M$*= Gofo k|0ffnL / k|zf;gnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf k'g;{ +/rgfu/L GofofwLz, sfg'g Joj;foL, ;/sf/L jlsn tyfGofofnodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ hftLo lje]b /5'jf5'thGo Jojxf/sf lj?4df ;r]t / ;+j]bgzLnx'g pko'Qm tflnd tyf cled"vLs/0fsf] Joj:yfug{ 'kb{5 .$(= blnt ;d'bfosf] nflu lgMz'Ns sfg'gL pkrf/ kfpg]clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t ug{ k|To]s cbfntdf sfg'gL;xfotf PsfOsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .%)= Goflos tyf cw{Goflos x/]s lgsfodf blnt;DaGwL d'2fx]g{ ] GofofwLznfO{ ljz]if tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5/ ;f];DaGwL d'2fx¿ ljz]if cbfnt P]g cg'¿k tLtflndk|fKt JolQmaf6 dfq x]l/g] Joj:yf ;'lglZrtul/g'kb{5 .%!= ;a} gful/snfO{ lgikIf k|zf;gsf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/eP cg'¿k blnt ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿nfO{ k|To]s;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L, lghL Pj+ /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«ou}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Laf6;dfg ¿kdf dof{lbt Jojxf/sf] xsbf/ x'g] k|Tofe"ltug{ cfjZostf cg'¿k ;DejtM ljz]if1x¿af6 ljz]ifk|lzIf0f / cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdfsfof{Gjog ul/g'kb{5 .blnt ;d'bfosf dlxnf M%@= blnt ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿ dlxnf ePsf sf/0fn], blntePsf sf/0fn] / blnt dlxnf ePsf sf/0fn] t]xf]/f]e]befjsf] lzsf/ ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;xg' kl//x]sf]o; k|sf/sf] t]x]/f] pTkL8gnfO{ /fHo ;+oGqn] :jLsf/u/L ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] gLlt lgod lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogug' {kb{5 .%#= ljjfx / ;DaGwljR5]bsf qmddf blnt dlxnfx¿sf];dfg ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug' {kb{5 .;fy} 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k"0f{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g'kb{5 .%$= kl/jf/sf] cfly{s ;|f]tdfly blnt dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfgkx' Fr / lgoGq0f ;'lglZrt x'g] Joj:yf ug' {kb{5 .%%= blntleqsf afbL ;d'bfodflysf] cfly{s, z}lIfs,;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts, n}lËs pTkL8gsf] ;d"n cGToul/g'kb{5 . ;fy}, afbL cfGbf]ng / ;/sf/aLr ePsf];Demf}tf tTsfn sfof{Gjog ul/g'kb{5 .dw]zL blnt M%^= dw]zL blntx¿ blntdf klg ;a}eGbf k5fl8 k/]sf;d'bfo x'g\ . t/fO{ s[lifsf] pj{/ e"ld eP klg oxfFsfblntx¿sf] :jfldTjdf hldg k|foM 5}g . clwsf+zdw]zL blnt e"ldxLg 5g\ . gful/stf / e"ldsf] bf]xf]/f]gLltsf sf/0f clwsf+z dw]zL blnt ;d'bfo cem} klggful/stfljxLg eO{ /fHoaf6 kfpg'kg] { ;]jf / ;'ljwfaf6jl~rt ePsf 5g\ . To;}n] dw]zL blnt ;d'bfosf

16 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg;d:of ;dfwfg u/L /fHosf x/]s lgsfodf pgLx¿sf];dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ 'kb{5 .%&= dw]zL blntx¿df e"ldxLgtfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ tTsfn;Daf]wg u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos e"ld ljt/0f u/Laf;sf] k|jGw;d]t /fHon] ug' {kb{5 .%*= dw]zL blnt ;d'bfodf ljBdfg eflifs ;d:of;dfwfgsf nflu ljz]if pkfox¿ vf]hL ul/g'kb{5 .;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ M%(= ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ;~rf/ dfWoddf blnt ;jfnsfsfo{qmdx¿ lgMz'Ns pTkfbg, k|sfzg / k|zf/0ful/g'kb{5 . ;fy} ;/sf/L tyf lghL :t/sf 5fkftyf ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodx¿df blntsf] ;jfn /;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qdf pgLx¿n] k'¥ofPsf of]ubfg/ xfl;n u/]sf pknlAwsf] plrt ¿kdf k|sfzgk|zf/0f ug' {kb{5 . blnt ;d'bfonfO{ jt{dfg kl/k| ]Iodf;/sf/L tyf lghL k|sfzg tyf ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg sl7g ePdf ;d'bfonfO{;';"lrt / lzlIft ug{ ] cj;/ k|bfg ul/g'kb{ {5 .^)= cfd ;~rf/ dfWodn] ljBdfg hftLo / lnËLo lje]bnfO{lg?T;flxt ub{} pQm lje]b lg/fs/0f ug{] / ;dfgtfk|j4{g ug] { lqmofsnfknfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5 .;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf M^!= b]zdf rn]sf] bz jif{]{ ;z:q ljb|f]xsf sf/0f ljb|f]xL/ /fHo b'j} kIfjf6 blntx¿ a9L k|efljt ePsfx'Fbf o'4k|efljt blnt ;d'bfoaf/] ;TotYo hfgsf/Lk|fKt ug{ jf:tljs cg';Gwfg u/L pgLx¿sf] plrtk'g:yf{kgf ul/g'kb{5 .^@= åGåsf] ;dodf Hofg u'dfpg k'u]sf, cËeË ePsfblnt, anfTs[t / of}g zf]if0fdf k/]sf blnt dlxnf tyfpgLx¿sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{, cf}iflw pkrf/,hLjg lgjf{x tyf dgf]ljdz{sf] Joj:yf ug' {kb{5 .^#= a]kQf kfl/Psf blntx¿sf] pko'Qm 5fglag / tYo;fj{hlgs u/L a]kQf kl/jf/ Pj+ cfGtl/s lj:yflktx¿sfnflu Gofof]lrt Ifltkl"t{sf] Joj:yf u/L ;Ddfgk"j{s 3/kms{g;Sg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug' {kb{5 .^$= åGåsf sf/0f b]zaflx/ tyf leq hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{ ug{ afWoagfOPsf !* jif{d'lgsf ;Dk"0f{ blnt afnaflnsfnfO{p4f/ u/L pgLx¿sf hLjg lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZosJoj:yf ug' {kb{5 .^%= ;'/Iff lgsfodf dw]zL ;d'bfodflysf] lje]b t'?Gt x6fO{g]kfn k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L tyf lghfdlt;]jfdf ;d]t dw];L blntsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsfnflu sf]6f lgwf{/0f u/L nfu" ul/g'kb{5 .lgisif{ Mof] a8fkqn] cfd g]kfnL blnt ;d'bfosf] cg'ej, b[li6sf]0f/ ck]Iffx¿nfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{5 . xfdLn] xfd|f] df}gtfnfO{tf]8\b}5f} F / o; a8fkqdfkm{t\ xfd|f] dfgjLo ;Ddfgsf] dfGotf,lje]bk"0f{ cj:yfsf] cGTo, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts/ /fhg}lts ;dfgtfsf nflu ;fy{s kl/jt{g Pj+ /fHok'g;+ {/rgfsf lgldQ cfu|x ub{5f} F .xfdL, oL xfd|f dfux¿ k"/f gx'~h]n;Dd b]zdf :yfoLzflGt :yfkgf x'g g;Sg] / dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ ;fdflhsGofosf] k|Tofe"lt gx'g] tYo :d/0f u/fpFb} xfd|f dfux¿ k"/fgx'~h]n;Dd xfd|f] cfGbf]ng hf/L /xg] ;d]t hf]8bf/ ¿kdf3f]if0ff ub{5f} F .@)^$ ;fn dª\l;/ #)

]g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg17blntsf ;d:of MPs cfwf/kq– 8f= s[i0faxfb'/ e§rg &v08 ! M P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldef/tLo pkdxfåLkdf 5'jf5'tnufot hfltdf cfwfl/te]befjsf] yfngL @%)) jif{eGbf klxn]b]lv x'g yfn]sf] lyof] .lxGb" wfld{s u|Gyx¿, ljz]if u/L …dg':d[ltÚn] dfgj hfltnfO{a|fDx0f, If]qL, j}Zo / z'b| u/L rf/ j0f{df ljefhg u/]sf]lyof] . pgLx¿nfO{ lhDdf lbOPsf k/Dk/fut e"ldsf qmdzMaf}l4s, o'4;DaGwL, cfly{s / zf/Ll/s >d lyP . oL k|To]sj0f{nfO{ ljleGg hft, pkhftdf yk ljefhg ul/of] . j0f{,hflt tyf pkhfltx¿ lhDd]jf/L, j0ff{>d, kfgLsf] z'4tf /cz'4tf, vfgf / z/L/df cfwfl/t lyP . j0ff{>dsf] ;a}eGbfdfly a|fDx0fnfO{ / ;a}eGbf tn z'b|nfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . k|To]sj0f{leq klg hft–pkhftnfO{ k'gM >]0fLqmddf pkljefhgul/Psf] 5 .ljåfg\x¿n] j0f{ / hftsf] yfngLaf/] w]/} JofVof u/]sf5g\ . hftLo j0ff{>d / hftdf cfwfl/t >d ljefhgsf]yfngL CUj]bsf] k'?if–;'Qm h:tf kljq wfld{s u|Gyn]yfngL u/]sf lyP eg] dg':d[ltn] To;nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg] { sfdu/]sf] lyof] . * blnt ljåfg\ ofdaxfb'/ ls;fgn] z'b| aGg'sf5 j6f sf/0f pNn]v ug' {ePsf] 5 – -s_ u}/–cfo{ bf; /o'4df k/flhtx¿, -v_ wd{sf] lj/f]w ug]{ cfo{x¿, cfo{lj/f]wLx¿, -u_ cGt/hftLo ljjfx, -3_ s'n, -ª_ k]zf /-r_ zlQmxLgtf . ( g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df l8NnL/fd bfxfnsfcg';f/ æ=== g]kfnsf] jt{dfg blnt ;d'bfo b'O{ j6f leGg;d"xsf] ld>0f x'g;Sb5 – -!_ …z'?df ef/taf6 g]kfn k:g]lxGb" hflt;Fu} cfPsf] Ps ;d"xÚ, -v_ …cj}w of}g ;DaGwaf6hGd]sf sf/0f blnt …agfOPsfÚ dflg;sf] ;d"xÚ .Æ !)sf7df8f} F pkTosfdf rf}wf} F ztfAbLdf ul/Psf] g]jf/ hfltsf]hftLo k'g;{ +/rgf g} g]kfnsf ljleGg efudf x'g] u/]sf] hftdfcfwfl/t 5'jf5'tnufotsf hftLo lje]b lj:tf/sf] cfwf/lyof] . tTsfnLg /fhf hol:ylt dNnaf6 g]jf/ ;dfhnfO{k'g;{ +/rgf ug{sf nflu ;Nnfxsf/sf ¿kdf ef/taf6 kfFrhgf a|fDx0f k'/f]lxtx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f ul/Psf] lyof] . pgLx¿s};'emfjsf cfwf/df g]jf/ ;dfhnfO{ k]zf cg';f/ ^$ hftdfljefhg ul/of] . yfngLdf tL hftx¿ If}lthLo -Ps–csf] {aLrkm/s t/ Pp6} w/ftndf /x]sf_ hftsf ¿kdf lyP t/ kl5lxGb's/0f / ;+:s[tLs/0fsf] k|lqmofn] ltgLx¿nfO{ j0ff{>ddfkl/jt{g ul/lbof], kl/0ffd:j¿k ;a}eGbf dfly /fhf]kfWofo/ ;a}eGbf tn kf]8], Rofd] / s':n] /fvL g]jf/ ;d'bfodfblntx¿sf] l;h{gf eof] . !!5'jf5'tnufotsf hftLo e]befjsf cfwf/df ul/Psf]/fHosf] k'g;{ +/rgfsf] csf] { dxTjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s r/0f /f0ffk|wfgdGqL hËaxfb'/åf/f !(!) ;fndf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]& ;dfhzf:q tyf dfgjzf:q s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f} F, O{–d]n M kchan@wlink.com.np .* ls;fg, ofdaxfb'/, The Nepali Dalit Social Movement -nlntk'/ M sfg'gL clwsf/ ;+/If0f s]Gb|, g]kfn, ;g\ @))%_, k[i7 !$–@$ .( k[i7 @%–@& .!) bfxfn, l8NnL/fd / cGo, /fli6«o blnt /0fgLlt k|ltj]bg -sf7df8f} F M PS;g P8 g]kfn, s]o/ g]kfn / ;]e b lrN8« ]g -;+/fc_, ;g\ @))@_, k[i7 $) .!! æk|f/lDes dNnsfnsf] yfngLlt/ k|zf;gsf gofF cjwf/0ffx¿ :ki6 ¿kdf :yflkt eP ====== t/ pgL -/fhf hol:ylt dNn_ g]kfndf hftLo Joj:yf nfu" u/fpg]tyf g]kfnL ;dfhdf j0ff{>d Joj:yf yfNg] u/L b'O{ sfo{ ug{ ] /fhfsf ¿kdf k|Voft eP klg b'j} sfo{ PSn} u/]sf] >]o pgnfO{ lbg ;lsFb}g . lznfn]vx¿n] k|dfl0ftu/] cg';f/ sDtLdf lnR5ljsfnsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} g]kfn pkTosfdf ef/tLo hftLo Joj:yf k|rlnt lyof] . o;}u/L, pkTosfsf] ;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{ lglb{i6 ug{hl6n pk–hftLo Joj:yfnfO{ sfg'gaf6 crfgs nflbPsf] Joj:yf geO{ lj:tf/} lj:tf/} emfFluFb} uPsf] ztflAbof} Fb]lvsf] pTkfbgsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . pNn]Vos'/f s] 5 eg] l:ylt dNnsf] cfˆg} j+zfjnLdf klg oL sfo{af/] s]xL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g ======== To;f] eP klg l:ylt dNnn] pgsf] zf;gsfn;Dddf ljsl;t ePsfljz]if ;fdflhs z}nLnfO{ sfg'gL ¿k k|bfg u/]sf] x'g;S5 / o;/L pQm :yfgLo k|yfnfO{ sfg'gL zlQmsf ¿kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] x'g;S5Æ, :n;/, d]/L z]km8{, NepalMandala, A Cultural Study of the Kathmandu Valley, b'O{ efu, -lk|G;6g M lk|G;6g ljZjljBfno 5fkfvfgf, ;g\ !(*@_, k[i7 %(, /a6{ cfO{= n]leåf/f -s]bf//fh/fhf]kfWofosf] ;xof]udf_ Mesocosm Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal -as{n] M Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfno 5fkfvfgf, ;g\!((!_ sf] k[i7 $$ df pb\w[t . -Soflnkmf]lg{of l8lh6n k':tsfnosf] j]ak[i7 http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view

18 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg…d'n'sL P]gÚ lyof] . o;n] ;d]6]sf], cflwsfl/stf lbPsf] /;zQm agfPsf] ;+/rgf hftdf cfwfl/t lyof] . o; P]gn];dfg vfnsf ck/fwsf nflu klg a|fDx0fx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbfsd / blntx¿nfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;hfo tf]sL km/s–km/s;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . d'n'sL P]gdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]hftLo j0ff{>d g]kfndf ;'kl/lrt 5 . !@ o;n] rf/ j6f a[xb\;d"xx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M!_ tfufwf/L -æhg} nufpg]Æ jf ælåhj0f{Æ_ -a|fDx0f, /fhk't,h};L / If]qL_Ù@_ …gdfl;g]Ú -æbf; agfpg g;lsg]Æ – du/, u'?ª,;'g'jf/ / g]jf/ ;d'bfoleqsf s]xL hftx¿_ / …dfl;g]Ú-æbf; agfpg ;lsg]Æ – ef]6], r]kfª, s'dfn, xfo', yf?,3tL{_ u/L b'O{ j6f ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf dtjfnL-dfbskbfy{ ;]jg ug] {_Ù#_ kfgL grNg], 5f]Ol56f] xfNg' gkg]{ -d';ndfg, wf]aL,dw]zsf t]nL, s'n', s;fO{, Dn]If, s':n], r'bf/f !# _Ù$_ kfgL grNg], 5f]O l56f] xfNg'kg] { -;fsL{, bdfO{, sfdL,ufOg], ;'gf/, al8ef8, r'gf/f !$ , kf]8], x's] {, RofdvnM_ .d'n'sL P]gn] dw]zL t]nLnfO{ kfgL grNg] / pgLx¿;Fu cGohfltsf dflg;x¿ 5f]OPdf ;'gkfgL 5s]{/ z'4 x'g' gkg]{hftsf ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 t/ dw]zsf cGo blnthftaf/] eg] s]xL pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g . …c5'tÚ sf ¿kdflrgfOPsf !* hftdWo] ;a}eGbf tNnf] !) hft blnt x'g\ .o; leGgtfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k hftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5't /blntlj?4 e]befjnfO{ /fHosf] ;+/If0f k|fKt eof] eg] b}lgshLjgdf blntlj?4 hftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5't / e]befj kfngfug' { …dflyNnf hftÚsf dflg;x¿sf nflu clgjfo{ aGof] /blntx¿sf nflu lhpg] cj;/ Go"g x'g k'Uof] .d'n'sL P]gnfO{ @)!( ;fndf ;+zf]wg u/L hftdf cfwfl/t5'jf5't pGd"ng u/]sf] >]o /fhf dx]Gb|nfO{ lbOPsf] kfOG5 t/ofdaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ / rqmdfg ljZjsdf{sf cg';f/ pxfFn]5'jf5'tnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] …t6:y zAbx¿Úk|of]u ug' {ePsf]n] pxfFn] 5'jf5't pGd"ng ug' {ePsf] xf]Og . !%;d:of s] b]lvof] eg] P]gn] 5'jf5't pGd"ng ug]{ p2]Zo/fv]sf] eP klg o;n] ;fdflhs /Lltl/jfhdf x:tIf]k ug{ /f]snufPsf] lyof] – csf] { zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] blntnfO{ c5'tsf¿kdf cnu ug]{x¿ pQm sfg'gsf cfwf/df 5'jf5'tnfO{lg/Gt/tf lbg;Sg] eP . !^@)$^ ;fndf ePsf] hg–cfGbf]ngn] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqcGtu{t ax'bnLo Joj:yf :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofof] . pQmkl/jt{gn] blntnufot ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfosf d'2fx¿nfO{k|sfzdf Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofof] t/ ;du|tfdf eGg] xf] eg]@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf 5'jf5'tlj/f]wL k|fjwfgx¿ /x]klg ;LdfGtLs/0fsf] k|lqmof ;bfe}mF rln/Xof] . !& @)$^;fnsf] hg–cfGbf]ngkl5 blnt cfGbf]ngn] tLj|tf u|x0fu/] klg To;nfO{ cflbjf;L hgtfsf] cfGbf]ngn] 5fofFdfkf¥of] . @)%@ ;fnb]lv @)^@ ;fn;Dd ePsf] dfcf]jfbL;z:q cfGbf]ngn] dfcf]jfbLsf] k|efj /x]sf If]qx¿df hftdfcfwfl/t 5'jf5'tnfO{ 36fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofof] ./fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] Psnf}6L zf;gsf] cGTo tyf ;+ljwfg;ef/ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] lbzfdf cufl8 a9\g] /fhg}ltsbnx¿sf] k|ltj4tfkl5 @)^# ;fn df3 ! ut] cGtl/d;+ljwfg nfu" eof], To;kl5 klg blnt cfGbf]ng / blntsfd'2fx¿nfO{ @)^$ ;fnsf] dw]; cfGbf]ngn] 5fofFdfkfl/lbof] . @)^@÷)^# ;fnsf] hg–cfGbf]ngkl5 k'g:yf{lktk|ltlglw;efn] g]kfnnfO{ hftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5'td'Qmd'n'ssf ¿kdf 3f]lift u¥of] t/ jf:tljs Jojxf/df nfu"ug{ g;Sg'sf sf/0f ;f] 3f]if0ff gf/fdf dfq ;Lldt /Xof] .To:t}, u7gaGwg ;/sf/df /x]sf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ /cGo /fhg}lts bn, cGtl/d ;+;b\, cGtl/d ;/sf/ /;/sf/L jftf{6f]nLn] klg blntsf ;d:ofk|lt plrt WofglbPgg\ . blntsf ;d:ofnfO{ !@ a' Fb] ;Demf}tfb]lv cGtl/d;+ljwfg;Dd st} klg ;Daf]wg ul/Pg . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdfblntaf/] ;sf/fTds k|fjwfgx¿ 5g\ t/ kof{Kt eg] 5}gg\ .tL k|fjwfgaf/] o; k|sfzdf /flvPsf] Go"of]s{ ljZjljBfnosf]dfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkL Gofo s]Gb|sf] …hfgsf/LkqÚdfljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . !*!@ x]g' {xf];\, DofS8f]gfN8, cn]Shf08/ 8An'=, Essays on the Ethnology of Nepal and South Asia . -sf7df8f} F M /Tg k':ts e08f/, ;g\ !(*$_ df ;Ílnt n]v “Thehierarchy of the lower jat in the Muluki Ain”, k[i7 @*@ . / cª\u| ]hLdf k"0f{ ljj/0fsf nflu x]g' {xf];\, P08«f; xf]km/, The Caste Hierarchy and the State in Nepal:A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854 -sf7df8f} F M lxdfn a'S;, ;g\ !(&(, ;g\ @))$_ .!# r'8f/fn] r'/f}t] -r'/f agfpg]x¿_nfO{ hgfpF5 .!$ r'gf/f eGgfn] sf7sf efF8fs' F8f agfpg]x¿nfO{ a'emfpF5 .!% ;g\ @))& df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;+ljwfg ;'emfj ;xof]u PsfO{ -sf;'_sf] ;xof]udf blnt gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx¿åf/f sf7df8f} Fsf] uf]bfj/Ldfcfof]lht /fli6«o blnt ;Dd]ngsf qmddf .!^ ljljw k|fjwfg;DaGwL cWofo, a' Fbf !) . hf]g Xj]Nk6gsf cg';f/ gofF d'n'sL P]g nfu" ul/Psf] nuQ} o; cfwf/df k|x/Ln] blntx¿nfO{ kz'kltgfydf k|j]zlbPg / of] d'2f ;g\ @))! df dlGb/ k|j]z;DaGwL ;/sf/L 3f]if0ff gcfP;Dd ;dfwfg ePg – A History of Nepal -SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h ljZjljBfno 5fkfvfgf,;g\ @))%_, k[i7 !%& .!& wf/f !! -$_ .!* Gofosf] k'gM;+/rgf M g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf blnt clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff, o; k|sfzgsf] k[i7 #( x]g' {xf];\ .

]g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg19;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg P]gdf hghflt÷hftLo sf]6fsf nflus]xL k|fjwfg /flvPsf eP klg tL k|fjwfgn] ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTjsf ##% :yfgdf !# k|ltzteGbf sd :yfgdfqk|Tofe"lt u/]sf 5g\ . !( /fhg}lts bnx¿nfO{ pkb]z lbg]sfd dfq ul/of] t/ lgjf{rg If]qsf nflu pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6ubf{ ;dfj]zL x'g'kg{ ] cfjZostf l;h{gf ul/Pg . ;+ljwfg;eflgjf{rgsf qmddf k|ToIf lgjf{rgsf nflu bnx¿åf/fp7fOPsf tLg xhf/ !#! pDd]bjf/dWo] hDdf !&& hgfblnt ;d'bfosf lyP / tLdWo] @& hgf dlxnf lyP . %$j6f /fhg}lts bnx¿n] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf##% :yfgsf nflu hDdf 5 xhf/ pDd]bjf/ btf{ u/fPsflyP . tLdWo] ^*% -!!=$! Ü_ blnt lyP, To;df #&^dlxnf / #)( k'?if lyP . ;a}eGbf w]/} ;ª\Vofdf pDd]bjf/Llbg] !( j6f /fhg}lts bnx¿n] k|ToIf lgjf{rgsf nfluhDdf b'O{ xhf/ ^$$ pDd]bjf/ p7fPsf lyP / tLdWo]!)* hgf -$=)*Ü_ dfq blnt ;d'bfosf lyP . tL !(j6f bnn] ;dfg'kfltssf nflu btf{ u/fPsf hDdf rf/xhf/ () pDd]bjf/x¿dWo] $*( hgf -!@=!^Ü_ dfqblnt ;d'bfosf lyP . @) ;dfg'kfltstk{msf] kl/0ffdlt/ x]bf{lgjf{lrt ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;ª\VofdWo] $( hgf -*=%@Ü_jf ;dfg'kfltstk{msf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] *=!%Ü dfqblnt ;d'bfosf k/]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] ;ft hgf ef}uf]lnslgjf{rg If]qaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\ eg] afFsL /fhg}ltsbnsf ;"rLx¿af6 . To:t}, ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_åf/f dgf]gLtul/g] @^ :yfgdf !$ hgf dw]; If]qaf6 / afFsL kxf8LIf]qaf6 k/]sf 5g\ . tL @^ hgfdf Ps hgf klg blnt;d'bfoaf6 k/]gg\ . s'g} s'g} blnt ;d"xx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efdf;dfg'kfltsaf6 nluPsf blnt ;b:ox¿ ;Ifd JolQmTjePsfn] eGbf klg bnsf sfo{stf{ ePsf sf/0fn] nluPsf]xf] egL c;Gt'li6 hfx]/ u/]sf] kfOG5 -of] cf/f]k s;} s;}sf;Gbe{df eg] cGofok"0f{ ePsf]df zÍf 5}g_ . pgLx¿n] blnt/ blnt cfGbf]ngsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ] geO{ cfk"m ;+nUg /x]sf]/fhg}lts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjk|0ffnLaf6 uPsf lgs} sd ;b:ox¿ blnt ;d'bfosf;d:ofaf/] hfgsf/ 5g\ eg] bnk|ltsf] jkmfbf/L, bnLocg'zf;g / ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf k|of]u ul/g] bnsf] XjLkn]lgjf{lrt blntx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efdf pgLx¿;DaGwL cfjfhp7fpg /f]s nufpF5 . To;}n] blnt tyf u}/blnt lgjf{lrt/÷jf dgf]gLt ;+ljwfg;ef ;ef;b\x¿ cy{k"0f{ ¿kdfblntsf ;d:ofaf/] cfjfh p7fpg slQsf] ;Ifd xf]nfg\eGg] k|Zg l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . To:t}, blntx¿sf] jf:tljsk|ltlglwTj g} gePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef blnt ;Ë7gx¿, g]tfx¿,blnt ;Ë7gsf ;dy{sx¿ Pj+ blnt ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿;Fublntx¿sf ;d:ofaf/] k/fdz{ ug{sf nflu kof{Kt ;+oGq /k|lqmof;lxt cufl8 cfpg kof{Kt dfqfdf ;+j]bgzLn xf]nf /eGg] lrGtf klg csf{ ] dxTjk"0f{ ljifosf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 .v08–@ M sf] sf] blnt x'g\

20 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgsf/0f ;fdflhs, cfly{s, z}lIfs, /fhg}lts / wfld{s If]qdfk5fl8 kfl/Psf / dfgjf]lrt ;Ddfg / ;fdflhs Gofoaf6jl~rt ;d'bfox¿ -pQm ljw]ossf] kl/lzi6 ! df pNn]lvt_x'g\ . æ…hftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5'tÚ eGgfn] g]kfnL ;dfhdfc5't hft, 5f]Ol56f] xfNg'kg{ ], 5'g gx'g] hft egL e]befjug{ ] ul/Psf] ;d'bfo jf gofF d'n'sL P]g–@)@) df c5't hftegL ls6fg ul/Psf] ;d'bfonfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befjk"0f{b[li6n] ul/Psf] Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpF5Æ . o; klxrfgdfcfwfl/t /x]/ /fli6«o blnt cfof]un] tfTsflns ¿kdf @@j6f blnt hftx¿ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . tLdWo] kfFr blnt hftkxf8L If]qsf 5g\ eg] !& blnt hflt t/fO{sf 5g\ -;ldltsf];"rL;Fu eg] of] ldNb}g_ . ljZjsdf{, kl/of/, ;fsL{ h:tfkxf8L If]qsf s]xL blnt hftx¿sf / t/fO{sf rdf/ cflbsfw]/} gfdx¿ 5g\ eg] t/fO{sf d';x/, afFt/ h:tf s]xL blnthftsf Pp6} dfq gfd 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sfdL jfnf]xf/ jf ;'gf/ jf cf]8 jf r'gf/f jf kfsL{ jf 6d6fsf ¿kdfcfkm"nfO{ lrgfpg] blntx¿sf] ;femf gfd ca ljZjsdf{alg;s]sf] 5 . sltko blntx¿sf y/ afx'g, If]qL;Fu ldN5eg] s]xLsf y/ j}Zo / cflbaf;Lsf y/l;t ldNb5g\ .hft, pgLx¿sf pkhft, k/Dk/fut k]zfsf] k"0f{ ;"rL o;k|sfzgsf] cg';"rL ! df /flvPsf] 5 .g]jf/ blnt ;d'bfosf ;Gbe{df eg] Pp6f hl6ntf 5 – s';n],s'r], Rofd] / kf]8]sf ;+:yfsf g]tfx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ g]jf/sf¿kdf lrgfPsf 5g\ / To;}n] …/fli6«o blnt cfof]uÚn]pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] blnt ;"rLaf6 x6fPsf] 5 . @$blntx?leqsf] ljljwtfhftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5'tnufotsf Jojxf/sf] uxgtf tyfIf]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, n}lËs Pj+ ju{df cfwfl/te]befjsf :j¿ksf ¿kdf blntleq ljljwtfk"0f{ ;fdflhs;d"x 5g\ .!!!kxf8L blnt / dw]zL blntsf leGgfleGg} cg'ejx¿5g\ .s]xL If]q, lhNnf jf ufpFdf blntnfO{ u}/blntx¿n]hftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5'tk"0f{ Jojxf/ ub} {gg\ . pbfx/0fsfnflu, pRrkxf8L If]q tyf /fli6«o sfg'g Pj+ lxGb's/0f/ ;+:s[ts/0fsf] k|lqmofn] c;/ gkf/]sf ;d'bfox¿df5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/ cl:tTjdf 5}g .t/fO{ If]q h:tf hftdf cfwfl/t e]befjsf] c;/ k/]sf;d'bfox¿df ;tf/÷;Gyfn, emfFu8÷wfFu8 h:tf s]xLu}/blnt ;d'bfox¿nfO{ …c5'tÚ sf ¿kdf Jojxf/ul/G5 .blnt hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f@)%* ;fndf g]kfndf ul/Psf] hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍcg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vof @,@&,#^,(#$ /x]sf] 5 -pQm;ª\Vof xfn a9]/ @,^$,@&,#(( ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 @% _ .;f] hg;ª\Vofdf %!=!Ü dlxnf 5g\ . pQm hgu0fgfdf 5j6f blnt hftsf] tYofÍ pknAw 5}g . tYofÍ gx'g] blnthftx¿df ss}lxof, sn/, vl6s, sf]/L, kf;L / ;/eË÷;/jl/of/x]sf 5g\ . ;f] hgu0fgfsf] tYofÍ k"0f{tof oyfy{ 5}g, w]/}blntx¿n] cfˆgf hftLo klxrfg n'sfPsf 5g\ . …pkNnf]hftÚsf dflg;x¿af6 x]kfO ;xg'kg] { qf;, p:t} lsl;dsf y/sfsf/0f pTkGg e|d, cfˆgf] hftLo klxrfgaf/] blntx¿aLrr]tgfsf] cefj, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf k|fljlws ;ldltx¿,k|lzIfsx¿, ;'kl/j]Ifs / u0fs cflbdf blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjgx'g'sf sf/0f hgu0fgfsf a]nf sltko blntx¿af6 To;f]x'gk'u]sf] xf] . blnt u};; dxf;‹ tyf g]kfn /fli6«o blnt;dfh sNof0f ;‹nufotsf blntx¿sf ;+:yfx¿n] s]xL5flgPsf ufpFx¿df u/]sf :yfgLo ;j] {If0faf6 k|fKt tYofÍdfblntx¿sf] hg;ª\Vof tYofÍ ljefun] u/]sf] hgu0fgfsft'ngfdf a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . hgu0fgfaf6 k|fKt tYofÍdfblnt hg;ª\Vof s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] !#Ü jf !#=*Ü jf a9Ldf!$=((Ü 5, of] tYofÍ blnt g]tfx¿, ljåfgx¿sf] cg'dfgsf]t'ngfdf sd 5, cyf{t\ blnt hg;ª\Vof s' 'n hg;ª\Vofsf]@)Ü b]lv @%Ü ;Dd /x]sf] 5 . @^@$ /fh]Gb| k|wfg / cfef >]i7n] o;/L l6Kk0fL ug' {ePsf] 5 , æs]xL g]jf/ blnt hftx¿ cfkm"nfO{ blnt egfpg ?rfpFb}gg\Æ, x]g' {xf];\, Ethnic and Caste Diversity:Implications for Development -sfo{kq ;ª\Vof $_ -Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Í, ;g\ @))%_, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/NRM/wp4.pdf, k[i7 #, xs{u'?ªsf] Social Demography of Nepal: Census 2001 -sf7df8f} F M lxdfn a'S;, ;g\ @))#_ af6 p4[t . of] klg x]g' {xf];\, æxfn}sf jif{x¿df sltko tyfslyt\ g]jf/;d'bfosf blnt ;d"xx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;"lrs[t ul/Psf]df lj/f]w hgfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] jf:tjd} l;Ëf] ;/f]sf/ ;d"xsf] efjgfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ jfub{ }gg\ eGg]af/] ;d:of 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, o;df Ps lsl;dsf] hftLo låljwf hf]l8Psf] 5 – cfkm"nfO{ blnt egfpg dg gk/fPdf pgnfO{ blnt eGg] clwsf/s;}nfO{ x'G5

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg21tflnsf ! M hfthflt / n}lËs hg;ª\Vofqm=;= hfthflt k'?if dlxnf hDdf k|ltzts g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof !,!#,%(,#&* !,!#,&&,%%^ @,@&,#^,(#$ !))c k|e'TjzfnL kxf8L hft #$,^$,@&# #%,%*,($& &),@#,@@) #)=*(cf cflbjf;L hghflt $),(),*#( $!,*!,!#^ *@,&!,(&% #^=#!O dw];L …pRr hftÚ !$,&%,**$ !#,@^,#)# @*,)@,!*& !@=#)O{ d';ndfg %,)$,#@% $,&!,^@$ (,&%,($( $=@(p cGo !,#$,&^& !,#),(%$ @,^%,&@! !=!^pm klxrfg gePsf hfthflt !,!^,%^( !,!%,)&@ @,#!,^$! !=)@P blnt !#,%^,^#$ !#,(#,$(# @&,%!,(&% !$=((kxf8L blnt! sfdL $,#@,(#& $,^#,)!& *,(%,(%$ #=($!=! ;f]gf/ &@,##! &@,&%& !,$%,)** )=^$!=@ nf]xf/ $@,@&) $),#^& *@,^#& )=#^@ bdfO{÷9f]nL !,**,#@( @,)!,(&^ #,(),#)% !=&@# ;fsL{ !,%#,^*! !,^%,#)* #,!*,(*( !=$)$ ufOg] @,*%& #,)#) %,**& )=)#% afbL @,!%@ @,@() $,$$@ )=)@hDdf *($%%& ($*&$% !*$##)@ &=!!dw];L blnt^ rdf/÷xl/hg÷/fd !,#*,*&* !,#),&*# @,^(,^^! !=!(& d';x/ **,)$! *$,#(# !,&@,$#$ )=&^* b';fw÷kf;jfg÷kf;L* *@,!&# &^,#%@ !,%*,%@% )=&)( tTdf #(,^)^ #^,()^ &^,%!@ )=#$!) vTa] #*,^$# #%,#@( &$,(&@ )=##!! wf]aL #*,#%) #%,)^# &#,$!# )=#@!@ afFt/ !*,!#( !&,&)) #%,*#( )=!^!# lrl8df/ ^,%!^ %,&*) !@,@(^ )=)%!$ 8f]d $,^#! $,#)) *,(#! )=)$!% d]:t/÷xnvf]/ !,*$* !,&&# #,^@! )=)@!^ s';jfl8of÷kTy/s§f# @*^ @^^ %%@ )=))!& sslxof cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw!* sn/@ cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw!( vl6s cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw@) sf]/L cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw@! kf;L* cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw@@ ;/eË÷;/jl/of@ cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAwhDdf #,&&,)!$ #,%^,$!) &,#%,@&@ #=@$klxrfg gePsf blnt *%,)^# **,##* !,&#,$)! )=&^;|f]t M @)%^ ;fnsf] hgu0fgf, tflnsf !^ M hfthflt / n}lËs hg;ª\Vof -s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu ;g\ @))@ M &@–#_l6Kk0fL M* hgu0fgfsf] tYofÍdf kf;Lsf] tYofÍ 5'§} pNn]v gu/L b';fw / kf;jfgsf] hg;ª\Vofdf ld;fOPsf] 5 t/ /fli6«o blnt cfof]un] kf;LnfO{ 5'§} blnt hftsf ¿kdfklxrfg u/]sf] 5 .# s'zjfl8ofnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf %( j6f cflbjf;L hghfltsf] ;"rLdf ;"lrs[t u/]sf] 5 .@ sn/, ;/eË / ;/jl/of Pp6} hftLo ;d'bfo x'g\ .

22 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgljZjsdf{x¿, ljz]if u/L sfdL, bdfO{÷9f]nL / ;fsL{ ;d'bfog]kfnsf ;a} &% lhNnfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf kfOG5g\ -tflnsf g+=@_ . cGo dw]zL blnt hfteGbf leGg wf]aLx¿ ^$ lhNnfdfa;f]af; ub{ } cfPsf 5g\ . afFt/, d]:t/÷xnvf]/ / lrl8df/hftsf] hg;ª\Vof lgs} sd lj:tfl/t 5 . oL ;d'bfox¿@$÷@% b]lv @* lhNnfdf dfq kfOG5g\ .tn lbOPsf] gS;fdf hftsf] pNn]v gul/sg} ljleGg lhNnfdfljBdfg\ blnt hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f b]vfOPsf] 5 .cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] sfg'gL kl/efiff / klxrfg 5 t/To:tf] kl/efiff / klxrfg blntsf] 5}g . /fli6«o blnt cfof]un]o; s'/fnfO{ lgodg ug] { sfg'g ;+;b\÷Joj:yflksfåf/f kfl/tu/fpg eg] slxNo} ;s]sf] 5}g . ;a}nfO{ ldNg] lsl;dsf]hft÷hghftLo / eflifs ;j]{If0f gul/P;Dd g]kfndfslt hft, hghflt / eflifs ;d"xx¿ 5g\ eGg] s'/flglZrt ¿kdf atfpg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . blntsf] :ki6kl/efiff Pj+ klxrfgljgf blntx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdfnf]stGq / ljsf; Pj+ clwsf/ / ;]jf pknAw u/fpg sl7gx'g]5 . o;df s]xL sl7gfOx¿ sfod} 5g\ . @)%* ;fnsf]hgu0fgfn] hg;ª\Vofdf blntx¿sf] cg'kftnfO{ pNn]Vo¿kdf sd cfFs]sf] u'gf;f] blntx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ . oBlko;f] x'g'sf] Pp6f sf/0f blntx¿sf] klxrfgsf] cefj klgxf] . cfkm" d'Qm x'g vf]lh/x]sf] ;d"xsf] x' F eg]/ cfˆgf] kl/rolbg jf csf{ ] s'g} gfd k|of]u u/]/ cfkm"n] c:jLsf/ ul//x]sf]klxrfgnfO{ g} cfˆgf] kl/rosf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ s'g}gful/snfO{ afWo kfg{ ;lsG5 < zx/df o;f] ug{ ;Dej xf]nft/ ufpFdf ;lsFb}g . hftLo ljljwtfo'Qm hg;ª\Vof ePsfsltko d'n'ssf hgtfn] of] s'/f;Fu ;‹if{ u/]sf 5g\ – of]hgflgdf{0f ug] { p2]Zosf nflu oyfy{ tYofÍsf] cfjZostfeGbfhgu0fgfsf a]nf jf kmf/dx¿df dflg;x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf]klxrfg s] xf] egL ;f]Wg k|of]u ul/g] ljeflht klxrfgx¿dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ / < @& ldl>t k'vf{ ePsf dflg;sf -s;} s;}n]efjL k':tfsf ¿kdf lnPsf]_ ;Gbe{df s] x'G5 t

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg23tflnsf @ M blnt hg;ª\Vofsf] ;3gtfsf cfwf/dflhNnfx?sf] ;ª\Vofblnt hftPs ;o jf;f]eGbf dflyhg;ª\VofePsflhNnfx¿sf];ª\Vofgu0o -(( jf;f]eGbf sd_hg;ª\VofePsflhNnfx¿sf];ª\Vofv08 # M sl7gfO / ckx]ngfhg;ª\Vofz"Go ePsflhNnfx¿sf];ª\Vofkxf8L blntljZjsdf{sfdL &% ) );f]gf/ %& !% #nf]xf/ #( @( !&bdfO÷9f]nL &# @ );fsL{ &! $ )ufOg] !( #& !(afbL * %! !^dw]zL blntrdf/÷xl/hg÷/fd @! #$ @)d';x/ !& @$ #$b';fw÷kf;jfg÷kf;L !* @^ #!tTdf !% @& ##vTj] ( @$ $%wf]aL !( $$ !@afFt/ ^ !* %!lrl8df/ ( !( $%8f]d !! !( $%d]:t/÷xnvf]/ * !& %)s'zjfl8of÷kTy/s§f @ & ^^sslxof cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAwsn/ cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAwvl6s cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAwsf]/L cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAwk;L cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAw;|f]t M @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf/fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f g]kfnnfO{ …rf/ hft 5QL; j0f{sf]k"mnaf/LÚsf ¿kdf lrlqt ul/P klg blntnufotsf ;a} hfttyf hftLo ;d'bfo …pkNnf hfltÚaf6 ztfAbLof} Fb]lv x]lkPsf5g\, cnUofOPsf 5g\, ;LdfGtLs[t ePsf 5g\, jl~rt ul/Psf5g\, zf]if0fdf kfl/Psf 5g\ / cwLgdf kfl/Psf 5g\ . ljutdfhftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5't / cGo k|sf/sf e]befjnfO{ sfg'gn]g} ;dy{g lbOPsf] lyof] . oL lje]b eg]sf] logLx¿nfO{ sfg'gLk|fjwfgeGbf leGg} lsl;daf6 cEof;df NofO/x]sf …pkNnf]hftÚsf dflg;x¿sf] k|j[lQsf] Pp6f pkh ePsf sf/0f sfg'gLk|fjwfgx¿ cl:tTjdf ljBdfg eP klg jf geP klg o:tflje]b sfod} 5g\ . hftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5't dfgjflwsf/pNn‹gsf] ;a}eGbf g/fd|f] :j¿k xf] . g]kfnL ;dfhdfblntx¿sf] :yfg / e"ldsf ljiffbk"0f{ / ckx]lnt 5 . 5'jf5't/ cGo lje]bsf sf/0f cfˆg} ;d'bfo jf ;dfhdf klg blntx¿k|ltli7t hLjg afFRg kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ . g]kfndf ;a}eGbf tNnf]txsf] hgfj/sf ¿kdf dflgg] s's'/nfO{ c5't dflgFb}g t/blntx¿nfO{ c5'tsf ¿kdf Jojxf/ ul/G5 .o;}u/L, pkNnf] hftsf blntx¿n] …tNnf] hftÚsf blntx¿nfO{u}/blntn] ug] { Jojxf/ ub{5g\ . of] s'/f cToGt} hl6n 5 .blnt hfltx¿sf] >]0fL ljefhgdf sfdL ;a}eGbf …pkNnf]hftÚ dflgG5 / cGo blnt hfltn] sfdLnfO{ c5'tsf ¿kdfJojxf/ ub} {gg\ . blnt hfltaLrsf] cfGtl/s >]0fL ljefhgdf8f]dnfO{ ;a}eGbf tNnf] >]0fLsf] dflgG5 . To;}n] pgLx¿s;}nfO{ klg 5'jf5't ub{ }gg\ . aLrdf kg{ ] blntx¿n] cfGtl/s>]0fL ljefhgdf cfk"meGbf tNnf] blntnfO{ c5'tsf] Jojxf/ub{5g\ eg] pgLx¿eGbf dflyNnf] ju{n] pgLx¿nfO{ c5'tsf]Jojxf/ ub{5g\ .blntx¿ klg cGo dfgj;/x k|lti7fdf afFRg rfxG5g\,k|ltli7t hLjg afFRg rfxG5g\ -cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!@ n] ;a}sf nflu k|ltj4tf JoQm u/] cg';f/_ t/ oyfy{dfpgLx¿ b}lgs ¿kdf …pkNnf] hftÚsf dflg;af6 ckx]lnteO/x]sf x'G5g\ . blntx¿k|lt x'g] u/]sf ljleGg k|sf/sflje]baf/] s]xL lj:t[t rrf{ ug{ ]5f} F . …blntÚ ePs} sf/0f s]xLJolQmn] ef]Ug'k/]sf b'Mvb\ syfx¿ kl/lzi6 @ df ;dfj]zul/Psf] 5 .;fdflhs sl7gfOhftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5'tnufotsf e]befjg]kfndf hftdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5'tnufotsf e]befjaf/] PS;gP8 g]kfnsf nflu s[i0faxfb'/ e§rg / cGoåf/f g]kfnsfrf/ j6f zx/L / rf/ j6f u|fdL0f u/L cf7 j6f gd'gfIf]qdf ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] 5'jf5't;d]t @)% k|sf/sfhftdf cfwfl/t e]befjx¿ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . @* o:tfk|rngdf blntx¿nfO{ …pkNnf] hftÚsf] 3/, dlGb/, xf]6nPj+ /]i6'/]06, lrof k;n, sfo{:yn, vfB ;fdu|L sf/vfgf,b"w k|zf]wg :yn, b"w ;Íng s]Gb| cflb :yfgdf k|j]z ug{glbg] klg kb{5g\ . u}/blntx¿n] b"w, :jf:Yo, shf{, tflnd,wd{, vfB tyf k]o;DaGwL ;]jf blntx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg@* e§rg, s[i0faxfb'/ / cGo, Existing Practices of Caste-based Untouchability in Nepal and Strategy for a Campaign for Its Elimination, -sf7df8f} F, PSzg P8,g]kfn, ;g\ @))#_, k[i7 ( .

24 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgdfGb}gg\ . …pkNnf] hftÚsf dflg;x¿ blntx¿nfO{ s'jf, wf/f,;fd'bflos jg, d;fg3f6 cflb h:tf ;fj{hlgs :yfgdfk|j]z ug{af6 klg /f]s nufpF5g\ . …pkNnf] hftÚsf dflg;blntx¿;Fu cGt/hftLo ljjfxnufotsf gftf hf]8\g /cGo ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ c:jLsf/ ub{5g\ . To:t}, blntx¿ef]het]/, kj{, hGtL tyf dnfdLsf qmddf klg hftdfcfwfl/t 5'jf5't ef]Ug afWo 5g\ .blnt ;d'bfosf dlxnf laxfg} glhs} /x]sf] kfgLsf] ;|f]tdfkfgL eg{ hfG5g\ t/ …pkNnf] hftÚn] kfgL eg{] 7fpFdfpgLx¿nfO{ 5'g lbOFb}g jf …pkNnf] hftÚsf dflg;n] kfgLe/L g;Sbf;Dd kfnf] kv] {/ a:g'k5{ jf …pkNnf] hftÚn] k|of]ugug{] 5'§} wf/f] jf s'jf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . …pkNnf] hftÚsfdflg;n] e/]sf] kfgL sbflrt\ blntn] 5f]Pdf 5'g]nfO{ g/fd|/LufnLunf}h ul/G5 jf zf/Ll/s cfqmd0f g} ul/G5 . …pkNnf]hftÚsf dflg; pgLx¿sf 3/leq k:b}gg\ / …pkNnf] hftÚsf]3/df blntx¿ k:g kfpFb}gg\ . …tNnf] hftÚ / …pkNnf] hftÚsfdflg; ;Fu} a;]/ vfgf vfFb}gg\ . lj8Dagf t s] 5 eg] …pkNnf]hftÚsf dflg;n] cfˆgf] 3/ agfpg …tNnf] hftÚsf dflg;nfO{>d tyf cGo sfdsf nflu Hofnfdf nufpF5g\ / 3/ agfpg]sfd ;lsPkl5 3/k} Frf] k"hf ul/G5 / To;kl5 pg} blntnfO{9f]sfleq k:g lbOFb}g . blnt / u}/blntaLr tyf …pkNnf]hftÚsf] blnt / tNnf] hftsf] blntaLr ljjfx ePdf ljjfxug]{x¿nfO{ cnUofOG5 jf pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs alxisf/ul/G5 . sltko blntx¿ pgLx¿sf …pkNnf] hftÚsf dflnsjf hldGbf/sf nflu s[lif >lds, ;fsL{, sfdL, ;"rLsf/ jfuGwj{sf ¿kdf sfd ub{5g\ t/ pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] >dsf] Hofnfjf kfl/>ldssf] ;Qfdf afnL sf6\g] ;dodf s]xL cGg kfpg]ub{5g\ . blntx¿n] cfˆgf] ;xL hftLo klxrfg gn'sfPdfzx/ ahf/df 8]/f klg kfpFb}gg\ . blntx¿nfO{ /fhg}ltsbnsf] g]t[Tj txdf efu lng;d]t lbOFb}g .hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ;ldltåf/f @)^) ;fn kmfu'gdfk|sfzdf NofOPsf] lgisif{df blnt;DaGwL tLgj6fdxTjk"0f{ lgisif{ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . lgisif{df pNn]v ul/Psf]5 – æj0ff{>ddf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf] pRrtd:t/nfO{ b[Zo ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug{ ] jf:tljs hftLo lje]b /b08xLgtfsf] ;+:sf/k|lt ;ldlt uxg ¿kdf lrlGtt ePsf]5 . ljz]if u/L, blntx¿sf nflu 5'§} a;f]af; If]qx¿ /x]sf],cGt/hftLo ljjfx ug]{ hf]8Lx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs alxisf/ug{ ] ul/Psf], lglZrt k|sf/sf /f]huf/Ldf aGb]h nufOPsf],;fj{hlgs :yn, wfld{s :yn, vfB Pj+ k]osf ;fj{hlgs;|f]tdf kx'Fraf6 jl~rt ul/g'sf ;fy} blntx¿sf nflu5'§} s'jf jf wf/fsf] lgdf{0fdf ;fj{hlgs sf]if vr{ ul/Psf]h:tf ljleGg hfgsf/Lx¿af6 ;ldlt lrlGtt /x]sf] 5 .Æ @(csf{ ] lgisif{ sfg'gsf] ck|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt5 – æsfg'g nfu" ug] { clwsf/L, ljz]if u/L k|x/Laf6 blntx¿tyf ;dfhsf cGo sdhf]/ ;d"xx¿k|lt g/fd|f Jojxf/x¿ug{ ] ul/Psf], pgLx¿nfO{ lbg] ul/Psf] ;+/If0f ck|efjsf/L/x]sf] tyf pgLx¿k|lt e]befj ug{ ] ul/Psf] cleof]uk|lt ;ldltlrlGtt /x]sf] 5 . lje]bsf/L k|j[lQ tyf Jojxf/lj?4 sbdrfNg tTsfn} / lgikIf 5fgljg ug' {kg] { s'/fdf ;ldlt hf]8lbG5 .Æz}lIfs sl7gfOblnt tyf lzIff;DaGwL ljz]if1 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnfn]blntlj?4 z}lIfs e]befjsf s'/fnfO{ o;/L juL{s[t ug' {ePsf]5 M #) -s_ k|ToIf e]befjsf sf/0f blnt ljBfyL{x¿n]k9fO k"/f gu/L 5f]8\g] b/ pRrÙ -v_ ljBfnox¿dfblnt ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{sf nflu z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿dfplrt kx'Fr gePsf] ;+/rgfut e]befjÙ -u_ hftLoe]befjdf ;+nUg lzIfs, ;xkf7Lx¿, ljBfno Joj:yfkg;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ / cleefjsx¿lj?4 cfjZos sf/jfxLgug{] ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 df}g e]befjÙ -3_lzIfsx¿af6 cWofkgsf qmddf blntx¿nfO{ xf]Rofpg]vfnsf zAbx¿sf] k|of]unufotsf lzIf0fLo lje]b tyfblntx¿sf] k]zf, ;+:s[lt / pgLx¿sf] ;Lk cflbsf] ;/fxgfug{df c;kmntf .ul/aLsf sf/0f blnt ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf ljBfno hfgjf k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ljBfnodf hfg]blnt ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ …pkNnf] hftÚsf ljBfyL{x¿Pj+ lzIfsx¿n] ljz]if u/L sIff sf]7fdf c5'tsf ¿kdf x]Kg]ul/G5 . ;/sf/åf/f lbpF;f] vfhfsf ¿kdf …xn'jfÚ ljt/0ful/g] ljBfnodf blnt tyf u}/blnt ljBfyL{x¿ cnu cnua:g] ub{5g\ ./fli6«o hgu0fgf–@)$* df blntx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ !&Ü lyof]eg] @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf ;f] b/ bf]Aa/ eP/ ##=**Ük'u]sf] 5 . of] b/ /fli6«o ;fIf/tf b/ %#=&Ü sf] t'ngfdf eg]@( dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ( cGtu{t ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] k|:t't u/]sf k|ltj]bgx¿dflysf] ljrf/ . hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ;ldltsf] clGtd ko{j]If0f, hftLo lje]bpGd"ng;DaGwL g]kfn ;ldlt, ^$cf} F a}7s, @)^) ;fn kmfu'g !@ – @( . hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ;ldlt÷;L÷^$÷;Lcf]÷%, @)^! ;fn j}zfv !^, cg'R5]b !@ .OG6«fg]6 http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/country/nepal2004.html df pknAw 5 .#) e§rg, s[i0faxfb'/, t]h ;'gf/ / ozf]sflGt e§rg -uf}rg_åf/f p4[t, Caste based Discrimination in Nepal -;g\ @))&_ -g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f;‹ / blnt u};; dxf;‹sf] ;xof]udf blnt cWoog;DaGwL ef/tLo ;+:yf – cfO{cfO{8LP;, lbNnL, cGt//fli6«o blnt P]Soa4tf ;~hfn – cfO{8LP;Pg,sf]k]gx]ugsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] clGtd d;f}bf k|ltj]bg_ .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg25cToGt} Go"g 5 . o;}u/L afx'g / If]qLsf] ;fIf/tf b/ qmdzM&%Ü / *@Ü /x]sf] t'ngfdf t pQm b/ w]/} g} sd 5 .tflnsf # M hfthfltsf] ;fIf/tf b/ / lzIffhfthflt ;fIf/tf b/-^ jif{eGbfdfly_k|j]lzsf-P;Pn;L_ /;f]eGbf dfly:gfts /;f]eGbf dflyg]kfn %#=& !&=^ #=$a|fDx0f÷If]qL ^&=% @$=& %=$t/fO{ $!=& !^=& @=&blnt ##=* #=* )=$hghftLo ;d"xx¿ %#=^ !@=( @=)wfld{s cNk;ª\Vos #$=% (=) !=^;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu -;g\ @))$_, g]kfn hLjgofkg :t/ ;j{ ]If0f – bf];|f]Ùn}lËs tyf ;fdflhs alxis/0f d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg, ;g\ @))%tflnsf ;ª\Vof # df hft÷hghfltsf] ;fIf/tf b/ k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 . t/fO{sf blntx¿sf] t'ngfdf kxf8L If]qsfblntx¿sf] ;fIf/tf b/ cToGt} /fd|f] 5, kxf8L blntx¿dWo]$!=(Ü ;fIf/ 5g\ eg] t/fO{sf blntdWo] @!=!Ü ;fIf/5g\ . dw]zL blntx¿dWo] d';x/sf] ;fIf/tf b/ g]kfnd};a}eGbf sd cyf{t\ ^=(Ü 5 . ;du| blnt hftLo ;d"xnfO{b[li6ut ug{] xf] eg] aflnsf tyf dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/k'?ifx¿sf] eGbf sd 5 . ljBfno lzIffdf t/fO{sf ;Dk"0f{blnt ;d"xnfO{ x]bf{ s]6fx¿n] lglZrt tx;Dd cWoog k"/fug] { ;Defjgf s]6Lx¿sf] t'ngfdf bf]Aa/eGbf klg a9L b]lvG5 .;/sf/n] blntx¿nfO{ nlIft u/]/ s]xL cfjZos -t/ ckof{Kt_sfo{qmdx¿ nfu" ubf{ klg o:tf] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . lzIffsf] txa9\b} hfFbf blnt ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof 36\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .k|j]lzsf -P;Pn;L_ jf To;eGbf dflyNnf] tx kf; ug] { blntljBfyL{sf] cg'kft /fli6«o cf};t cyf{t\ !&=^Ü sf] t'ngfdflgs} sd cyf{t\ #=*Ü 5 . /fli6«o :t/df :gfts jf ;f]eGbfdflysf] lzIff xfl;n ug] { JolQm #=$Ü 5g\ eg] blntx¿aLrof] :t/sf] lzIff xfl;n ug{ ] )=$Ü 5 . o;dWo] tTdf !=^Ü 5g\eg] wf]aL !=*Ü 5g\ t/ afbL, rdf/ / xNvf]/ ;d"xdf s;}n]klg of] :t/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf] 5}g .tflnsf $ df blntx¿sf] hft / lnËsf cfwf/df lj:t[thfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 .tflnsf $ M blntsf] hfthflt / n}lËs z}lIfs k|ltzt^ jif{ / ;f]eGbf :gfts /blntsf]dflysf] ljBfno lzIff ;f]eGbf dflyhfthfltk'?if dlxnf b'j} k'?if dlxnf b'j}blnt $#=& @$=@ ##=* )=% )=& )=*kxf8L blnt %@=( #!=$ $!=( )=% )=$ )=%!= sfdL %#=! #!=$ $!=* )=% )=! )=$@= bdfO{ %%=) #%=) $$=^ )=$ )=! )=##= ;fsL{ $(=( @*=* #*=( )=# )=! )=@$= afbL $&=! #@=) #(=@ ) ) )%= ufOg] ^@=# #@=! $&=% ) !=! )=%t/fO{ blnt #)=! !!=% @!=! )=& )=# )=^!= rdf/ @&=( (=) !*=( ) ) )@= d';x/ (=* #=* ^=( )=# )=# )=##= b';fw @*=% *=^ !(=! ) ) )=@$= tTdf ##=) !)=@ @@=@ @ ) !=^%= vTj] @^=$ &=@ !&=@ )=^ ) )=%^= afFt/ #%=( !)=@ @#=$ )=@ ) )&= 8f]d !$=( %=@ !)=# ) ) )*= lrl8df/ #$=) !$=( @%=! )=@ )=^ )=#(= wf]aL $^=% !(=! ##=^ @=! )=( !=*!)= xnvf]/ #*=! @!=& #)=! ) ) )!!= klxrfggePsf blntx¿$&=^ @#=( #%=% )=& )=@ )=^;|f]t M o'lg;]km blIf0f Pl;of If]qLo sfof{noaf6 k|sflzt ;'zg cfrfo{ -;g\@))&_ sf] Social Inclusion: Gender and Equity in Educational SWAPs inSouth Asia Nepal Case Study af6 p4[t .cfly{s sl7gfO…blntx¿Úsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf d'\VotM k]zf jf >dljefhgdf cfwfl/t 5 . pgLx¿sf k/Dk/fut k]zf zf/Ll/s>do'Qm / ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0faf6 tNnf] :t/sf] ePsf]n]pgLx¿ k|To]s lbg cfly{s sl7gfO ;fdgf ub{5g\ .u}/blntx¿n] blntx¿sf sk8f l;pg], h'Qf agfpg],kmnfdsf cf}hf/ / efF8f agfpg] k]zfnfO{ lgDg txsf]dfGg] ub{5g\ . u}/blntn] sk8f l;nfpg] k]zf u/]dfTo;nfO{ …ufd]{G6 pBf]uÚsf] ¿kdf, h'Qf l;nfpg] k]zfu/] …h'Qf pTkfbsÚsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . To:tf] k]zfug]{ u}/blntnfO{ c5't Jojxf/ ul/Fb}g . blntsf] >d /pTkfbgnfO{ u|fdL0f Pj+ zx/L If]qdf tNnf] :t/sf] dflgG5/ u}/blntx¿ To;sf nflu Go"g e'QmfgL ub{5g\ .

26 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgaFw'jf >dlji6 #! , afnL3/]#@ , xlnof ## , vlnof #$ , 8f]nL #% , l;gf]vfg]÷ˆofFSg]#^ h:tf e]befjk"0f{ >d k|rngx¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf,ljz]if u/L t/fO{ If]q / dWo Pj+ ;'b"/klZrdL kxf8L If]qdfJofks ¿kdf kfOG5 . /j6{;g\ / ld>n] pNn]v ug' {ePsf]5 – æxlnofsf ¿kdf hldg hf]Tg] sfd c5't hft jf lgDg;fdflhs :t/ ePsf hfltn] dfq ug{ x'g] zlQmzfnL k|yf5 .Æ #& v]tLsf] sfd lgs} ePsf] ;dodf …pkNnf] hftÚsfhldGbf/x¿n] blnt >ldsx¿af6 l;Q}df >d u/fpg cfˆgfaFw'jf C0fLx¿nfO{ k|of]u ub{5g\ . xlnofh:tf aFw'jf >dn]lg/Gt/tf kfO/xg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f ;fdGtjfb, C0fu|:ttf,e"ldxLgtf, C0fdf cfwfl/t v]tL dhb'/L, e]befj / e"ld;wf/sfo{qmdsf] c;kmntf x'g\ . #* /j6{;g\ / ld>sf cg';f/ tLk|rng bf;Tj, bf; Jofkf/, bf;Tj;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf Joj:yfPj+ Jojxf/ pGd"ng;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo dxf;lGw -;g\!(%^_ sf] pNn‹g xf] . g]kfn pQm dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6«xf] . @))$ ;fndf tof/ ul/P klg nfu" x'g g;s]sf] Pp6f;+ljwfg afx]s g]kfnsf cGo ;a} ;+ljwfgnfO{ tL k|rngx¿n]7f8f] pNn‹g ub{5g\ .agfpg] sfd ub{ } cfPsf, /fd|f] lzIff, k]zf jf /f]huf/L kfPsfs]xL blntx¿ ckjfb x'g ;Sb5g\_ . …g]kfn blIf0f Pl;of s]Gb|-g];fs_n] ;g\ !((* df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd-o"Pg8LkL_ sf] ;xof]udf g]kfnsf ljleGg hft tyf hghftLo;d"xx¿sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ klxnf]k6s tof/ u/]sf]lyof] . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍdf ;a}eGbf dfly a|fXd0f -)=$$!_/ ;a}eGbf tn blntx¿ -)=@#(_ b]lvPsf lyP . /fli6«o dfgjljsf; ;"rsfÍ / blnt dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍsf] cg'kft !M)=&/x]sf] lyof] eg] g]jf/sf] cg'kft !M!=$ / a|fDx0fsf] !M!=$ 5 .k|lt JolQm cfo g]jf/sf] ;a}eGbf a9L -cd]l/sL 8n/ !,*$*_ /To;kl5 a|fDx0fsf] -cd]l/sL 8n/ !,%##_ 5 . blntx¿sf] k|ltJolQm cfo ;a}eGbf sd &^$ cd]l/sL 8n/ 5 . dfgj ljsf;;"rsfÍdf blntx¿ ;a} ;"rsdf ;a}eGbf tn b]lvG5g\ . $!;g\ !((^ df $@=^Ü g]kfnLx¿ ;fdfGotof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lglyP eg] ^*Ü sfdL, ^&Ü bdfO{, ^^Ü ;fsL{ ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg/x]sf lyP . ;g\ @))#÷))$ df ul/Psf] g]kfn hLjg:t/;j] {If0fsf] kl/0ffd cg';f/ t/fO{sf blntx¿aLr ;a}eGbf w]/}ul/aL -$(=@Ü_ ljBdfg lyof] eg] kxf8L blntx¿sf] ul/aL$$=(Ü lyof] . $@To;} sf/0f blntx¿n] …blntx¿ tyf pgLx¿sf] k]zfk|lt Gofoug] { tyf :jfledfgsf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] vfnsf] >d Joj:yfsf]:yfkgfÚ #( tyf …tL ;fdflhs ljs[lt pGd"ng ug{ ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdfzlQmzfnL cfof]usf] u7gÚ $) / blntdfly yf]kl/Psf] duGt]aGg'kg{ ] afWotfsf] cGTo dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ .ul/aL / cfly{s clwsf/s'g} klg dfkb08af6 x]/] klg ax';ª\Vos blntx¿ ul/adWo]klg ;a}eGbf ul/a ju{df kb{5g\ -k/Dk/fut ¿kdf uxgfe"ldxLgtfljutdf g]kfn ;fdGtL Joj:yf ePsf] d'n's lyof] . oxfFe"ld / zlQmaLr cToGt} alnof] ;DaGw lyof] . xfn o;nfO{cw{;fdGtL d'n'ssf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . oxfFsf] e"ldnfO{ k|d'vk' FhLut ;DklQdWo] Pssf ¿kdf lnOG5 . w]/} e"ld ePsfx¿wgL dflgG5g\ / s]xLn] o;}af6 hLljsf rnfpF5g\ . e"ldxLgx¿eg] ;fdfGotof xl/sËfn x'G5g\ . l;FrfO x'g] / z'is e"ldb'j}sf] :jfldTj x'g]x¿df ;a}eGbf a9L ;ª\Vof …pkNnf] hftÚsfdflg;sf] 5 -%=^# /f]kgL l;FrfO x'g] / ^=^$ /f]kgL z'is#! lji6 eg]sf] ;fd'bflos :t/df …pkNnf] hftÚsf dflg;x¿ tyf blntx¿aLrsf] k|>obftf–cfl>t ;DaGwsf] Ps :j¿k xf] . …pRr hftÚsf] kl/jf/åf/f blntkl/jf/nfO{ pgLx¿sf] lji6sf ¿kdf cf>o k|bfg ul/G5 . o;sf] cy{ blnt …cfl>tÚn] pgLx¿sf …cf>obftfÚsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] k]zfut sfdug' {kb{5 . …cfl>tÚn] pgLx¿n] u/]sf] ;]jfafkt\ clwsf+z ¿kdf afnL / slxn]sfxLF gub kfl/>lds kfpFb5g\ .#@ afln3/] eg]sf] anft\ >dsf] Ps :j¿k xf] . o; k|rngdf blntx¿n] pgLx¿sf] …pkNnf] hftÚsf dflnsx¿nfO{ k]zfut ;]jf pknAw u/fpF5g\ / To;sf]abnfdf pgLx¿n] …kfl/>ldsÚsf ¿kdf afnL sf6\g] ;dodf cGgafnL kfpFb5g\ .## xlnof eg]sf] anft\ >dsf] Ps :j¿k xf] . o; k|yfdf …pRr hftÚsf dflg;x¿n] s[lif >ldssf ¿kdf blntx¿nfO{ sfddf nufpF5g\ / jif{ }el/ pgLx¿nfO{vfgf, n'uf / af;sf ;fy} cfjZostf cg';f/ C0f pknAw u/fpFb5g\ .#$ vlnof eg]sf] blntx¿n] cGgaflnsf nflu …pRr hftÚsf dflg;x¿sf nflu ug{ ] Ps lsl;dsf] >d xf] . pgLx¿n] u/]sf] >dsf nflu afnL sf6\g] ;dodf dfq}cGgafnL k|bfg ul/G5 .#% 8f]nL eg]sf] ljjfxsf] ;dodf ul/g] Ps lsl;dsf] >d xf] . o; cGtu{t lglZrt blnt hftsf dflg;n] …pkNnf] hftÚsf dflg;sf] ljjfxsf qmddf b'nxf /b'nxLnfO{ …8f]nLÚdf af]S5g\ . o;afkt\ pgLx¿n] gub jf lhG;L kfl/>lds kfpF5g\ .#^ l;gf] vfg]÷ˆofFSg] eg]sf] d/]sf hgfj/nfO{ blntn] g} clgjfo{ ¿kdf ˆofFSg'kg{ ] rng xf] . sltko ;d'bfodf blnt cGtu{tsf lglZrt hftsf dflg;x¿nfO{l;gf]nfO{ vfgfsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ afWo agfOG5 .#& /a6{;g, cfbfd / ld>, lzifd, Forced to Plough. Bonded Labour in Nepal’s Agricultural Economy -sf7df8f} F M P06L :n]e/L OG6/g]zgn / cgf}krfl/s ;]jfs]Gb| -OG;]s_, ;g\ !((&_, k[i7 ! .#* P]hg, k[i7 #%–$) . …C0fdf cfwfl/t v]tLÚn] Aofh sdfpg] k|fylds p2]Zon] geO{ ;fx'sf nflu sfd ug{ c;fdLnfO{ afWo kfg{sf nflu lbOg] C0fnfO{ hgfpF5 .#( ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;+j}wflgs k/fdz{ ;xfotf PsfO -sf;'_åf/f 88]nw'/fdf @)^# ;fn h]7 #) b]lv c;f/ ! ;Dd cfof]hgf u/]sf] …;+ljwfglgdf{0f k|lqmof / /fHo k'gM;+/rgfdf blntx¿sf] ;xeflutfÚ;DaGwL If]qLo ;Dd]ngåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] 88]nw'/f 3f]if0ffkq .$) ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;+j}wflgs k/fdz{ ;xfotf PsfO -sf;'_åf/f bfªdf @)^$ ;fn ;fpg @& / @* ut] cfof]hgf u/]sf] …/fHo k'gM;+/rgf,;+ljwfg;ef / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofÚ If]qLo ;Dd]ngåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] bfª 3f]if0ffkq .$! u'?ª, xs{, From Exclusion to Inclusion: Socio-Political Agenda for Nepal -;g\ @))# M ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f cg';Gwfg sf]if, nlntk'/, ;g\ @))#_ .$@ 3/w'/L ;j{ ]If0f, 6Ld sG;N6 !((* -6Ld sG;N6, ;g\ !(((_, k[i7 @&* .

{g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg27e"ld_ . ;a}eGbf sd :jfldTj blntx¿sf] 5 -@=)% /f]kgLl;FrfO x'g] / $=&^ /f]kgL z'is e"ld_ . Ps cWoogsf cg';f/pRr kxf8L If]qdf &)Ü, dWokxf8L If]qdf &&Ü / t/fO{df!))Ü blntsf tLg /f]kgLeGbf sd l;FrfOof]Uo e"ld 5 . $#pRr kxf8L If]qsf %$Ü, dWokxf8L If]qsf %$Ü / t/fO{sf!))Ü blntsf] tLg /f]kgLeGbf sd z'is e"ld 5 . $$ Ps csf]cWoog cg';f/ dw];df e"ldxLg blntx¿sf] ;ª\Vof cToGt}w]/} em08} *%Ü b]lv ()Ü 5 $% / s]jn tLgb]lv kfFr k|ltztd';x/ hflt;Fu dfq e"ldsf s]xL 6'qmf 5g\ .kxf8sf blntx¿;Fu s]xL e"ld 5 / a;fOF ;/]/ kxf8 /t/fO{sf /fhdfu{ 5]p a;f]af; u/]sf s]xL blnt;Fu klgyf]/} hldg 5 t/ tL e"ldsf] u'0f:t/ Go"g ePsfn] tLe"ldsf 6'qmfaf6 pgLx¿sf] hLjg;'wf/df vf; ;xof]uk'u]sf] kfOFb}g . 8f= lzj zdf{n] Ps of]hgfljb\nfO{ p4[t ub}{pNn]v ug'{ePsf] 5 — ænfnk"hf{ l;/fgLd'lg g/fvL lgbfpgklg g;Sg] dflg;x¿ klg 5g\ . To;f] xf] eg] blntx¿nfnk"hf{ ljgf ztfAbLof}Fb]lv s;/L lgbfpg ;s] xf]nfg\ eGg]k|Zg ug{ ;lsG5 .Æ $^tflnsf % M ul/aLsf] ;3gtf – ;g\ !((^;fdflhs ;d"x ul/aLsf] >]0fL k/Dk/fut k]zf/]vfd'lgsf]cg'kft -k|ltzt_hfthfltsf] ;d"xafx'g #$ @ k'/f]lxTofOF÷/fhgLltofbj $) $ v]tL÷kz'kfngIf]qL %) & v]tL÷;]gf;fsL{ -blnt_ ^% !! 5fnfsf] sfdbdfO{ -blnt_ ^& !@ n'uf l;pg] sfdsfdL -blnt_ ^* !# wft'sf] sfdefiff ;d"xg]jf/ @% ! Jofkf/wfld{s ;d"xd';ndfg #* # ljleGg ;Lkkxf8L hghfltu'?ª $% % v]tL÷;]gfyf? $* ^ v]tL/fO{ %^ * v]tL÷;]gfdu/ %* ( v]tL÷;]gftfdfª %( !) v]tL÷el/oflnDa' &! !$ v]tL÷;]gfcGo#&g]kfn$@=^g]kfn blIf0f Pl;of s]Gb| -;g\ !((*_ sf] g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgsf]tflnsf &=@$ af6 ;fef/ tyf s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] g]kfn hLjgofkg :t/;j] {If0f–!((^ df cfwfl/t;|f]t M tflnsf &, u'?ª -;g\ @))#_, From Exclusion to Inclusion Socio-PoliticalAgenda for Nepal, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f cg';Gwfg sf]if, nlntk'/, g]kfn,k[i7 & .tflnsf ^ 6]s tfd|fsf/sf] cWoogdf cfwfl/t 5 . $&xfn;fn};Dd klg gful/stf k|df0fkq kfpg s'g} g s'g}e"ldsf] :jfldTj k|df0f -nfnk"hf{_ x'g}kg] { clgjfo{ Joj:yflyof] / gful/stf k|df0fkq gePsf] JolQmn] /fHoaf6 s'g};'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}glyof] . ;a} u/L @@ hftsf blntx¿sf]#(,^^) hg;ª\VofdWo] !$,)%^ -#%=$Ü_ blntx¿sf]gful/stf k|df0fkq lyPg . $*tflnsf ^ M e"lddf blntsf] kx'Frhfte"ldxLg-k|ltzt_%/f]kgLeGbfsd-k|ltzt_^ – !)/f]kgL-k|ltzt_!! – @)/f]kgL-k|ltzt_@!/f]kgLeGbfa9L-k|ltzt_kxf8L blntsfdL !!=@ $^=% !*=* !&=! ^=%bdfO @*=* %%=! !(=! #=@ !=#;fsL{ &=^ $&=* @$=@ !^=& #=^ufOg] $!=@ $%=! !=$ #=! –dw];L tlntafbL @!=) #!=! !#=) $=# $=#wf]aL ##=# ^^=& – – –8f]d $$=@ !!=* – – –b';fw ##=# %%=^ – !!=! –pNn]Vo ¿kdf s[lifdf cfwfl/t / ul/a d'n'sdf e"ldxLgtfsf]cy{ vfBfGgsf] cefj xf] . l6d sG;N6åf/f ul/Psf] PscWoogsf cg';f/ ax';ª\Vos blnt kl/jf/x¿ vfBfGg$# The Conditions of the Dalits (Untouchables) in Nepal: Assessment of the Impacts of Various development Interventions, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd-o"Pg8LkL_nfO{ a'emfOPsf] Ps k|ltj]bg, g]kfn, k[i7 @&* .$$ >dlj1 8f= lzjf zdf{;Fu ;g\ @))& df ul/Psf] JolQmut s'/fsfgL .$% e§rg, s[i0faxfb'/, t]h ;'gf/ / ozf]sflGt e§rg -uf}rg_, Caste based Discrimination in Nepal -;g\ @))&_, g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f ;‹ / blntu};; dxf;‹sf] ;xof]udf blnt cWoog;DaGwL ef/tLo ;+:yf – cfO{cfO{8LP;, lbNnL, cGt//fli6«o blnt P]Soa4tf ;~hfn – cfO{8LP;Pg, sf]k]gx]ugsf nflutof/ ul/Psf] clGtd d;f}bf k|ltj]bg .$^ tfd|fsf/, 6]s, æblnt dlxnfsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu cf/If0fÆ, k[i7 %& . blnt dlxnf ;‹ tflnsf ;ª\Vof ^ . l6Kk0fL M/fli6«o blnt cfof]un] x'8\s], s;fO / kf]8]nfO{ blnt hftsf] ;"rLaf6 x6fO;s]sf]n] pgLx¿sf] tYofÍ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g -x]g' {xf];\, dfly_ .$& /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, Citizenship and Land Ownership Status of Dalit Community in Nepal -sf7df8f} F M /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, ;g\ @))%_, k[i7 @$ .$* /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, Citizenship and Land Ownership Status of Dalit Community in Nepal -sf7df8f} F M /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, ;g\ @))%_, k[i7 @$ .

28 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgcefjsf] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t 5g\ . o:tf kLl8tx¿sf] ;a}eGbf7"nf pkl:ylt pRr kxf8L If]qdf -*(=^^Ü_ / To;kl5sf]:yfgsf ¿kdf dWokxf8L If]q -%^=&#_ / t/fO{ If]q -%#=^!Ü_kfOPsf] lyof] . $(;Lk ljsf; / k/Dk/fut k]zfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fk|To]s blnt hflt Ps g Ps k|sf/sf] k/Dk/fut k]zf;Fu;DalGwt 5 . ;Lk ljsf; ug]{ / k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{cfw'lgsLs/0f ug] { k|lzIf0fsf] cefj, blntx¿aLr ;xsfo{sf]cefj tyf cf}Bf]lus pkef]Uo j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ lj:tf/sfsf/0f blntx¿sf k/Dk/fut k]zfaf6 pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf]ahf/ tLj| ultdf 36\b} uPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿Hofnfbf/L >d ug{ jf ul/aLdf hLjg latfpg afWo ePsf5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, tof/L n'ufx¿ ;:tf]df ahf/dfpknAw ePsfn] bdfOsf] n'uf l;nfpg] k]zf cg'Tkfbs ag]sf]5Ù sf/vfgfaf6 pTkflbt h'Qf ahf/df pknAw ePaf6 h'Qfl;nfP/ hLjgofkg ug] { ;fsL{sf] k]zf cg'Tkfbs ePsf] 5Ùsf/vfgfdf lgld{t efF8fs'F8f Pj+ s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿ ahf/dfkfOg yfn]sfn] sfdLsf] k]zf cg'Tkfbs ePsf] 5 .Hofnfbf/L >d / Hofnf cfh{ge"ldxLgtf, ul/aL, lg/If/tf / k/Dk/fut k]zfsf] lubf]{dxTjsf sf/0f sof} F blntx¿ Hofnfbf/L >dsf] z/0fdf kg{afWo ePsf 5g\Ù ^)=$Ü >ldsx¿ blnt ;d'bfosf /x]sf5g\ t/ tfufwf/L ;d'bfosf @)=^Ü / dtjfnL ;d'bfosf!#=#Ü dfq Hofnfbf/L >ddf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 . %)zx/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf Hofnf cfh{g;Gbe{df blnt / dlxnf>ldslj?4 e]befj ljBdfg 5 . Hofnfbf/L >daf6 x'g] blnt3/w'/Lsf] jflif{s cfDbfgL pRr kxf8L If]qdf ?= !#,!)),kxf8L If]qdf ?= !#,(@) / t/fO{df ?= !*,*&) /x]sf]kfOG5 . %! l6d sG;N6sf] k|ltj]bgsf cg';f/ %@ Hofnfbf/L>ldssf ¿kdf …c5'tÚ ;d'xsf] ;xeflutfsf] cg'kft a9L ePklg pgLx¿n] Hofnfbf/L >d ahf/af6 k|fKt ug] { Hofnf cGoju{n] kfpg] HofnfeGbf cToGt} sd 5 . ;dfhdf pgLx¿sf]lgDg ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s :t/sf sf/0f Hofnfsfnflu ;f}bfafhL ug] { Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf]n] o;f] ePsf] xf] .cGt//fli6«o >d ;Ë7gsf] cWoog cg';f/ %# blntx¿n] Pslbgsf] sfdsf nflu ;/b/ ?= (^ -sl/a !=@* cd]l/sL 8n/_k|fKt ub{5g\ . k'?if >ldsn] Ps lbgsf] sfdsf nflu cf};tHofnf ? (( kfpF5 eg] ;f]xL sfdsf nflu dlxnf >ldsn]Ps lbgsf] cf};t Hofnf ?= &* -sl/a !=)$ cd]l/sL 8n/_kfpF5 . ;f]xL k|sf/sf] sfdsf nflu ;fdfGo ¿kdf >dahf/df lbOg] Hofnf ?= !)% /x]sf] 5, To;df klg dlxnfnfO{?= ** / k'?ifnfO{ ?= !!! lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .tflnsf & M vfBfGg kof{Kt /x]sf 3/kl/jf/sf] hfltut / kfl/l:ysLo–If]qut k|ltzt ljj/0fef}uf]lns If]qhfthfltlxdfn kxf8 t/fO{ hDdf -;ª\Vof %,!^@_vfBfGg kof{Kttf;ª\Vof -#,&$%_tfufwf/L !)=$) $^=* $@=( !))=)) -;ª\Vof !,!&#_dtjfnL %&=) %@=& $!=& !))=)) -;ª\Vof %)(_c5't !)=# $@=$ $&=@ !))=)) -;ª\Vof !,*&!_cGo ) %&=) ($=# !))=)) -;ª\Vof !(@_vfBfGg ckof{Kttf;ª\Vof !,$!&tfufwf/L (=(& $&=@! $@=*@ !))=)) -;ª\Vof !,!^#_dtjfnL %=(! %@=&^ $!=#$ !))=)) -;ª\Vof %)*_c5't !)=#$ $#=@& $^=#( !))=)) -;ª\Vof !,*@^_cGo ) %=** ($=!@ !))=)) -;ª\Vof #,^*^_;|f]t M l6d sG;N6 !(((M$@*% df /flvPsf] …hftLo ;d"xx¿ tyf ef}uflns If]qsf cfwf/df vfBfGg kof{Kttf;DaGwL k|ltlqmofsf] cfj[lQÚ sf] tflnsf s^=*s dfcfwfl/t .l6Kk0fL M hDdf %,!*! pQ/bftfdWo] %,!^@ 3/kl/jf/n] vfBfGg kof{Kttf÷ckof{Kttfaf/] pQ/ lbPsf lyP / tLdWo] @*=%( k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] vfBfGg kof{Kt /x]sf]/ afFsL &!=$! k|ltzt cyf{t\ #,^*^ 3/kl/jf/n] vfBfGg ckof{Kttf /x]sf] atfPsf lyP .$( l6d sG;N6, The Conditions of the Dalits (Untouchables) in Nepal: Assessment of the Impacts of Various Development Interventions, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Loljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_nfO{ a'emfOPsf] Ps k|ltj]bg, g]kfn, -;g\ !(((_ .%) P]hg, tflnsf ^ .%! P]hg, k[i7 %( .%@ P]hg, k[i7 ^) – ^! .%# cGt//fli6«o >d ;Ë7g, Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour, z[Înf %, -sf7df8f} F M g]kfnl:yt cGt//fli6«o >d ;Ë7g, ;g\ @))%_,k[i7 $) .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg29/fhg}lts sl7gfOg]kfnsf] /fhgLlt Ps hft -afx'g, If]qL_, Ps wd{ -lxGb"_,Ps ;+:s[lt, Ps efiff -v; g]kfnL_, Ps lnË -k'?if_,Ps If]q -kxf8L_ / Ps ju{ -ljlzi6_sf] lgoGq0f / k|efjdf/x]sf] 5 ./fhgLltnfO{ ;xL gagfpFbf;Dd cfly{s / ;fdflhs Gofo ;xLx'g ;Sb}g . /fhgLltdf blntx¿sf] ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTju}/blntx¿, ljz]if u/L afx'g–If]qLsf] k"0f{ lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]5 .;a} txdf blntsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj@)^@÷)^# ;fnsf] hg–cfGbf]ngk"j{ blnt cfGbf]ngsf]d'Vo dfu 5fqj[lQ, lghfdtL ;]jf / /f]huf/L, ljz]if u/LlzIffdf :yfg …cf/If0fÚ /x]sf] lyof] . @)^@÷)^# ;fnsf]hg–cfGbf]ngkl5 pQm dfu ;+ljwfg;ef tyf gLlt–lgdf{0ftxnufot ;a} txdf blntx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjx'g'kg] { s'/fdf ¿kfGtl/t ePsf] 5 .gLlt–lgdf{0fsf ;a} txdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTjgLlt–lgdf{0fsf ;a} txdf blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj gu0o 5 .xfn;Dddf cf7 hgf kxf8L blnt k'?if dfq /fHodGqL jf;xfosdGqL ag]sf 5g\, tLdWo] kfFr hgf @)%* ;fnkl5dGqL ePsf lyP . cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\df Ps hgf blnt;xfosdGqL ePsf lyP . xfn;Dd s'g} klg blnt k"/f dGqLePsf] 5}g . @)$& ;fnb]lv @)@* ;fn;Ddsf] ax'bnLo;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cjlwdf Ps hgf klg dGqL blnt;d'bfoaf6 ePg . @)^# ;fndf u7g ePsf] cGtl/dJoj:yflksf ;+;b\df ##) hgf ;b:o lyP, tLdWo] !* hgf-^Ü_ blnt ;d'bfosf lyP . %$ pgLx¿dWo] !@ hgf g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_sf tk{maf6, tLg hgf g]skf -Pdfn]_, b'O{ hgfhgdf]rf{, g]kfn / Ps hgf g]kfnL sfª\u| ];sf tk{maf6 lyP .dw]zL blnt hDdf rf/ hgf lyP . blnt dlxnf ##Ü lyP .hDdf @@ j6f blnt hfltdWo] 5 j6f blnt hflt ljZjsdf{,kl/of/, ;fsL{, kf;jfg -b';fw_, d';x/ -;bf_ / /fd -rdf/_sf]k|ltlglwTj ePsf] lyof] .g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ tyf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; h:tf ;a} 7"nf/fhg}lts bnsf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjgu0o 5 / g]skf -Pdfn]_ df t 5Fb} 5}g .a|fXd0fjfb, /fhg}lts bnx¿df …pkNnf]Ú hftsf g]tfx¿sf]k"0f{ lgoGq0f, 5'jf5't / hftdf cfwfl/t e]befjsf] cGToug{] Pj+ blntx¿sf] ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj a9fpg] /blnt ;d:ofnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] s'/fdf /fhg}lts bnx¿sf]cu|;/tfsf] cefjnufotsf ljleGg sf/0fn] o:tf] cj:yfl;h{gf ePsf] xf] . %% To:t}, blnt ;d'bfoleq} klg ;d:ofx¿5g\ . blnt ;d'bfosf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{aLr Pstfsf] cefj,blntx¿aLr ljrf/wf/fTds :ki6tfsf] cefj, /fhg}ltsk|lqmofdf cfˆgf] ;xeflutfaf/] blntx¿aLr ?lr / r]tgfsf]cefj, ul/aL, lg/If/tf / lzIffdf Go"g:t/ cflb ;d:ofnfO{pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .dfly pNn]v ul/Pe}mF ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf blntx¿sf]l:yltdf s]xL ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 .blnt dlxnflj?4 bf]xf]/f] e]befjblnt dlxnfx¿n] bf]xf]/f] e]befj ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ –blntsf ¿kdf / dlxnfsf ¿kdf . csf] { zAbdf eGg] xf] eg]pgLx¿n] 5'jf5'tnufotsf hftdf cfwfl/t / n}lËstfdfcfwfl/t e]befj ;fdgf ul//x]sf 5g\ -pgLx¿sf] cfˆg};d'bfoleq / aflx/af6_ . dw]zL blnt dlxnfn] t If]q, efiff/ ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t yk e]befj ;fdgf ul/x]sf 5g\ .blnt k'?ifsf t'ngfdf blnt dlxnfn] a9L e]befj Joxf]g' {k/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, blnt / u}/blnt dlxnfx¿kfgL yfKg / sk8f w'g ;fj{hlgs wf/f jf s'nf]df hfG5g\ .w]/} 7fpFdf u}/blnt dlxnfx¿n] blnt dlxnflj?4 hftdfcfwfl/t e]befj ub{5g\ . To:t} blnt ;d"xleqsf …pkNnf]hftÚsf blnt dlxnfn] tNnf] hftsf blnt dlxnfnfO{u}/blntn] h:t} Jojxf/ ub{5g\ .s]xL blntn] O;fO{ jf a'4 wd{ cFufn]sf eP klg ax';ª\Vosblntx¿ lxGb" g} 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ lkt[;QfTds k/Dk/fn]3/ / ;dfhdf ;xfos :yfgdf /fv]sf] 5 . cGo hftsfdlxnfn] h:t} pgLx¿n] k|hgg, pTkfbs / ;fd'bflos u/LtLg j6f e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{k5{ . ;|f]t;fwgdf pgLx¿sf]kx' Fr tyf lgoGq0f 5}g . …pkNnf] hftÚsf dlxnfsf t'ngfdfblnt dlxnf a9L ultzLn eP klg dflyNnf txsf ;fj{hlgskbx¿df pgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt g} 5}g eg] tNnf] txdf klggu0o dfq 5 .blnt dlxnfx¿ dlxnflj?4 ul/g] uDeL/ lx+;faf6 kLl8t5g\ . ef/tsf j]Zofnox¿df nuL e'mSofP/ laqmL ul/g',blnt s]6L / u}/blnt s]6f jf …pRr blnt hftÚsf s]6faLrcGt/hftLo j}jflxs ;DaGw /fVbf x'g] 3/]n' lx+;f tyf anfTsf/%$ x]g' {xf];\, e§rg, s[i0faxfb'/, t]h ;'gf/ / ozf]sflGt e§rg -uf}rg_ -;g\ @))&_ -dfly_ .%% x]g' {xf];\, cl3Nnf] kfbl6Kk0fL .

30 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgh:tf lx+;fnfO{ o;sf s]xL pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .cGt/hftLo ljjfx;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ ljleGg k|sf/sf5g\ . …pkNnf] hftÚsf] s]6fn] …tNnf] hftÚsf] blnt s]6LnfO{ljjfx u/L zf/Ll/s ;Dks{ u/]kl5 ;f] s]6LnfO{ TofU5, o:tf]36gf k|foM ljjfx u/]sf] klxnf] lbg g} x'g] ub{5, nuQ} TofluG5,jf To:tf] s]6LnfO{ s]6fsf cfdfafa'n] 3/leq Nofpg lbFb}gg\ .k|foM s]6fsf] cfdfafa' /÷jf gft]bf/x¿n] s]6L;Fusf] j}jflxs;DaGwnfO{ cGTo u/fpg sfg'gL sbd rfN5g\ jf sf/jfxLug] {, blnt b'nxLnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf oftgf / si6 lbG5g\ . %^gjljjflxt bDklQnfO{ ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug{ ' klg ;fdfGos'/f xf] . cGo ;d:of eg]sf] e'mf sfg'gL cf/f]k nufpg',k|x/L lx/f;tdf /fVg', wDSofP/, s'6lk6 u/]/ tyf ;d'bfoaf6alxis[t u/]/ ljjfx eË u/fpg' x'g\ .Xo'dg /fO6\; jfrn] ;g\ @))! df tof/ u/]sf] Ps k|ltj]bgdfpNn]v ul/Psf] 5 – æg]kfndf blnt dlxnfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf]kl/jf/leq / aflx/ cfly{s ¿kn] zf]lift / ;LdfGtLs[tul/Psf] 5 . blnt dlxnfx¿ ;a}eGbf w]/} zf/Ll/s >d, s[lifpTkfbgdf ;+nUg /x]sf x' Fbf pgLx¿sf sfddf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg],l;gf] kmfNg] tyf 5fnf;DaGwL sfd klg kb{5g\ . pgLx¿n]s8f kl/>d / nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug' { k/] klg pgLx¿nfO{lbOg] zf]if0fk"0f{ Hofnfsf sf/0f pgLx¿ hLjglgjf{xsf nflukof{Kt cfh{g ug{ cIfd eO/x]sf 5g\ . s'g} s'g} u|fdL0f If]qdfblnt dlxnfx¿n] d'lZsnn] jif{df !) b]lv @) lsnf] cGgsdfpF5g\ / Tof] sdfO Pp6f kl/jf/ wfGg kof{Kt x'Fb}g .To;}n] sof} F blnt dlxnf b]xJofkf/df nfUg afWo ePsf 5g\ .ljz]if u/L …afbLÚ hftsf dlxnfx¿ ef/tLo j]Zofnox¿dfb]xJofkf/sf nflu a]lrg] u/]sf 5g\ .Æ %&To:t}u/L hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ;ldltn] afbL hftsfdlxnf Pj+ aflnsfx¿af/] l6Kk0fL u/]sf] 5 – æcg]sk|sf/sf e]befjaf6 kLl8t ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ;d"xsfdlxnfx¿sf] cj:yfaf/] cfjlws k|ltj]bgdf ;"rgfsf] cefjePsf];DaGwdf ;ldltsf] Wofg uPsf] 5 / afbL hftsfdlxnf tyf aflnsfx¿nfO{ anft\ b]xJofkf/df nufpg] u/]sf]cj:yfk|lt o; ;ldlt uDeL/ lrGtf JoQm ub{5 .Æ %*dw]zL blntlj?4 ax'lje]b/fli6«o blnt cfof]un] g]kfnsf @@ j6f blnt hfltx¿dWo]!& j6fnfO{ dw]zL blnt hftsf ¿kdf klxrfg u/]sf]5 . a|fDx0f, If]qL, j}Zo / z'b|nufotsf ;a} dw]zLx¿nfO{g]kfnsf bf];|f] bhf{sf] gful/ssf ¿kdf Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 5 .dw]zLx¿nfO{ g]kfnL gful/ssf] x}l;ot lbg], lzIff, :yfgLo;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ / ;~rf/dfWoddf d}lynL, ef]hk'/L/ cjwL efiff k|of]u ug{ ], ;]gf, k|x/L Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jfsfkbx¿df lgo'Qm ug{ ], gLlt–lgdf{0fsf ;a} txdf dw]zLnfO{k|ltlglwTj u/fpg];Gbe{df /fHon] dw]zL blntnufot ;a}dw]zLnfO{ If]q, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df e]befj u/]sf] 5 .bf];|f] hg–cfGbf]ngkl5 ePsf] dw]z cfGbf]ngn] dw]zLlj?4ePsf e]befjk|lt /fi6«sf] Wofgfsif{0f u¥of] t/ dw]z cfGbf]ng…pkNnf] hftÚsf dw]zLx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf x'g'sf ;fy} pgLx¿s}jr{Zjdf ePsf sf/0f dw]zL blntx¿sf] rf;f] tyf d'2fsf];LdfGtLs/0f;DaGwL lrGtf sfod} 5 .dw]z cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnnfO{ PsfTds /fHoaf6 ;‹Lo /fHotkm{cu|;/ x'g ;xdt x'gsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ afWo kf¥of]t/ 5'jf5'tnufotsf hftdf cfwfl/t e]befjx¿ gofF /fHo;+/rgfdf lgd" {n xf]nfg\ eGg] s'/fdf dw]zL blntx¿ lglZrGtx'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .v08–$ M gofF g]kfnsf r'gf}tLxŸ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL dfuhftdf cfwfl/t e]befj, ul/aL, lg/If/tf jf lgDg txsf]lzIff, r]tgfsf] cefj cflb ;a}n] blntx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]hLjg:t/ / ;fdflhs :t/ ;'wf/ ug{af6 /f]s]sf 5g\ .blntx¿ k"j{j0f{g ul/P cg';f/sf] b'Mvb\ cj:yfdf /xg'sfnflu /fHosf] e]befjk"0f{ ljrf/, gLlt / Jojxf/x¿ g}lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . g]kfndf eO/x]sf] blnt cfGbf]ngsf] k|d'vdfudWo] Pp6f /fhg}lts kb, lghfdtL ;]jf, ;]gf, k|x/L/ cGo /f]huf/Lnufotsf ;a} If]q / txsf gLlt lgdf{0fug] { kbx¿df pgLx¿sf] :yfg cf/If0f /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{blntx¿n] ljutdf /fHoåf/f cfk"mx¿lj?4 ul/Psf untsfdx¿sf] Ifltk"lt{ tyf ;/sf/L / lghL If]qdf blnt /u}/blntx¿aLr ljBdfg vf8n k'g{ ] ;fwgsf ¿kdf lnPsf5g\ . o;nfO{ pgLx¿n] /fHon] b]vfPsf] bof geO{ cfˆgf]clwsf/sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/åf/f xfn;fn} lghfdtL;]jf, ;]gf, k|x/Ldf :yfg cf/If0f;DaGwdf u/]sf] lg0f{o;sf/fTds sbd xf] t/ blntx¿sf nflu pkrf/fTds tyfk|fyldstfo'Qm ;sf/fTds kxn b'j} cfjZos 5 . ;sf/fTdskxnleqsf] ;sf/fTds kxnn] klg blntsf] j0ff{>d cGtu{t;a}eGbf tNnf] >]0fLdf kg{] blnt dlxnf, dw]zL blnt /blntx¿nfO{ Gofo ug' { cfjZos 5 .%^ x]g' {xf];\, ljZjsdf{, dLg, efjL /0fgLlt tof/ ug{ dxTjk"0f{ v'/fs lbPsf] 5, k[i7 $@ – $%, e§, uf]s0f{ -;Dkfbs_, …ljsf; tyf ;'zf;gsf] d"nk|jfxdf blntdlxnfsf] ;xeflutfÚdf -sf7df8f} F M blnt dlxnf ;‹, ;g\ @))^_ .%& Caste Discrimination: A Global Concern, k[i7 @!, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/globalcaste/caste0801.pdf df pknAw 5 .%* hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ;ldltsf] clGtd ko{j]If0f, ;LO{cf/8L÷;L÷^$÷;Lcf]÷%, @)^! ;fn j}zfv !^, cg'R5]b !^ .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg31;zQmLs/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f / PsLs/0fblnt cfGbf]ngsf] nIf g} ;zQmLs/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fsfdfWodaf6 ;a} txdf blntx¿nfO{ u}/blntx¿;Fu PsLs/0fug' { xf] . cu|h blnt a'l4hLjL Pj+ blnt clwsf/sdL{ xL/fljZjsdf{sf cg';f/, æ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt lglZrt ;d'bfonfO{-xfd|f] ;Gbe{df blnt ;d'bfo_ ;dfhsf] d"nwf/df ;dfj]zLs/0fx'g ;Ifd agfpg] Pp6f ;fwg ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f xf] /o;n] To:tf] ;dfhnfO{ k"0f{ PsLs/0ftkm{ cu|;/ u/fpF5 .Æ %(blnt JolQmx¿, ;d"xx¿, ;Ë7gx¿ / cfGbf]ngx¿n] kx' Fr,r]tgf, 1fg, ;Lk / ;"rgf, cfjfh, ;Ë7g, k|efjnufotsf]Ifdtf tyf ef}lts, cfly{s / ljQLo, dfgjLo ;DklQnufotsf]j[l4sf ¿kdf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ .u}/blntx¿åf/f x'Fb} cfPsf hftdf cfwfl/t ;a} k|sf/sfe]befjx¿lj?4 ;‹if{ ug{sf nflu blntx¿nfO{ ;zQmkfg{Ù blnt dlxnfnfO{ n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t ;a} k|sf/sfe]befjlj?4 ;‹if{ ug{ ;zQm kfg{Ù dw]zL blntx¿nfO{ If]qtyf efiffdf cfwfl/t ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿lj?4 ;‹if{ ug{;zQm kfg{ / tNnf] >]0fLsf blntx¿nfO{ hftdf cfwfl/tcfGtl/s e]befjlj?4 ;‹if{ ug{ ;zQm kfg{ blnt ;Ë7gx¿/ cfGbf]ngx¿n] cGt//fli6«o ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf k|of;ul//x]sf 5g\ . To:t}u/L, 5'jf5'tnufot blntx¿lj?4 ul/g]s'g} k|sf/sf] e]befj gug{sf nflu u}/blntx¿nfO{ pTk| ]l/tug{, blnt dlxnflj?4 e]befj gug{ k'?ifx¿nfO{ pTk| ]l/t ug{,dw]zL blntlj?4 If]qLo lje]b gug{ kxf8af;Lx¿nfO{ pTk| ]l/tug{ tyf …tNnf] hftÚsf blntx¿lj?4 e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/gug{ …pkNnf] hftÚsf blntx¿nfO{ pTk| ]l/t ug{ k|of;x¿x' Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . blntx¿nfO{ ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs,/fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, dgf]j}1flgs, wfld{sPj+ efjgfTds If]qdf ;zQmLs/0f ug{sf nflu ckof{Kt g}eP klg k|of;x¿ x' Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .blntx¿ ;+:yf, gLlt, k|j[lQ / k|f]T;fxgsf ;Gbe{df ;dfj]zLs/0fvf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . blntx¿sf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf b'O{ j6f kIf 5g\– Pp6f cfGtl/s cyf{t\ blnt ;d'bfoleq} / csf] { aflx/L cyf{t\j[xb\ jftfj/0fdf . blntx¿sf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfGtl/s kIfcGtu{t blntx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ kLl8t ePsf] g;f]Rg], clwsf// st{Joaf/] pRr r]tgf, Gofo, ;"rgf / ;|f]tdf pRr kx' Fr/÷jf lgoGq0f, blntsf kIfdf k|ltlqmofTdseGbf cu|;lqmotfk|bz{g tyf pRr ultzLntf / bIftf h:tf pRr :t/LocfTdljZjf; kb{5g\ . aflx/L kIfdf kg{ ] s'/fx¿ /fhgLlt,;/sf/L ;]jf, Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkx¿df blntnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf:jLsfg' {, u}/blntx¿ blnt / blntsf ;d:ofx¿k|lt a9LpQ/bfoL x'g', ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts Pj+ JolQmut dfldnfdfblnt ;dfj]zLs/0f x'g\ .blnt cfGbf]ngn] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts, sfg'gL,cfly{s, dgf]j}1flgs, cfWoflTds Pj+ efjgfTds s'/fdfPsLs/0fsf nflu ;‹if{ ul//x]sf] 5 . PsLs/0fsf ck]lIftl;4fGt eg]sf] ;dfg clwsf/, ;dfg ;DefJotf, ;dfgkx'Fr, ;dfg cj;/, ;dfg ;xeflutf, ;dfg kl/0ffd /;dfg bfloTj x'g\ . xL/f ljZjsdf{sf cg';f/ blntx¿sf;Gbe{df …PsLs/0fÚ eGg] zAbn] j0ff{>d Joj:yfsf] k"0f{ cGTotyf ;fdflhs ju{sf] k"0f{ cGTo x'g'sf ;fy} blntx¿ g]kfnL;dfhsf ljleGg pkhftdWo] ;dfg x}l;ot /fVg] Ps hftsf¿kdf /xg] u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;dfhsf] d"nwf/df k"0f{ PsLs/0fug' { xf] .^) o;sf] cy{ ;fdflhs If]qdf e]befjsf] cGTo /;a}eGbf sd cfDbfgL x'g] ;d"xsf ¿kdf g/xg] cj:yf xf] .o;n] ubf{ u}/blnt lgjf{rg If]qaf6 blnt pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrtx'g] cj:yf cfpg]5, ;a} ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;Ë7gx¿n]blntx¿ ;d:ofnfO{ x]g{ yfNg] ePsf]n] blntsf nflu egL:yflkt ;a} ;+:yf lj36g x'g]5 / pkNnf] hflt a|fDx0f /blntaLrsf] j}jflxs ;DaGw k"0f{¿kn] :jLsfo{ x'g]5 . o;sf]cy{ blnt / a|fDx0f jf u}/blnt ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] Jojxf/ul/g]5 .gofF g]kfnsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL eg]sf] /fhtGqsf] cGTo -eO;s]sf]5_, / wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;‹Lotf / ;dtfjfbL dfgj ;dfhsf]k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog xf] ./fhtGq pGd"ngg]kfndf /fhtGqsf] h/f lxGb" wd{ / k/Dk/fdf ufl8Psf] 5 .To;}n] /fhtGqn] blntx¿lj?4 lje]b ug{] j0f{ / hftLok|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{df of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 ./fhfk|lt akmfbf/ / /fhtGqnfO{ v'nf ¿kdf ;dy{g ug{]/fhg}lts bnx¿df ;lqmo s]xL blntnfO{ Psflt/ /fVg] xf]eg] blnt cfGbf]ngn] 5'jf5'tnufotsf hftLotfdf cfwfl/tlje]baf6 blntx¿nfO{ d'Qm ug{ /fhtGqsf] cGTo ug' {kg{ ] dfuub{ } cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf nf]stflGqs u0f/fHo :yfkgf ug{sfnflu /fhtGqsf] cGTo ug' {kg{ ] ljZjf; blnt g]tfx¿sf] /x]sf]lyof] / of] sfo{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] u¥of] .wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{GjoglxGb" wd{, ;dfh / ;+:s[ltn] blIf0f Pl;ofdf …blntÚsf] l;h{gfu/]/ pgLx¿sf] l:yltnfO{ lr/:yfoL agfPsf] xf] . s]xL blntn]OzfO{ / s]xLn] a'4 wd{ ckgfPsf] eP klg pNn]Vo ¿kdfg]kfnsf clwsf+z blntx¿ lxGb" g} /x]sf 5g\ . hftLotfdfcfwfl/t 5'jf5't tyf cGo lsl;dsf lje]bx¿ lxGb" ;dfhsf]j0f{ / hft;DaGwL dfkb08sf] Ps c+z ePsfn] blntx¿To;af6 d'lQm kfpg ;S5g\ jf ;Sb}gg\ eGg] ljjfb hf/L g}%( blnt dlxnf ;‹åf/f y}a, nlntk'/df @)^) ;fn dª\l;/ !& df cfof]lht ;+:yfut d"NofÍg;DaGwL Ps sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf xL/f ljZjsdf{sf] k|:t'lt .^) cl3Nnf] kfbl6Kk0fL .

32 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg5 . lxGb" blntx¿ 5'jf5'tnufotsf hftLotfdf cfwfl/tlje]bnfO{ pGd"ng ug{ rfxG5g\ / g]kfnsf] /fHowd{sf ¿kdflxGb" wd{ ckgfpg'nfO{ 5'jf5'tnufotsf hftLotfdf cfwfl/tlje]b hf/L /xg'sf nflu lhDd]jf/ dfG5g\ . cGtl/d ;+;b\n]g]kfnnfO{ wd{lg/k]If 3f]if0ff ug' {k"j{ @)^# ;fn;Dd g]kfnlxGb" /fi6« g} /x]sf] lyof] . kl5 o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $ df pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . gofF ;+ljwfgdfklg o;nfO{ sfod} /flvg]5 jf /flvg] 5}g / gofF g]kfndf…wd{lg/k]IftfÚ n] 7\ofSs} s] cy{ /fVg]5 eGg] s'/f x]g{ afFsL g}5 . ef/t cfˆgf ;Dk"0f{ :jtGq cl:tTjsf nflu cf}krfl/s¿kdf wd{lg/k]If eP klg ToxfF hftLo lje]b uDeL/ ;d:ofsf¿kdf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ la;{g ldNb}g .; Lo k4lt tyf :jfoQtfblnt ;d'bfox¿sf ;Gbe{df ;‹Lo k4ltsf] ;fGble{stfaf/]blntx¿n] ax; k|f/De ul/;s]sf 5g\ . cfx'lt tyf kb\dnfnljZjsdf{nufotsf blnt ljåfgx¿n] ;‹Lo k4ltsf] kIfdfcfjfh /fVg'ePsf] 5 / ;‹Lo k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf :jfoQIf]qx¿df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / blnt clwsf/nfO{ s;/L;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/] :ki6tf xfl;n ug{sf nflu pQmax;nfO{ k|uf9 agfpFb} nfg'kg{ ] cfjZostf cf} FNofpg'ePsf]5 . ljz]if u/L ;‹ cGtu{t /fHox¿ :yfkgfsf cfwf/sf¿kdf hftLotfdf olt ljWg hf]8 kl//x]sf] ;dodf lglZrtef}uflns If]qx¿df hg;fª\lVos ;3gtf;lxtsf] blntx¿sf]k/Dk/fut u[xIf]qsf] cefjsf] kl/0ffdsf ;DaGwdf eg] sltkoblntx¿ cGof]ndf /x]sf 5g\ . blntx¿ &% j6} lhNnfsf ;a}uflj;x¿df 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ -x]g' {xf];\, dfly_ . h] eP klg:jfoQtf;DaGwL clwsf/ pkef]u ug{sf nflu blntx¿;dIftLg j6f ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ M -s_ blntx¿sf nflu u}/–If]qut:jfoQtfsf] dfu ug' {, -v_ dWo–klZrd / ;'b"/–klZrd If]qsfkxf8x¿df kxf8L blntsf nflu tyf t/fO{sf l;/fxf /;Kt/Ldf dw];L blntsf nflu If]qut :jfoQtf dfu ug' {, /-u_ hflt, efiff tyf If]qdf cfwfl/t :jfoQ If]qx¿ cGtu{tpk–:jfoQtf dfu ug' { . 5nkmn eg] lgs} k|f/lDes r/0fdf5 / o; r/0fdf clwsf+z blnt g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x¿ s'g}klg :jfoQ If]q / ;‹Lo ;/sf/df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjxfl;n ug{df a9L rf;f] b]vfO/x]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿n] tL cGolsl;dsf ;f]rx¿nfO{ k5\ofPsf 5}gg\ .;dtfjfbL ;dfh/fhg}lts bnx¿ Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf g]tfx¿ tyf k|f1x¿n];w} F hft, hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, n}lËstf, If]q tyf ju{sf;Gbe{df ;dfgtf / ;dtfsf] sNkgf u/]sf x'G5g\ . jfdkGyL/fhg}lts bnx¿n] ju{ljxLg, hftljxLg tyf n}lËs ¿kdf;dfg ;f}xfb{ | ;dfh / /fi6«sf] sNkgf u/]sf x'G5g\ . hft,^! o; k|sfzgdf o;sf] nuQ} lbOPsf] ;fdu|L x]g' {xf];\ .hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, n}lËstf tyf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt;d:ofx¿nfO{ juL{o ;d:ofsf] c+z x'g\ eGg] ljZjf; pgLx¿ub{5g\Ù Ps k6s juL{o ;d:of ;dfwfg ePdf cGo ;a};d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg x'g]5g\ . blntx¿n] ;fdgf ul//x]sf ;Dk"0f{;d:ofsf] d"n 5'jf5'tnufotsf hftLotfdf cfwfl/t lje]bxf] eGg] ljZjf; s]xL blnt ub{5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ hftLo, eflifs,wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, n}lËs, If]qLo ;d"xx¿ tyf ju{x¿nfO{a/fa/ Jojxf/ ul/g] …gofF g]kfnÚsf] l;h{gf g} ;fdfGo ¿kdfg]kfnL hgtfn] / ljz]if ¿kdf ;+ljwfg;efn] ;fdgf ul//x]sf]jf:tljs r'gf}tL xf] .lgisif{5'jf5'tnufotsf hftLotfdf cfwfl/t lje]b ;+j}wflgstyf sfg'g jf /fHo;DaGwL k|Zg dfq geO{ ;dfh;DaGwLk|Zg klg xf] . o:tf lje]b pGd"ngsf nflu ;+j}wflgstyf sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ Pj+ gLltx¿, of]hgfx¿ /sfo{qmdx¿ cfjZos 5g\ t/ kof{Kt eg] 5}gg\ . o:tfk|fjwfgx¿sf] cefjdf hftLotfdf cfwfl/t lje]b;Fu;DalGwt dflg;x¿sf k|j[lQ tyf cEof;x¿ x6\g] b]lvFb}g .5'jf5'tnufotsf hftLotfdf cfwfl/t lje]b pGd"ngug{sf nflu cfjZos Joj:yfx¿ gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]zul/g'kb{5 .^! gofF ;+ljwfg nfu" ul/Pkl5 To:tf ;+j}wflgsk|fjwfgx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;Dej agfpgsf nflu;+lwjfgsf] efjgf cg';f/sf sfg'g, lgod, gLlt, of]hgftyf sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ ul/g'kb{5 .g]kfndf ljBdfg hftLotfdf cfwfl/t, n}lËstfdf cfwfl/t tyfIf]qdf cfwfl/t ;a} lsl;dsf lje]bx¿ pGd"ng ug{sf nflu/fHon] dfq geO{ ;dfhn] klg cfjZos OR5f b]vfpg'k5{ .;+ljwfg, sfg'g, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿df hftLotfdfcfwfl/t lje]blj?4 pNn]v ug' { ufx«f] gx'g ;S5 t/ b}lgshLjgdf hftLotfdf cfwfl/t 5'jf5't tyf cGo lsl;dsflje]bnfO{ cEof; ug{ ] JolQmx¿sf ;f]r tyf k|j[lQdf kl/jt{gug{' jf:tljs sl7gfO xf] . klxnf t dflg;x¿n] cfkm"dfk"jf{u|x 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsfg' {k5{ . To;kl5 tL k"jf{u|xx¿sf]k/LIf0f ug{, ltgLx¿ sxfFaf6 cfPsf x'g\ eGg] s'/f a'em\g /ltgLx¿nfO{ plrt g7x¥ofpgsf nflu pgLx¿ tof/ x'g'k5{-sf]xL klg of]Uo gePsfn] blnt sd{rf/L gePsf] eGg] ts{ul/G5 t/ oyfy{df To;sf nflu s;}n] k|of;} u/]sf x' Fb}gg\eGg] s'/fn] klg o;} s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ub{5_ . ;fy}, dflg;x¿pgLx¿sf Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{ / ;du| ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sfJojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{ ;xsfo{ ug{ tof/ x'g'k5{ .

{g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg333f]if0ffkqb]lv;+ljwfg;Dd– lhn sf]6«]nbf];|f] hg–cfGbf]ngsf qmddf tyf To;kl5sf ;dodf w]/};d"xn] ;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjgsf nflu tyf pgLx¿sf cfˆg}efUodflysf] lgoGq0f cfˆg} xftdf /fVgsf nflu pgLx¿n]cfjZos 7fg]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ k|ltljlDat ug{ ] dfux¿ /fVb}cfPsf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL dfu cGtl/d ;/sf/;dIf /flvPsf5g\ eg] s]xL dfunfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -cfjZos k/] ;+zf]wgu/L_df x'g'kg{] s'/fx¿sf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . of]sfo{kq hg–cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo dfu ;+ljwfg;ef lyof] eGg]k'gM:d/0f u/fpFb5 . ;a}nfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef s] xf] eGg] s'/feg] yfxf 5}g . d}n] xfn;fn} Ps JolQmnfO{ e]6]sf] lyPF .pgn] Ps 6\ofS;L rfns;Fu ePsf] s'/fsfgL ;'gfpFb} lyof] .6\ofS;Lrfnsn] pgnfO{ eg]sf] /x]5, æ;+ljwfg;efkl5 ;a}s'/f 7Ls x'G5Ù efu]/ uPsf >LdtLx¿ klg kms] {/ cfpg]5g\ .Æ w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efk|lt yf]/}dfq cf:yf 5 .;+ljwfg;efsf] pknlAwdf ljleGg ;d"xsf dfux¿nfO{s;/L k|ltljlDat ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] vfsf k|:t'tug'{ o; sfo{kqsf] p2]Zo xf] . of] sfo{kq blntx¿sf]If]qLo ;Dd]ngsf] nflu n]lvPsf] lyof] / kl5 sf7df8f}F3f]if0ffkqnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ o;df s]xL kl/dfh{g ul/Psf]5 . t;y{ dfu;DaGwL lglZrt pbfx/0fx¿df blntsf rfxgfk|ltljlDat ePsf 5g\ t/ clwsf+z a' Fbfx¿ cGo ;d"xsf;Gbe{df klg nfu" x'g;Sb5g\ .;+ljwfg;efn] s] ub{5

34 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg;/sf/;DaGwL hgtfsf] wf/0ff tyf pgLx¿sf] clwsf/df;w} Fsf nflu kl/jt{g cfpg]5 .dfux?blnt -hghflt, dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm jf dw]zL_sf]dfu;Fu of] s;/L ;DalGwt 5 < Gofo, ;dfj]zLs/0f, :jR5;/sf/, cfˆg} hLjgdfly yk lgoGq0f, sfd, vfgf, lzIff jfhLjgdf cGo kl/jt{gsf nflu dfu ub{ } cfPsf ;a} ;d"xn];+ljwfg;efsf dfWodaf6 gofF ;+ljwfgdf, ;+ljwfg;efsfsfo{ljj/0fx¿df tyf g]kfnLsf dgdf n]vfpgsf nflucfjZos s'/fx¿ ug' { dxTjk"0f{ 5 .5'jf5'tsf] ljifonfO{ gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf /flvPklg o;sf] p2]Zo kL8f cGTo ug'{ g} xf] eGg] s'/f k"0f{¿kdf :ki6 kfg{sf nflu blntsf kL8fx¿ ;+ljwfg;efsfsfo{ljj/0fx¿df n]lvg} kb{5 . ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zok|lt;Dk"0f{ /fi6«sf] ;dy{g h'6fpgsf nflu o;nfO{ g]kfnLx¿sf]x[bodf klg n]lvg'kb{5 -lsgeg] gofF ;+ljwfgnfO{ k|efjsf/Lagfpg cfjZos kg] { s'/f g} ToxL xf]_ .To;}n] blnt tyf cGo ;d"xx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efdf k]z u/]sfcfˆgf b:tfj]hx¿nfO{ ;fdfGo sfg'gL k|:tfjx¿df dfq;Lldt kfg{'xF'b}g . ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx¿af/] 7f]; ;'emfjx¿k|:t't ug' { /fd|f] s'/f xf] t/ To:tf k|:tfjx¿ blntsf jf:tljscj:yfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . 7f]; sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿;DaGwL;'emfjx¿nfO{ klg kl5 uP/ :jLsfl/Pnf egL ck]Iff ul/Psf]:t/eGbf Jofks ¿kdf cleJoQm ug{ ;lsG5 . cGttM;+ljwfgn] tL dfux¿nfO{ cem ;ª\If]kdf k|ltljlDat ug{;S5t/ tL ;a} dfux¿af/] 5nkmn ul/P tyf ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s:jLsfl/P eg] tL s'/fx¿ ;+ljwfg;efsf sfo{ljj/0fx¿dfn]lvg]5g\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ug{df k|of]u ug{;lsg]5 .gofF ;+ljwfgdf s] s] kg{ ;Sb5g\

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg35x:tIf]k ug{ ' x' +b}g . bf];|f], /fHon] ;f] clwsf/nfO{ cGoaf6 x'g]x:tIf]kaf6 ;+/If0f k|bfg ug' {kb{5 . o;df clws k|of]u /k|b"if0faf6 kfgLsf] cfk"lt{sf] ;+/If0f ug] { st{Jo klg kb{5 .hgtf cfkm}n] k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf tyf ;+/If0fsfpkfoaf6 dfq clwsf/ k|fKt gePdf dfq ;lqmo ¿kdfk|flKtsf nflu sfo{ ug] { st{Jo /xG5 . To;}n] hgtf cfkm}n]cfˆgf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{df hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 / /fHosf]st{Jo hgtfnfO{ To;sf nflu ;xof]u ug' { /x]sf] x'G5 . oL;a} s'/f ;ª\If]kdf ;+ljwfgdf n]Vg ;lsG5 .lzIffcg'aGw cGtu{tsf] csf]{ clwsf/ lzIff xf] . jf:tjdfk|fylds lzIff lj:tf/} geO{ t'?Gt ;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5 .o;eGbf cufl8 a9]/ lzIffsf] clwsf/df ;a} ;d'bfosflzIfsx¿ x'g'kg] { clwsf/ klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;Dej 5 . ;fy}o; clwsf/ cGtu{t s'g} ;d"xnfO{ tNnf] :t/sf] gb]vfpg]vfnsf] kf7\oqmd / ljBfno k':tsx¿ x'g'kg]{ s'/f klg;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .sfdsf] cj;/;f]xL cg'aGwdf sfd ug{ ] tyf sfdsf] plrt cj:yf;DaGwLclwsf/af/] klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . w]/} ;+ljwfgn] o;k|sf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]6]sf 5g\ . tL l;4fGtsf cg';f//fHon] k|To]snfO{ sfd lbP/ geO{ sfd ul//x]sf hgtfsf]z}nLdf cj/f]w l;h{gf gu/]/, oyf]lrt ¿kdf hgtfsf]sfdsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f u/]/ oL clwsf/ xfl;n ug{ k|oTgug' {kb{5 . s]xL cj:yfdf sfdsf nflu ;sf/fTds jftfj/0fl;h{gf ug{sf nflu ;sf/fTds sbdx¿ rfNg] bfloTj klgx'g;S5 .blnt dlxnflj?4 lx+;fsf] cGToof] sl7g ljifo xf] . …dlxnflj?4 lx+;f x'g] 5}gÚ eg]/;+ljwfgdf n]lvFb}df s]xL klg pknlAw x' Fb}g eGg] s'/f s;}n]klg a'‰g;S5 . s'g} klg JolQmsf] lj?4df lx+;f x'gf;fy Tof]kmf}hbf/L ck/fw x'G5 . dlxnflj?4 x'g] lx+;f sltko d'n'sdf;d:ofsf ¿kdf /xg'sf sf/0fx¿ hl6n 5g\ lsgeg] logLx¿;+:s[lt, cfly{s cj:yf, ;fdflhs ;f]rsf ;fy} sfg'gsfof{Gjog ug] { lgsfo tyf cGo kIfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ .of] s'/f hl6n 5 eGb}df ;+ljwfg;efdf 5nkmnsf] ljifox'g g;Sg] eg] xf]Og . oxfFlg/ a'‰g'kg{ ] s'/f s] xf] eg] o;ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{;"rL agfpg'k5{ . ;+ljwfg;Fuo;sf] s'g} ;DaGw 5}g eGg] ts{nfO{ :jLsf/ gug' {;\ . of]5nkmnsf] dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] / ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsg]o; ljifo;Fu ;fGble{s s'/f klg x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/fdfhf]8 lbg'xf];\ .e"lddf e"ldxLgx?sf] kx'Frof] csf] { cToGt hl6n d'2f xf] / o;sf] rfdTsfl/s ;dfwfg;+ljwfgn] lbg ;Sb}g . To;f] eP klg ;+ljwfg;efdf 5nkmnsfnflu of] k"0f{ ¿kdf pko'Qm ljifo xf] . ;+ljwfgn] e"ld;'wf/sfs]xL c8\rg x6fpg ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sltko b]zdfe"ldxLgn] e"ld k|fKt ug] { k|of;df ;DklQsf] clwsf/ afwsag]sf] 5 . To:tf] clwsf/sf] 5nkmndf o; s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ul/g'kb{5 . zfob hUuf ljt/0fdf ;d:of k}bf ug] { s]xL s'/fzf;g Joj:yfdf x'g;Sb5 . ;‹Lo Joj:yfdf e"ld;DaGwLljifodf lg0f{o ug] { clwsf/ ;/sf/sf] s'g txdf x'G5 tyf;|f]tdflysf] lgoGq0f sf];Fu sxfF /xG5 eGg] s'/fdf e"ld;DaGwLgLltx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf lge{/ /xG5 . km]l/ klg dxTjk"0f{ s'/feg]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{;"rLdf o; d'2fnfO{ /fVg' xf] tyfo;af/] k"0f{ ljrf/ xf];\ eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' xf] .blntsf clwsf/nfO{ dfGotfsf] cleJolQmcGo b]zsf ;d'bfon] ´]Ng] u/]sf dgf]j}1flgs cj/f]wx¿blntx¿n] klg em]Ng] u/]sf 5g\, h:t}, blnt ju{af6k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgGofofwLz tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs kbdf lgo'lQmxF 'b}g eGg] ;fdfGo cg'dfg ul/G5 . w]/} b]zdf dlxnfx¿n]ug] { lsl;dsf] cg'dfg xf] of] . ;g\ !((^ sf] ;+ljwfg d;f}bfubf{ blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfg;efn] /dfOnf] tl/sf ckgfPsf]lyof] – pgLx¿n] n}lËs lg/k]If efiff -g]kfnL efiffdf of] Tolt7"nf] ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5}g_ k|of]u ug' {sf cltl/Qm s'g}klg JolQm /fi6«klt x'g;Sg] s'/f pNn]v ubf{ dlxnf jf k'?ifhf] sf]xL klg x'g;Sg] egL :ki6 kf/]sf lyP . t;y{ ;+ljwfgdfo:tf] pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5, æ/fli6«o ;efn] /fi6«kltsf ¿kdfo;sf ;b:ox¿dWo] s'g} dlxnf jf k'?ifnfO{ r'Gg ;Sb5 .Æjf:tjdf g]kfnsf] cj:yf emg\ a9L hl6n 5 . nfdf] ;do;Ddkxf8L afx'g / If]qLx¿n] em08} em08} ;a} ;fj{hlgs kbx¿cf]u6\b} cfPsf] of] b]zdf dlxnf dfq geP/ blnt, dw]zLtyf hghfltx¿n] o; k|sf/sf] dgf]j}1flgs cj/f]w em]n]sf5g\ . ;+ljwfgdf æk|ltlglw;efn] o;sf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6s'g} blnt, hghflt, dw]zL, afx'g jf If]qL, dlxnf jfk'?ifnfO{ ;efd'v lgjf{lrt ug' {kg] {5Æ h:tf] k|fjwfg pNn]vug' { eg] Hofb} e2f nfUg ;S5 -/ ;+ljwfgdf of] k6s k6sbf]xf]¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5_ . o;sf] j}slNks pkfosf ¿kdfæ;+ljwfgdf …JolQmÚ jf …gful/sÚ pNn]v x' Fbf ;Gbe{n] cGoyfcy{ nufPdf afx]s hftLotf, hft, wd{, If]q, pb\ud, hGd,ckfËtf jf cGo s'g} leGgtfdf cfwfl/t e]befj ljgfblnt, dw]zL, hghflt, afx'g, If]qL jf cGo s'g} dlxnf jfk'?if ;Demg'kb{5Æ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . sfg'gsf b[li6df;dfgtf;DaGwL ;fdfGo l;4fGt ePsf sf/0f o:tf] pNn]vul//xg cfjZos g/x]sf] ljrf/ sfg'gljb\n] /fVg ;Sb5 .;+ljwfg sfg'gljb\x¿sf nflu dfq xf]Og .

{}{{36 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgs]xL ;+ljwfgdf dlxnfsf clwsf/x¿;DaGwdf lj:t[t¿kdf pNn]v ug{] Ps jf PseGbf a9L wf/fx¿ 5g\ .k|lti7f / clwsf/sf ;Gbe{df dlxnf tyf k'?if ;dfg /x]sf]cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ g} ltgLx¿df k'g/fj[lQ ul/Psf] 5 .k':tf} Fk':tfb]lv ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] :yfg cGo dfGotfx¿dflglxt /xg] u/]sf]n] o;f] ul/Psf] xf] . oxL cfwf/df …blntclwsf/Ú;DaGwL wf/f gofF ;ljwfgdf ;':ki6 ¿kdf /fVg;Dej 5 . o;n] ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ dfqpNn]v ug{ ] geO{ kfgLsf d'2f, lzIffsf d'2fsf ;fy} k|j[lQdfkl/jt{g Nofpg /fHon] sfd ug'{kg]{ st{JonfO{ klg :ki6¿kdf pNn]v ug{ ;Sb5 . olt dfq geO{ ;DejtM afbL;d'bfosf] ljlzi6 cj:yfaf/] klg pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 -;du|dfblnt afx]s cGo s'g} gfdaf6 s'g} ;d"xsf] klxrfg gu/Lsgg}_ . km]l/ klg, rrf{ ug{ pko'Qm s'/f s] xf] eg] o;n] pkof]uL5nkmn rnfpg]5 / blntsf] ;du| cj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf]sfo{;"rL / ;+ljwfg;efsf] clen]vdf k|j]z u/fpg]5 .;dfj]zLs/0f;DejtM o;af/] w]/} atfO/fVg cfjZos 5}g . w]/} axz;dfj]zLs/0fdf s]lGb|t ePsf 5g\ / o;n] cGtl/d;+ljwfgnfO{ klxn]sf ;+ljwfgx¿eGbf w]/} g} ;dfj]zL kfb{5 . ;}4flGts ¿kdf clxn] ;dfj]zLs/0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 .jt{dfg Joj:yfx¿ o;nfO{ k|fKt ug] { pQd pkfo gx'g ;S5 .;+ljwfg;efdf, ljz]if u/L xfn}sf lgjf{rgx¿sf ;Gbe{dfo;af/] 5nkmn ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs If]qdfjf:tjd} ;dfj]zLs/0f ePsf] ;'lgZrt ug{ gofF sfg'g tyfk|rngx¿ cfjZos kg{ ]5 . dfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkLGofosf nflu s]G›sf] hfgsf/Lkqn] ;'emfP cg';f/ /fhg}ltsbnx¿sf] s7f]/ lgodg klg cfjZos x'G5 .aFw'jf >dsd}ofx¿ w]/}k6s d'Qm ePsf 5g\ Û tfls{s ¿kdf of] ;Dej5}g t/ o;f] ePsf] 5 eGg] tYon] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gx¿ sltlkmtnf x'g ;S5g\ eGg] b]vfpF5 . xlnofh:tf k/Dk/futc;dfg >d ;DaGwsf cGo ¿kx¿ cem} sfod} 5g\ . gofF;+ljwfg g]kfnsf oL d'2fsf ;DaGwdf a9L :ki6 x'g ;Sb5 /o;n] sd}ofsf ;Gbe{df eP h:t} …;fª\nf]Ú dfq geO{ hLljsfsf]pkfo klg u'dfPsf dflg;x¿nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] Ifltk"lt{sf] klgJoj:yf ug' {kb{5 . jf:tljs t/ plrt clwsf/ k|bfg ug]k|efjsf/L k|fjwfgsf] d;f}bf ug{ ' Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . cGtl/d;+ljwfgn] Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/ sfg'gL ¿kdf nfu"ug{ ;lsg] lsl;daf6 eg] ul/Psf] 5}g .…vf]qmf zAbx?ÚtkfO{Fn] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg k9\g'eof] eg] tn pNn]vul/Psf] h:tf] /fd|f] ;'lgg] Joj:yf kfpg'x'G5 Mæ/fHon] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ tyf;d'bfosf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/L;DaGwL ljz]ifJoj:yf u/L pgLx¿sf] lxtnfO{ k|jw{g ug{ ;3fpg] gLltcjnDag ug] {5 .ÆtkfO{ FnfO{ /fHon] lsg logLx¿dWo] s'g} sfd u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]xf]nf eGg]af/] ;f]Rg dg nfUg ;S5 . o;sf] Pp6f ;DefJoJofVof s] x'g;S5 eg] of] …/fHosf] gLltÚ dfq xf], o;n] s'g}sfg'gL clwsf/ l;h{gf ub} {g . To;}n] o;n] sfg'gL ¿kdf nfu"ug{ 'kg{ ] bfloTj l;h{gf ub} {g eg]/ tkfO{ F ts{ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .y'k|} b]zdf o:tf Joj:yfx¿ 5g\ . l;h{gzLn cbfntx¿slxn]sfxLF oL Joj:yfx¿nfO{ sfg'gL zlQm k|bfg ug{ ;IfdePsf 5g\ t/ cbfntdf n}hfg ;lsg] clwsf/x¿sf t'ngfdfTo;f] ug{ sl7g 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, blIf0f clk|msfsf];+ljwfgdf To:tf nfu" ug{ g;lsg] vfnsf Joj:yfx¿5}gg\ t/ o;df :jf:Yo / cfjf;df kx' Frsf] clwsf/;DaGwLJoj:yf 5g\ / oL Joj:yfnfO{ Ps lsl;dsf] sfg'gL bfaLsf¿kdf cbfntdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .csf] { sdhf]/ jf ck|efjsf/L Joj:yf eg]sf] sfg'g kfl/tug' {kg] { Joj:yf xf] . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf hftsf cfwf/dfs;}nfO{ klg e]befj ug{ gkfOg] / …o; Joj:yf;Fu aflemg]s'g} klg sfo{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]Ú pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . t/ To:tf] sfg'g slxNo} klg kfl/t gul/P To:tf]Joj:yfsf] k|efj Hofb} sd dfq x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF ;+ljwfgn]…sfg'g x'g'k5{Ú eg]sf] xf] eGg] cy{df klg ;+ljwfgsf] JofVoful/of] . ;"rgfsf] clwsf/ o;k|sf/sf] lyof] – o;n] sfg'gagfpg}k5{ eg]sf] lyPg t/ sfg'g gag];Dd pQm clwsf/sf]s'g} k|efj g/x]sf] ¿kdf lng'kg{] h:tf] b]lvGYof] . To:tf]sfg'g xfn;fn} dfq kfl/t ul/of] .sltko clwsf/x¿ …Ps xftn] lbP/ csf] { xftn] lkmtf{ lng]Úvfnsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgn] …sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhdafx]sÚ uf]kgLotf cg'Nn‹gLo x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v u¥of] .o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] sfg'gn] pQm clwsf/ vf]:g ;S5 .gofF ;+ljwfgsf nflu k|fjwfgx¿;DaGwdf ;'emfj tof/ul//x]sf blnt tyf cGo ;d"xx¿n] To:tf k|sf/sf Joj:yfx¿gk?g\ eg]/ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgnfO{ yk;lqmo ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu Joj:yf ug{ klg;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg oyfzSo sfof{Gjog ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] Ps cfof]usf] u7g gofF ;+ljwfgn] ug' {kg];'emfj sltkon] lbPsf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgnfO{ s'g} gofFsfg'g cfjZos k/]df / To:tf sfg'g kfl/t ePsf] 5}g eg];+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ug{ cbfntn] cfkm}n] Ifdtfn] EofP;Ddsfg'g lgdf{0f ug' {kg] { egL pNn]v ug{ klg ;lsG5 .

{]g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg37;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:oxŸnfO{k|efjsf/L x'g ;xof]u;+;b\sf] ;b:o aGg] cg'ej blnt ;d'bfodf yf]/} dfq 5 /kl5Nnf jif{x¿df :yfgLo txdf k|efjsf/L :yfgLo ;/sf/ vf;}gePsfn] To; txdf klg yf]/} dfq cg'ej 5 . blnt tyf cGogofF ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u rflxPnf . To:tf] ;xfotf ljleGglsl;dsf x'g;S5g\ . s]xL ;xfotf ;+j]ufTds x'g;Sb5g\ .;+ljwfg;efsf sfo{ sltko cj:yfdf tgfjk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5g\ /;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿ 3/ kl/jf/af6 6f9f sf7df8f} F cfPsf5g\ eg] pgLx¿nfO{ PlSnPsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;Sb5 .;xof]usf cGo :j¿k Jofjxfl/s x'g;Sb5g\ . ;b:ox¿nfO{5nkmndf k|of]u ug{ ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw u/fOlbg'kg]{x'g;Sb5 . To:tf ;fdu|Ldf gofF ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfgx¿sfnflu 7f]; ;'emfjx¿sf ;fy} To:tf ;'emfjnfO{ k'li6 ug{]k[i7hfgsf/L /flvg'kb{5 . k|:t't ul/Psf ljrf/x¿k|lt x'g]cg'dflgt lj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug] { pkof]uL ;fdu|L klg To;df/flvg'kb{5 .dlxnf ;b:ox¿nfO{ cltl/Qm ;xfotf / ;dy{g cfjZoskg{;S5 . pgLx¿sf 3/df pgLx¿k|lt cfl>t afnaflnsf5g\ eg] s] xf]nf < tL afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx u/]/ tyf tLdlxnf ;f+;bsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ la/fdL k/]sf] cj:yfdfkfn}kfnf] x]/ljrf/ u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;d'bfosf;b:ox¿ tof/ x'g'kb{5 .;+ljwfg;efn] ;a}eGbf klxnf ug'{kg{] sfo{x¿dWo] Pp6fsfo{ljlw lgodfjnL kfl/t ug'{ x'g]5 . ;b:ox¿sf] k"0f{;xeflutfdf cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{ ] geO{ To; sfo{nfO{ ;xhagfpgdf tL lgod pkof]uL ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ ljrf/k'¥ofOg'kb{5 . ;+ljwfg;ef /ftel/ klg a:g;Sg] ePdfdlxnfnfO{ c;'ljwf x'g;Sb5 . ;b:ox¿n] ;efnfO{ ;Daf]wgubf{ g]kfnL efiff k|of]u ug' {kg] { ePdf pQm efiff ;fj{hlgs¿kdf cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy af]Ng g;Sg] ;b:ox¿sf];xeflutfdf afwf kg{ ;Sb5 . lgodfjnLn] s'g} klgJolQm jf ju{af/] clZnn cleJolQm k|of]u ug{df k|ltaGwnufpg'kb{5 .;ef;b\xŸsf] lhDd]jf/L;+ljwfg;efsf ^)! ;b:ox¿sf] lhDd]jf/L uxg x'g]5 .sltko ;ef;b\x¿n] ;+ljwfgsf] k|s[ltaf/] yf]/} dfq a'em]sfx'g]5g\ . o;f] x'g' :jfefljs xf] . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] k|To]s;b:on] ;+ljwfg eg]sf] s] xf] / o;n] s;/L sfo{ ub{5 eGg]ljifodf ;s];Dd a9L hfGgsf nflu k|of; ug] { lhDd]jf/L:jLsfg} {kb{5 . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] bnsf] c8fg tyf pgLx¿sf;d'bfosf rf;f]x¿nfO{ a'em]sf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug' {kb{5 . s'g}klg ;b:on] cfkm"nfO{ bnsf] lgb] {zg adf]lhd dtbfg ug{;fwgsf ¿kdf dfq ;f]Rg' x' Fb}g .;b:ox¿n] ;+ljwfg tyf o;sf d'2fx¿af/] k9\g'kb{5 . pgLx¿;+ljwfg;efsf sfo{af/] l;Sgsf nflu pknAw cj;/x¿df;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g}kb{5 . pgLx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdfaf]Ng l;Sg'kb{5 . cfˆgf] ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt lgsfoåf/f k|:t't;fdu|Lx¿af/] pgLx¿n] hfgsf/L lng}kb{5 . cfkm"n] sfo{ ug]ljifout ;ldlt;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿af/] l;Sg] lhDd]jf/Lklg pgLx¿df /x]sf] x'G5 . cfˆgf] / cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ljz]ifrf;f]o'Qm d'2fx¿sf ;Gbe{df tL k|:tfj s] x'g\ / To;nfO{;dy{g ug{ ] ts{af/] dfq hfgsf/L xfl;n gu/L ljkIfdf cfpg]ts{x¿af/] klg pgLx¿ ;r]t /xg'kb{5 . o;}u/L ljkIfdfcfpg] ts{x¿df s'g} j}wtf ePsf] jf gePsf]af/] lg0f{o ug{pgLx¿ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ / tL ts{ j}w ePdf k'g{ljrf/ ug{ tyfgePdf k|To"Q/df ts{x¿ ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . csf{sf] s'/f g;'Gg]n]s] eO/x]sf] 5 / csf] { kIfn] s:tf ts{x¿ /flv/x]sf 5g\eGg] slxNo} a'‰g g;Sg] ePsf]n] ;'Ggsf nflu pgLx¿ tTk/x'g'kb{5 .;b:ox¿sf nflu d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ljifo bnk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/Ltyf cfˆgf] ;d'bfo / cGo s'/fk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/LaLrsf] åGåx'g;Sg]5 . blnt ;d'bfo jf hghfltx¿ cflbn] -;f+;bsf]cfˆgf] ;d"x cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g;S5_ rfx]sf] lglZrtk|fjwfg jf s'g} lglZrt If]qn] rfx]sf] s'g} s'/fnfO{ bnn]gLltsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug' {kb{5 eg]/ cfˆgf] bnnfO{ dgfpg';fdfGotof /fd|f] x'g;S5 . bnn] of] c8fgnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]s] xf]nf < bnn] ckgfPsf] wf/0ffnfO{ gk5\ofpg] ;b:onfO{bnn] cg'zf;gsf] sf/afxL ug] { vt/f /xG5 . bnn] lgisf;gu/]sf] JolQmn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cg';f/ cfˆgf] :yfg u'dfpF5 .t/ bnn] k|To]s ;b:osf] PseGbf a9L klxrfg x'G5 eGg]s'/f cg'e"lt ug] {5 eGg] cfzf u/f} F . ;b:ox¿ bnsf ;b:odfq x' Fb}gg\, pgLx¿ dlxnf, k'?if, blnt, hghflt, ckfËtfePsf JolQm, d';ndfg, af}4, jftfj/0fljb\, k]zfsdL{, ls;fgcfbL klg x'G5g\ / tL ;d'bfosf] lxtsf nflu cfjZoss'/fdf pgLx¿sf] cfˆg} b[li6sf]0f x'G5 . blnt, hghfltjf dlxnf ;b:ox¿n] bnleq dfq geO{ bnsf] wf/0ffaf6cnu u7aGwgdf klg sfd ug' {kg{ ] x'G5 . bnx¿n] klg o:tfsbdnfO{ ;du| /fi6«sf] lxtdf x'g;Sb5 eg]/ :jLsf/ ug' {kb{5/ o;nfO{ bnk|lt Odfgbf/ gePsf] ¿kdf lng' x' Fb}g . ;a}hghflt, dw]zL, blnt tyf dlxnfn] bnsf] nfOg gf3]/u7aGwg agfP eg] bnx¿n] pgLx¿ ;a}nfO{ lgisf;gug{;Sg] klg 5}gg\ Û

{38 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgs] ;+ljwfg …:jsfof{Gjogsf/LÚx'g;Sb5

+g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg39Gofosf] k'gM;+/rgf M g]kfnsf] gofF;+ljwfgdf blnt clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff– dfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkL Gofo s]Gb«kl/roGo"of]s{ ljZjljBfnol:yt dfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkLGofo s]G› -;LPrcf/hLh]_ n] cfˆgf] xfn}sf] k|sfzg…Gofosf] k'gM;+/rgf M gofF ;+ljwfgdf blnt clwsf/sf];'/IffÚ -;g\ @))*_^@ sf] ;f/;ª\If]k ;dfj]z ug{] cg'dltxfdLnfO{ ;bfzotfk"j{s lbPsf] 5 . of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyfg]kfndf blntsf] cj:yf;DaGwL uxg cWoogsf] kl/0ffdxf] . ;LPrcf/hLh]n] cl3Nnf] k6s g]kfndf blntsf] cj:yfljifodf cWoog u/L …khnsf] x/fO/x]sf] 6'qmf M g]kfndfhftLo lje]b tyf åGåÚ -;g\ @))%_^# gfds k|ltj]bg tof/u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @))* sf] clk|ndf o;nfO{ g]kfndf hfkfgldl8of ;]G6/n] k|sfzdf NofPsf] lyof] / o;nfO{ g]kfnLdfcg'jfb ul/g]5 .o; k|sfzgnfO{ Jofks ¿kdf hgtfaLr k'¥ofpg ;s]sf]dfxfdLnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . ;LPrcf/hLh];Fusf] 5nkmnkl5xfdLn] lgDgfg';f/sf s]xL l6Kk0fL u/]sf 5f} F M!= xfn;fn} ul/Psf] gful/stf k|df0fkq ljt/0f -;g\@))&_ kZrft\ w]/} blntn] cfˆgf] xso'Qm gful/stfk|df0fkq kfPsf 5g\ . oxfF b'O{ j6f d'2f /x]sf] cg'e"ltxfdLnfO{ ePsf] 5 – gful/stf tyf To;sf] k|df0fsf¿kdf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq clwsf/ xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{gofF ;+ljwfgn] :ki6 ug' {kb{5 . csf] { s'/f, plrt sf/0fgeP;Dd -dtflwsf/ h:tf sf/0f_ gful/sx¿nfO{ dfqclwsf/ lbg' unt xf] - x]g' {xf];\, k[i7 @_ .@= ;+ljwfg;efn] ægofF ;+ljwfgdf wf/f @#-@_ ;/xsf]Joj:yfdf c?sf] wfld{s clwsf/dflysf] cltqmd0fnfO{lgif]w ug] { To:t} k|sf/sf] v08 /x]sf] ;'lgZrt u/f];\ÆeGg] ;'emfjsf] p2]Zo cGon] h:t} blntn] klg dlGb/k|j]znufotsf wfld{s clwsf/x¿sf] pkef]u ug{;s"g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lgZrt ug'{ xf] . To;}n] s]xLdflg; pgLx¿sf wfld{s clwsf/ -pbfx/0fsf nflu,a|fDx0fsf ¿kdf_ cGtu{t blntnfO{ tNnf] :t/sf]Jojxf/ ug] {nufotsf clwsf/ kb{5g\ eg]/ ts{ ug{;Sg]hf]lvd ePsf]n] æwd{sf gfddf zf]if0f ug{ :ki6 ¿kdflgif]w ug] { efiff ;dfj]z ug{ 'kg{ ]Æ ;DaGwdf k[i7 !) dflbOPsf] ;'emfj tyf æc?sf ;Dk"0f{ df}lns clwsf/ tyf:jtGqtfdfly cltqmd0f ug{ wd{sf] k|of]u lgif]w ug{ 'kg{ ]Æ;DaGwL cl3Nnf] ;'emfjnufotsf l;kmfl/zx¿;Fu}o;nfO{ kl9g'kb{5 -x]g'{xf];\, k[i7 &_ . To;}n] gofF;+ljwfgdf s'g l;4fGt xfaL x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'g'kb{5-/ Tof] l;4fGt ;a}sf] k|lti7fsf] l;4fGt x'g'kb{5_ .#= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[ltsclwsf/x¿ ;dfj]z x'g' :jfutof]Uo s'/f xf] eGg] s'/fdfxfdL ;xdt 5f} F -x]g' {xf];\, k[i7 *–(_ t/ oL Joj:yfnfO{…sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/Ú eg]/ sdhf]/ t'NofOPsf]s'/f klg pNn]vgLo 5 -cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwLwf/f !^-@_, lzIff;DaGwL wf/f !& tyf ;fdflhs;'/Iff;DaGwL wf/f !* t/ wf/f !( sf] ;DklQ;DaGwLclwsf/nfO{ eg] ljBdfg sfg'gsf] clwgdf /flvPsf]5_ . gofF ;+ljwfgn] o:tf lsl;dsf Joj:yfx¿sf]k|of]u cTofjZos eP dfq ug' {kb{5 / ;s];Dd …cfkm}sfof{Gjog x'g;Sg]Ú Joj:yfx¿ k|of]u ug'{kb{5, ;fy}sfof{Gjogsf cGo sbdx¿ jf:tjd} cufl8 a9fOg];'lglZrt ug] { Joj:yfx¿ klg /flvg'kb{5 . ;"rgfsf]xs;DaGwL P]g kfl/t x'g !& jif{ nfUof] -;jf]{Rr^@ dfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkL Gofo s]G› -;LPrcf/hLh]_sf] k|ltj]bg …Gofosf] k'gM;+/rgf M gofF ;+ljwfgdf blnt clwsf/sf] ;'/IffÚ -Go"of]s{ MGo"of]s{ ljZjljBfno :s"n ckm n, ;g\ @))*_sf] k"0f{ kf7 http://www.chrgj.org/projects/docs/recastingjustice.pdf df pknAw 5 .^# dfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZjJofkL Gofo s]G› -;LPrcf/hLh]_sf] k|ltj]bg …khnsf] x/fO/x]sf] 6'qmf M g]kfndf hftLo lje]b tyf åGåÚ -Go"of]s{ M Go"of]s{ ljZjljBfno:s"n ckm n, ;g\ @))%_sf] k"0f{ kf7 http://www.chrgj.org/docs/Missing%20Piece%20of%20the%20Puzzle.pdf df pknAw 5 .

{40 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgcbfntn] sfg'g kfl/t ug{ cfb]z lbPkl5 !@ jif{ nfUof]_— gofF ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu hgtfn] Toltnfdf] ;do kv{g'kg] { cj:yf cfpg'xF 'b}g .$= k|ltj]bg blnt clwsf/df s]lGb|t eP cg'¿k gofF;+ljwfgåf/f …;+j}wflgs cËsf ¿kdf /lfi6«o blntcfof]u :yfkgf ug{'kg{]Ú ;'emfj klg lbOPsf] 5 -k[i7!@_ . clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ ;zQm ;+:yfx¿ ePsf];'lglZrt ug] { rfxgf tyf ljutsf] blnt cfof]unfO{j}wflgs clwsf/, :jfoQtf tyf ;fj{ef}ldstf kof{Ktdfqfdf g/x]sf] eGg] rf;f]af6 of] ;'emfj clek] |l/t /x]sf]5 . o;sf] cy{ jl~rt ;d'bfosf nflu 5'§} cË x'g' g};dfwfg xf] eGg] xf]Og . lgs} w]/} cË ePdf /fHosfljQLo / dfgjLo ;|f]t v]/ hfg ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu,c;+j}wflgs Jojxf/af6 kLl8t Ps blnt aflnsfnfO{lnpmF – pgL dlxnf cfof]u hflG5g\ jf afnaflnsfcfof]u jf blnt cfof]u jf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]uhflG5g\ < …Ps cfof]u agfpg] jf w]/} cfof]u agfpg]ÚeGg] s'/fdf ;+;f/el/ g} 7"nf] axz ePsf] 5 . ;+o'Qmclw/fHo, blIf0f clk|msf tyf ci6« ]lnofnufotsf b]zdfyf]/} ;ª\Vofdf zlQmzfnL cfof]ux¿ x'g'kg]{ ljrf/b]lvPsf] 5 . lgZro g} of] ;+ljwfg;efn] 5nkmn ug' {kg]ljifo xf] .t/ oL ;fdfGo s'/fnfO{ Psflt/ /fv]/ xfdL dg}b]lv o; /f]rsk|ltj]bgk|lt ;xdlt hgfpF5f} F .blnt clwsf/ ;+/lIft g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgsf nflu dfgj clwsf/tyf ljZjJofkL Gofo s]Gb«sf ;'emfjx?!!!!!!!!dlxnf / k'?ifaLr lje]b gx'g] u/L gful/stf;DaGwL :ki6 Joj:yf -tyf cfdf jf afa' g]kfnL gful/s ePsf] JolQmnfO{dfGotf_Ù;Gb]xsf nflu s'g} 7fpF g/x]sf], s'g} ckjfb g/x]sf] / s'g} l5› g/x]sf] ;'lglZrt ub} { ;a}sf nflu clwsf/ tyf;dfgtf;DaGwdf :ki6 / k|efjsf/L efiffÙblntsf] clwsf/dfly s'g} k|efj kfg] { lsl;dsf cfwf/df jlxis/0fsf] s'g} ;Defjgf g/xg] u/L cfˆgf] k]zf 5fGg kfpg]:jtGqtf k"0f{ ¿kdf ;+/If0f ePsf] ;'lgZrt ug] {Ùwd{ jf ;+:s[lt;DaGwL clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ubf{ hftLo lje]b Gofof]lrt g7xl/g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug] {Ùu}/;+j}wflgs cfwf/df lje]b ug{af6 /fhg}lts bnx¿nfO{ /f]Sg'sf ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L lgodg ;'lglZrtug] {Ùk|efjsf/L clwsf/sf ¿kdf vfgf, lzIff tyf :jf:Yo h:tf cfly{s—;fdflhs clwsf/x¿ -;dfj]z ug] { -pQ/f]Q/¿kdf xfl;n ub{ } hfg] s'/f eP klg_Ùclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L pkrf/ ;dfj]z ug] {Ù/fli6«o blnt cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf ¿kdf :yflkt ug] { .l6Kk0fL M o; ;"rLdf k|:tfjx¿sf] emns dfq lbOPsf] 5 . …hfgsf/LkqÚ k"/} k9\g'xf]nf jf k|ltj]bg k"/} k9\g' cem /fd|f]xf]nf .

]g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg41cg';"rL !blnt hftxŸ, pk–hftxŸ, y/xŸ tyf k/Dk/fut k]zfxŸkxf8L blntsfdL;fsL{bdfO÷9f]nLhftx¿ pk–hftx¿ y/x¿ k/Dk/fut k]zfx¿sfdL;'gf/nf]xf/cf]8r'gf/fkfsL{6d6fldhf/rd{sf/e"nkl/of/;'rLsf/gurL{9f]nLx'8\s]cfu|LÙ cfrfo{Ù cfkmnwf]tLÙ cf]8Ù s;/fÙ sflnsf]6]Ù sfln/fhÙu8fnÙ uxt/fh -uxt]_Ù s'dfsL{Ù s}gLÙ sf]nLÙ sf]O/fnfÙv8\sfyf]sLÙ vkfËLÙ vftLÙ uhd]/Ù uh'/]nÙ ubfOnLÙ lu/LÙuf]tfd]Ù ufjfÙ hf8sfdLÙ 6d6f -tfd|fsf/_Ù lg/f}nfÙ g]kfnÙ,kGyLÙ kf]v/]nÙ kf}8]nÙ kf}8]nLÙ j/fOnL -a/fn, a/fnL_Ù >LkfnLÙlbofnLÙ b"w/fhÙ e'iffnÙ e"nÙ dflxnLkf/Ù /xkfnÙ /fhLnf}xf/Ù;fksf]6fÙ l;ufp/]Ù l;hfkltÙ ;]ltkf/Ù /fdbfdÙ l/hfnÙ Njfu'gÙ;f]gfdÙ x]dRo"/LÙ lt?jfÙ 3tfgL -3tfg]_Ù 3dfnÙ 3tL{Ù l3ld/]Ù3fd5TnÙ r'gf/Ù l5:tnÙ 7u'GgfÙ 76/fÙ gu/sf]6LÙ kNnoÙk/fh'nLÙ kf]t] +nÙ h'r]efn]Ù afF;sf]6fÙ e§Ù e§/fO{Ù dx/Ù /;fOnLÙ;'Ro"/LÙ ;'gw'jfÙ ;]lt;'?jfnÙ ;]ltdx/Ù ;fzÍ/ -;b\zÍ/_Ùz]/]nfÙ nfduf8]Ù ;f]jÙ ?rfnÙ kx/LÙ kfWoj6LÙ nfdfsfsL{c5fdLÙ pk/sf]6LÙ pk| ]tLÙ sdf/Ù ls;fgÙ sf]O/fnfÙ lu/LÙ u}/Ùu}l/lkknÙ ufy]Ù l3ld/]Ù rGbÙ uf]tfd]Ù r'8fnÙ r'xfgÙ yu'gfÙ5dsL{Ù 7fs'/:oÙ 78/fO{Ù 8fn]Ù tf]nfÍLÙ yfsÙ yklnofÙ yfkfÙbfpnfsf]6LÙ wf}nfsf]6LÙ bfj]Ù bfxfnÙ b'nfnÙ wd]nÙ wdnfÙwgfnLÙ kPnLÙ k'sf{ ]6LÙ k'nfdLÙ kf}8]nÙ a;]nÙ ad/]nÙ jonsf]6LÙla;Î]Ù a:tfsf]6LÙ af]u6LÙ eUofnÙ e]onÙ e"nÙ e't{ ]nÙ lekfnÙdª\u|fltÙ dhfsf]6LÙ dhfaf]6LÙ dfNa'nÙ dfNrf]sÙ d'b]nÙ /Dt]nÙ?rfnÙ /fptÙ /f]OnfÙ /f]sfÙ ndh]nÙ nD;fnÙ zfxLÙ >LdfnLÙl;/f}t]Ù ;'v{ ]tLÙ ;+o]nÙ ;]hjfnÙ xdfnÙ lxtfÍclwsf/LÙ cf;;foÙ cphLÙ sgfn -sF8]n_Ù s6'jfnÙ sfsL{9f]nL-d'8'nfÙ ;'tf/Ù nfdfÙ v'nfn_Ù sfpnfv]tLÙ sf]O/fnfÙ vltj8fÙvftLÙ u'OF8] -u'OF8]n_Ù uf}td÷uf]tfd] -l;jf_Ù 3n]Ù u'?ªÙ rfxf/Ùr'xfgÙ h}?Ù 7u'GgfÙ 76fnÙ 8f}8]Ù 9\ofsLÙ ltjf/LÙ lqvqLÙ yfkfÙbgf{nÙ bf;Ù gurL{Ù g]uLÙ g]kfnÙ gf}jfuÙ r' +8fnÙ kGtÙ kfFrsf]6LÙkf]v/]nÙ a8{ ]jfÙ afurGbÙ afUbf;Ù a}h'Ù a"9fyf]sLÙ a"9flkyL{Ùe08f/LÙ e§/fO{Ù leqLsf]6LÙ e';fnÙ du/Ù df]6]Ù dx/fÙ dfn]Ù/haf/Ù /gk} +nL -/0fkfnÙ /0fkx] FnL_Ù /fgfÙ /fO{Ù /fOFufO{Ù /}sfÙ¥ofOFemfOÙ nfk| ], nfd3f6]Ù n'OF6]n, lznfw/Ù ;'gfdÙ ;'gbf;Ù;'Gr]p/LÙ zfxL ;d'b|L -;fO{Ù ;fO{d'Gb|LÙ ;d'b|zfO{_Ù ;'hLÙlxªdfªÙ x'8\s]Ù ck6f¥ofÙ 3n]sÙ e]l8sf/Ù a]6'jfÙ 9/fnÙ /]tgÙla6fn'Ù gu/sf]6LÙ ofUg]Ù 3tfgLÙ e] F8] lzafÙ s'v'/] lzafÙ ;'ª\u'/]lzafÙ bdfO{ kl/of/Ù /Tgkl/of/Ù c5fd] kl/of/Ù l5gfn kl/of/Ùyfs kl/of/Ù gfsf9f]nLufOg] cg'knAw clwsf/LÙ sfdLÙ sfnfsf}lzsÙ sfnf kf}8]nÙ sflnrgÙ uf];fO{Ùhf]uLÙ 7s'/LÙ t'sL{Ù afx'gÙ a"9fyf]sLÙ a}sf/Ù jfBsf/Ù a]:7Ù lji6Ùaf]u6LÙ e';fn -kj{t]_Ù dx]Zj/Ù ljZjsdf{Ù lai0f'kbÙ /fO{;d'b|Ù;'/;dfgÙ ;]tfkj{t]Ù ;]ltrgÙ s'slrg /fgfwft';DaGwL sfdv's'/L, xltof/, s[lif cf}hf/ pTkfbg;'grfFbL, uxgfsf sfdkmnfdsf sfd tyf s[lif cf}hf/lgdf{0f3/ lgdf{0f, df6f] tyf sf7;DaGwLsfd7]sL, b"w]/f], dbfgL h:tf sf7sfefF8fs' F8f pTkfbg8fnf], gfª\nf] h:tf afF;sf ;fdfgpTkfbgtfdfsf efF8fs' F8f pTkfbg5fnfsf sfdzf;sx¿åf/f k|bfg ul/Psf] dfgfy{kbjL5fnfsf ;fdfg pTkfbg5fnfsf ;fdfg pTkfbgljjfx tyf cGo z'e cj;/x¿dfk~r]afhf jfbgn'uf l;pg]n'uf l;pg]dlGb/ tyf b/jf/df ljz]if cj;/dfgu/fjfbg9f]n ahfP/ ;/sf/sf pbL{ hgtfaLr;Dk| ]if0f ug{x'8\s] afhf jfbg;f/ËL ahfP/ ufpg]

]42 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfghftx¿ pk–hftx¿ y/x¿ k/Dk/fut k]zfx¿jfbL cg'knAw vfltÙ /;fOnL yfkfÙ /;fOnLÙ n]sfnLÙ l5gfnÙ a/fnÙ 7fs'/Ù/fgfÙ s'dfnÙ v8\sfÙ hf]uLÙ af]6]Ù pkfWofoÙ l/hfnÙ l;+xÙ >]i7Ùkf}8]nÙ clwsf/LÙ sfdLÙ bdfO{Ù afbzfxÙ vfgÙ lwtfnÙ lg/f}nfdw]zL blntrdf/÷xl/hg÷/fd cg'knAw /fdÙ df]rLÙ xl/hgÙ /ljbf; -/}bf;_Ù rdf/Ù dx/Ù dx/fÙ d]x/fÙ/fptÙ eutÙ bf;Ù ah/Ù af3Ù w'l;ofÙ bzjltofÙ dw]l;ofd';x/ cg'knAw ;bfÙ ;bfoÙ Clifb]jÙ Clifs'nÙ /fptÙ lt/x'ltofÙ dw}ofÙv/k'l/ofÙ ;Gtk'l/ofÙ sfp5Ù 3/d'06fÙ k5f?Ù d'8LÙ drf?b';fw÷kf;jfg÷kf;L cg'knAw kf;jfgÙ xhf/LÙ xh/fÙ dw}of -du}of_Ù s'dL{Ù sfdxf/Ù kflnjf/Ùs'gf{Ù bf/Ù ;/hxfF -;'/lhof_Ù kl~hof/Ù klv/ b}8Ù ;"o{j+zLdfbn, 9f]ns h:tf afhf / lrlnd,ufu|L h:tf df6fsf ;fdfg pTkfbg-/ kl5 cfP/ s]xL dlxnf of}gJoj;fodf klg ;+nUg_5fnfsf sfdv]tdf d';fn] Kjfnx¿df n'sfP//fv]sf] wfg lgsfNg] / ufO{j:t'r/fpg];fdflhs sfo{sf] ;"rgf lbg] uf]8fOt-…;Gb]zjfxsÚ_Ù ufpF kx/]bf/Ù slDtof-afnL s'?jf_tTdf cg'knAw cg'knAw a'Gg]vTj] cg'knAw d08nÙ lt/x'ltofÙ jfbfxÙ Sof]6/Ù k/;fÙ kf]v/le08fÙ x;'lnofÙg]jf/Ù ggf}8Ù afs]sk8f a'Gg]Ù wfuf] sfTg]Ù ljjfxsf];dodf 8f]nL af]Sg]wf]aL -/hs_ cg'knAw sgf}lhofÙ dw}ofÙ a]naf/Ù ;'/hfxfÙ tdf]nLÙ lt/x'ltofÙ t'?sÙ n'uf w'g]wf]OafÙ a}yÙ /hsÙ klysÙ ;fkmLÙ cfo{afFt/ -;/bf/_ cg'knAw /fhwfdLÙ wfdLÙ ;/bf/Ù dfemLÙ /fptÙ afF6 df6f]sf] sfdlrl8df/ cg'knAw cg'knAw r/fsf] lzsf/ ug{8f]d cg'knAw sf]l7tfÙ dv}tfÙ tnjf/Ù 6as}tÙ rr]jf/Ù sf]nlgof/Ù ;gk/ofÙ afF;sf] ;fdfg agfpg]Ù afhf ahfpg]Ù36}tÙ cdn]l/ofÙ dxj}tfÙ jnufl5ofÙ sfg"gÙ bvl6ofÙ hGd]sf] aRrfsf] ;fngfn sf6\g],df]8lnofÙ emf]emfjfÙ lr/lgofFÙ enj}tÙ jfO;LÙ a;jf/ lrxfg vGg]Ù nf; hnfpg]d]:t/÷xnvf]/ cg'knAw hdbf/Ù /fptÙ l;/;jfnÙ t'sf{Ù cfdl/ofÙ bv}of -bj{ ]_Ù kgk'/LÙavl/ofÙ dx/Ù d]:tf/Ù xnvf]/af6f] ;kmf ug{ ]s';jfl8of÷kTy/s§f cg'knAw cg'knAw 9'Ëfsf ;fdfg agfpg]sslxof cg'knAw cg'knAw cg'knAwsn/ cg'knAw cg'knAw dfUg]vl6s cg'knAw r08fnÙ a/fjfÙ ef]u/LofÙ ar/fÙ rf}nfÙ lv/xLÙ tfj8fÙ rdl/ofÙ d[usf 5fnfsf] sfd6fsLÙ bfodfÙ jfu8Lsf]/L cg'knAw k"lj{ofÙ klZrdxfÙ rd/fÙ sf]6rd/fÙ blvgfxfÙ alx/loofF sk8f a'Gg]k;L cg'knAw cg'knAw tf8Lsf] ?vaf6 /S;L agfpg];/eË÷;j{l/of ± cg'knAw cg'knAw dfUg];|f]t M /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, ;g\ @))#l6Kk0fL M ± ;/eË÷;/al/of / sn/ Pp6} hft ;d"x x'g\ . sn/ zAb ckdfghgs ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] pgLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ ;/eË÷;/al/of egfpg?rfpF5g\ .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg43cg';"rL @g]kfnL blnt hLjgsf s]xL emns-hfu/0f d]l8of ;]G6/sf] j]a;fO6http://www.jagaranmedia.org.np/jagaran-media-nepal-dalit-news.php?id=28af6 cg'dlt;lxt ;fef/ p4[t ._ljjflxt hf]8LnfO{ anft\ 5'6\ofOof];fAnfv', tfKn]h'ª lhNnf . tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] ;fAnfv'uflj;df cGt/hftLo ljjfx ug{ ] Ps hf]8LnfO{ pgLx¿sfkl/jf/n] b'O{ dlxgfb]lv 5'6\ofP/ /fv]sf 5g\ . b'nxfsf] 3/dfuP/ b'nxLsf] kl/jf/n] b'nxLnfO{ ha/h:tL kmsf{Psf lyP .Ps blnt;Fu cGt/hftLo ljjfx u/]/ o'jtLn] pgLx¿sf]OHht w"nf]df ldnfPsf] egfO pgLx¿sf] lyof] .j8f g+= ! lgjf;L s[i0faxfb'/ bfxfnsL @) jifL{of 5f]/L /ldnfbfxfnn] b'O{ dlxgfk"j{ j8f g+= # sf Ps blnt g/axfb'//;fOnLsf 5f]/f e"k]Gb| /;fOnL;Fu k| ]dljjfx u/]sL lyOg\ .e"k]Gb|sf cg';f/ pgn] /ldnfnfO{ eufP/ b'O{ dlxgfb]lv emfkfsf]bfgfaf/Ldf /fv]sf lyP / pgLx¿ 3/ kms{ Fbf /ldnfsf] kl/jf/cfP/ pgnfO{ lnP/ uPsf lyP . pgLx¿aLr ljut kfFr jif{b]lvk| ]d eO/x]sf] / /ldnfn] ljjfx ug{sf nflu af]nfPsLn] cfkm"ljb]zaf6 g]kfn kms{ ]sf] hfgsf/L klg e"k]Gb|n] lbPsf 5g\ .pgn] eg], æd blnt ePsf]n] /ldnf;Fusf] d]/f] ;DaGwnfO{pgsf] kl/jf/n] krfpg ;s]g / o;n] ubf{ jf:tjd} dnfO{lgs} g/fd|f] cg'e"lt eO/x]sf] 5 .Æ blntlj?4sf] lje]bcem;Dd klg d]l6Psf] 5}g eGg] s'/f cfˆgf] 3/df ePsf]cfqmd0fn] b]vfPsf] klg pgn] atfPsf 5g\ .blnt dlxnfnfO{ 3fF; sf6\g lbOPgcfdnrf}/, afUn'ª lhNnf . afUn'ª lhNnfsf] cfdnrf}/ uflj;j8f g+= # df /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs hldg blnt dlxnfnfO{ k|of]uug{ lbg] ;Demf}tf 8]9 jif{k"j{ ul/Psf] lyof] / pQm ;Demf}tf!% jif{;Dd dfGo x'g] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .:yfgLo blnt pTyfg dlxnf ;d"xn] pQm If]qdf ljleGgk|sf/sf 3fF; /f]k]sf lyP . clxn] pQm 3fF; sf6\gsf nfluof]Uo eO;s]sf] ;dodf u}/blnt dlxnfx¿n] blntx¿nfO{pQm hldg k|of]u ug{af6 aGb]h nufPsf 5g\ . blntdlxnfx¿ 3fF; sf6\gsf nflu ToxfF hfFbf u}/blnt dlxnfx¿n]pgLx¿nfO{ nv]6]sf lyP .l;gf] kmfNg gdfGbf blntx? bl08tnIdLk'/, wg'iff lhNnf . ufpFaf6 l;gf] gkmfn]sf sf/0f wg'iffsf]nIdLk'/ au]jf–$ sf ofbjx¿n] :yfgLo blntx¿dfly aGb]hnufPsf 5g\ . Ps ;ftfb]lv blntx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs wf/faf6kfgL lng], ahf/af6 ;fdfg lsGg] tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ljBfno k7fpg] h:tf sfdx¿ ug{ lbOPg .ef/tL ofbjsf b'O{ j6f uf]? dbf{ pgn] blnt dlxnf /ltofb]jLnfO{ tL uf]?sf l;gf] pgsf] v]taf6 nfg eg]sf lyP .cfˆgf] >Ldfg\ 3/df gePsf]n] cfkm}n] dfq tL l;gf] l3;fg{g;Sg] s'/f b]jLn] atfOg\ . To;}nfO{ lgx' F agfP/ ofbjx¿n]To; If]qsf rf/ blnt kl/jf/nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwfx¿af6cnu kf/]sf 5g\ . clxn] pgLx¿n] blntx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs;8s;d]t k|of]u ug{ lbPsf 5}gg\ . /ltof b]jL cfˆgfgft]bf/sf] wf/faf6 kfgL lng] uly{g\ t/ clxn] pgnfO{ To;f]ug{ lbOPsf] 5}g . pgnfO{ s;}n] ;xof]u u/]df kfFr xhf/?k}ofF hl/dfgf u/fpg] 3f]if0ff ofbjx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n]pgnfO{ s;}n] ;xof]u u/]sf] 5}g . lxhf] cfh blntx¿ufpFaf6 Ps lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fl:yt wf/faf6 kfgL lng afWoeO/x]sf 5g\ . laxLjf/ laxfg /ltofb]jLsf 5f]/f hogf/fo0f/fdsf lzIfs ljho ofbjn] pgnfO{ 6\o'zgaf6 kmsf{OlbP .pgnfO{ k9\g lbO/fv]df ofbjx¿n] cfˆgf] sl7g hLjgnfO{yk sl7g agfOlbg] s'/f ljho ofbjn] ;Togf/fo0fnfO{atfpFb} To;}n] cab]lv 6\o'zg k9\g cfpg'kb{}g eGg klgpgL kl5 k/]gg\ .ufpFaf6 b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ k/ /x]sf] ahf/df hfgaf6 klgblntx¿nfO{ aGb]h nufOPsf] 5 . To;}n] pgLx¿ lsgd]nsfnflu bf]Aa/ 6f9f /x]sf] csf{] ahf/ hfg afWo eO/x]sf5g\ .cfkm"x¿n] blntx¿dfly tL k|ltaGwx¿ nufPsf] s'/fxl/gf/fo0f ofbj :jLsf5{g\ . xl/gf/fo0fsf cg';f/ ufpFsf]k/Dk/fnfO{ kfngf gug]{x¿nfO{ ufpFdf a:g] clwsf/ klg5}g . blntx¿ rfxG5g\ eg] pgLx¿ ufpF 5f]8\g ;S5g\ .

F}F44 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg:yfgLo xf]6ndf lrof vfgaf6 blntx?k|ltalGwts~rgk'/, ;Kt/L lhNnf . ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] s~rgk'/df /fd';fx, aAn' ;fx, h'u]Zj/ ;fx / dx]Zj/ ;fxn] rnfO/x]sfxf]6nx¿df /d]z dft[s / pgsf b'O{ hgf kfx'gfnfO{ lroflbg c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . pgLx¿ blnt ;d'bfosf ePsfsf/0f xf]6n ;fx'x¿n] lrof lbg c:jLsf/ u/]sf x'g\ ./d]zn] cfˆgf kfx'gfx¿nfO{ lrof v'jfpg nu]sf lyP t/xf]6n ;fx'x¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ lrof glbPsf dfq xf]Ogg\, xf]6naflx/ a:g klg lbPgg\ . /d]zsf cg';f/ pgnfO{ gfgf yl/sfs'/f ;f]w]/ x}/fg kfg'{sf ;fy} a];/L ufnL ul/Psf] lyof] .pgsf ;fnf] O6xl/ gu/kflnsfdf sfd u5{g\ . ;+jfbbftf;Fus'/f ub{ } pgn] eg], æb]z 5'jf5'td'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff ePsf] jiff{eO;Sof], blnt cfGbf]ng rn]sf] klg y'k| } jif{ eO;Sof] t/blntx¿sf] cj:yfdf s'g} kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5}g .Ædft[s ph'/L btf{ u/fpg s~rgk'/l:yt Onfsf k|x/Lsfof{nodf uPsf lyP . Tokl5 k|x/L lg/LIfsn] ;xfos k|x/Llg/LIfsnfO{ 36gfaf/] /fd|/L a'em\g cfb]z lbP ./d]zn] atfP cg';f/ pgL ph'/L btf{ u/fpg /d]z >]i7sxfFuPsf lyP t/ >]i7n] To;nfO{ dfd'nL s'/f ePsf] atfpFb}lal;{lbg' g} /fd|f] x'g] atfP/ pgnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ vf]h] .dft[s ;xfos lg/LIfs s[i0f >]i7nfO{ e]6\g km]l/ k|x/Lsfof{no uP . sfuhL k|lqmof k"/f ug{sf nflu ;f]xL lbgk|z:t ;do afFsL x' Fbfx' Fb} klg s[i0f >]i7n] pgnfO{ ef]lnkN6cfP/ ph'/L btf{ u/fpg eg] . o;af/] kl5 >]i7;Fu k|Zgubf{ pgn] b]zdf To:tf cGo s'g} d'2f btf{ gePsf] atfpFb}5'jf5't;DaGwL sfg'gsf] j}wtfdfly g} k|Zg u/] .blnt kl/jf/nfO{ 8]/faf6 lgsflnof]x]6fF}8f, dsjfgk'/ lhNnf . x]6f}F8fsf] rfOgfSjf6/–)!l:yt 8]/faf6 Ps blnt kl/jf/nfO{ lgsflnPsf] 5 . $%jifL{o rGb|dfg ljs / $@ jifL{o pgsL >LdtL s[i0fdfofljsnfO{ pgLx¿sf 3/kltsf] d[To' ePkl5 To;/L sf]7faf6lgsflnPsf] xf] . blntx¿nfO{ a:g lbO/fv]df cfˆgf] 3/la6'nf] x'g] atfpFb} 3/kltsL >LdtL / pgsf gft]bf/x¿n]ljs bDklQnfO{ lgsfn]sf lyP .rGb|dfg csf{ ] 8]/f vf]Hb} u/]sf] ;dodf pgsf] sf]7fsf] tfnfkmf]8L pgLx¿sf ;fdfg ;8sdf kmflnPsf] lyof] .af]S;L cf/f]lkt blnt dlxnfnfO{ lb;fv'jfOof];Kt/L lhNnf . b]jgf/fo0f ofbj, huL ofbj, /fh]Gb|ofbjnufotn] ;Kt/L lhNnfsL blnt ljwjf dlxnf tf/fb]jLdfly csL{ Ps dlxnfnfO{ k| ]tfTdf r9fP/ df/]sf] cleof]unufPsf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf a]OHhlt u/]kl5 pgLx¿n]tf/fnfO{ @)^% ;fn h]7 #) ut] lb;f vfg afWo kf/]sf lyP .Tokl5 pgnfO{ ufpFaf6 lgsfnf ul/Psf] lyof] .blnt ;'lrsf/nfO{ hLljsf rnfpg wf} wf}a}t8L, ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn . Ujfn]s–^ lgjf;L blnt s[i0f/fd/fgf n'uf l;pg] k/Dk/fut k]zf wflg/x]sf 5g\ . pgL jif{ }el/n'uf l;pF5g\ t/ To;sf] Hofnfsf ¿kdf ufpFn]x¿af6 jif{dfPs k6s dfq s]xL cGg kfpF5g\ . o;af6 pgsf] cf7 hgfsf]kl/jf/sf] vr{ d'lZsnn] dfq wflgG5 ./fgfsf cg';f/ pgsf] csf{] s'g} j}slNks cfo;|f]t 5}g .;DklQsf] gfddf rf/ sf]7] 3/ / ;fgf] 6'qmf hUufafx]s pgsf]s]xL 5}g . pgL;Fu n'uf l;pg] ;Lk eP klg To;nfO{ yf]/}dfq OHht lbOG5 / cfDbfgL klg yf]/} g} x'G5 .pgsf] ul/aLsf sf/0f g t pgL cfkm}n] k9\g ;s] g cfˆgf;GtfgnfO{ k9fpg ;s] . pgL Ujfn]s, gfufh' {g tyf b]lxdf8f}uflj;sf cf7 j6f kl/jf/sf n'uf l;pF5g\ t/ To;afktpgn] lgs} yf]/} cGg kfpF5g\ . pgsf] sfdsf nflu sf]xLgub lbFb}gg\ .ædnfO{ sfd u/]afkt\ k};} lbg] u/]sf] eP d To;nfO{ cfox'g] Jofkf/df nufpFy] F t/ of] ufpFdf To:tf] cfzf ug' { ;lhnf]5}gÆ, pgL lrQ b'vfpFb} eG5g\ .blnt ljBfyL{ lzIffaf6 jl~rt;Kt/L lhNnf, @* j}zfv @)^% ;fn . dfWolds tx;Dd blntljBfyL{nfO{ lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] k|fjwfg eP klg cf]b|fxf uflj;–@ sf] gGbpdf dfWolds ljBfnosf blnt ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ gofFegf{ z'Nssf ¿kdf @%) ?lkofF NofPkl5 dfq sIffdf k|j]zug{ elgPsf] 5 . To;kl5 blnt ljBfyL{x¿ k};f sdfpgsfnflu glhs}sf] lhNnf pbok'/df v]t vlg/x]sf 5g\ .sIff ^ b]lv !) ;Ddsf k|To]s blnt ljBfyL{sf nflu lhNnflzIff sfof{non] kfFr ;o ?k}ofF k7fpg] u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f

]g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg45;+jfbbftfn] ljBfno k|zf;gnfO{ k|Zg ubf{ hjfkm lbgc:jLsf/ ul/of] .sIff ^, * / ( sf ljBfyL{ qmdzM v'zLnfn kf;jfg,d~h's'df/L kf;jfg / b'uf{ kf;jfgsf ;fy} cGo bh{gf}FljBfyL{ ;f]xL sf/0fn] ubf{ ljBfno hfg 5f]8]sf 5g\ . sIff% sf] k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sL d~h' kf;jfg cfˆgL cfdfn] egf{z'Ns ltg{ g;s]kl5 ljBfno 5f]8\g afWo ePsL x'g\ .æpgLx¿nfO{ v'jfpg} wf} wf} eO/x]sf] 5, d s;/L pgLx¿nfO{k9fpgsf nflu k};f lgsfNg ;s' Fnf /

]46 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgblnt ;b:oxŸsf nflu efF8fs'F8f 5}gkf]NofË, tgx'F lhNnf, # kmfu'g @)^$ ;fn . a'NbL afv|fljsf; ;ldltn] @)^$ ;fn df3 @* ut] afv|f ljt/0fsfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf cltlyx¿hnkfg gu/Lsg} kms{g'k¥of] lsgeg] blnt cfof]hsx¿nfO{ksfpg] efF8fs' F8f lbg c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .a'NbL afv|f ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIf xl/dfof ljZjsdf{n]eGg'eof], æa'NbL ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ksfpg]efF8fs' F8f lbgsf nflu cfof]hsx¿n] cg'/f]w ubf{ pkfWoIfpld{nf vgfnn] pN6} tLtf] k|Zg ug' {eof] – kfx'gfnfO{ lsgv'jfpg'k¥of] Lk~rdLsflbg k'hf/L;Fu} a;L ;/:jtL k"hf ug{ lbOPg . pgL hgtfdfWolds ljBfnodf sIff ( df k9\b}5g\ .

]]g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg47cg';"rL #kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgxŸn] blntaf/] s] eg]sf 5g\

]48 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgg]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg–@)$& cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# l6Kk0fLwf/f !!= ;dfgtfsf] xs M-!_ ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfgx'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg'gsf] ;dfg;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .-@_ ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klggful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, lnË, hft, hfltjf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf]cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .-#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{, j0f{, lnË,hft, hflt jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g}s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug{ ] 5}g .t/ dlxnf, afns, j[4 jf zf/Ll/s jfdfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQm jf cfly{s,;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{sf];+/If0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]ifJoj:yf ug{ ;lsg]5 .wf/f !! M-$_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hfltsf cfwf/df5'jf5'tsf] e]befj ul/g] jf ;fj{hlgs:yndf pkl:yt x'g jf ;fj{hlgs pkof]usfs'/fx¿sf] k|of]u ug{af6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .To:tf] sfo{ sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 .wf/f !#= ;dfgtfsf] xs M-!_ ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfgx'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg'gsf] ;dfg;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g .-@_ ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klggful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, lnË, hft, hflt,pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo]s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .-#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft,hflt, lnË, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yfjf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug{5}g .t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt =======sf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflusfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf]dflgg] 5}g .wf/f !$= 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befjlj?4sf]xs M-!_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft, j+z, ;d'bfo jfk]zfsf cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] 5'jf5't tyfhftLo e]befj ul/g] 5}g . o:tf] e]befjk"0f{Jojxf/ b08gLo x'g]5 / kLl8t JolQmn]sfg'gåf/f lgwf{/0f eP adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{kfpg]5 .-@_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ hft, hfltsf]cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs k|of]udf /x]sf ;]jf,;'ljwf jf pkof]usf s'/fx¿ k|of]u ug{af6 jf;fj{hlgs :yn jf ;fj{hlgs wfld{s :yndfk|j]z ug{ jf wfld{s sfo{ ug{af6 jl~rtul/g] 5}g .-#_ s'g} j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwf pTkfbg jfljt/0f ubf{ To:tf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf jf j:t' s'g}vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ vl/b jf k|fKtug{af6 /f]s nufpg jf To:tf] j:t', ;]jf jf;'ljwf s'g} vf; hft, hfltsf] JolQmnfO{ dfqlaqmL ljt/0f ul/g] 5}g .-$_ s'g} hft, hflt jf pTklQsf JolQmjf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xsf] pr gLr bzf{pg],hft, hfltsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs lje]bnfO{Gofof]lrt 7x/fpg] jf hftLo ;jf{ ]Rrtf jf3[0ffdf cfwfl/t ljrf/sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ ] jfhftLo lje]bnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] k|f]T;fxgug{ kfOg] 5}g .-%_ pkwf/f -@_, -#_ / -$_ ljk/Ltsf] sfo{sfg'g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g]5 .@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf k|of]u ul/Psf]efiffn] klg blntnfO{ ;d]6]sf] eP klgcGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt;d"xx¿sf nflu ljz]if sbd -;sf/fTdskxn_;DaGwL k|fjwfgdf klxnf]k6s blntaf/]pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .cGtl/d ;+ljwfg a9L k"0f{ 5 t/ oyfy{dfo;df yf]/} dfq ylkPsf] 5 .

{g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg49g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg–@)$& cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# l6Kk0fL;dfg vfnsf] Joj:yf 5}g .wf/f @!= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs Mcfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt,dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, ul/a ls;fg /dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xsx'g]5 .cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] xs;DaGwL efudf of]k|fjwfg 5 t/ o;sf] pNn‹g ePsf] bfaL ug{s;}nfO{ klg sl7g x'g;S5 .wf/f @)= zf]if0flj?4sf] xs M-!_ dflg;nfO{ a]rlavg ug{, bf; t'Nofpg,afFwf agfpg jf s'g} lsl;dn] lghsf]OR5flj?4 sfd u/fpg lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 .To:tf] sfo{ sfg'gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 .t/ ;fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf nflu sfg'gåf/fclgjfo{ ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ug{ afwf kg{ ] 5}g .;dfg vfnsf] Joj:yf 5}g .wf/f @(= zf]if0flj?4sf] xs M-!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zf]if0flj?4sf] xs x'g]5 .-@_ k|yf, k/Dk/f / k|rngsf] gfddf jf s'g}klg lsl;dn] s;}nfO{ zf]if0f ug{ kfOg] 5}g .-#_ dflg;nfO{ a]rljvg ug{, bf; jf afFwfagfpg kfOg] 5}g .-$_ s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] OR5flj?4 sfddfnufpg kfOg] 5}g .t/ o; pkwf/fdf plNnlvt Joj:yfn];fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf nflu gful/snfO{clgjfo{ ;]jfdf nufpg ;lsg] sfg'g agfpg/f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .wf/f ##= /fHosf] bfloTj M/fHosf] bfloTj b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M-3_ juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}lËs, ;f+:s[lts,wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub} { dlxnf,blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, pTkLl8t,pk]lIft / cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo, lk5l8PsfIf]qnufotsf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{/fHosf] jt{dfg s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf]cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs /cu|ufdL k'g;+ {/rgf ug] {,-3!_ d'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} cËx¿dfdw]zL, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf,dhb"/, ls;fg, ckfË, lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]q;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df;xefuL u/fpg],-ª_ ;fdGtjfbsf ;a} ¿ksf] cGTo ug]cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] Go"gtd ;femfsfo{qmd to u/L nfu" ub} { hfg],-r_ ;fdGtL e"–:jfldTjsf] cGTo ub} { j}1flgse"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ug] { gLlt cjnDagug] {,-em_ ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x/jfr/jfnufotsf cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kn]k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ hUffnufot cfly{s;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug{ ] gLlt lng],cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] pk–wf/f -@_ n] o;;+/If0fnfO{ ;zQm agfPsf] 5 t/ o;n];DejtM cGo k|fjwfgdf s]xL yk]sf] 5}g .k|ltaGwsf nflu sfg'g cfjZos x'g] s'/fdfWofg lbg' cfjZos 5 – ;fd'bflos ;]jfsfnflu >dnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] k|yf kof{Kt gx'g;S5 .;+ljwfgsf] Pp6f efudf cfPsf oLs'/fx¿nfO{ sfg'gL bfaLsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdfk|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g .

]50 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgg]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg–@)$& cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# l6Kk0fLwf/f @%= /fHosf lgb{ ]zs l;4fGtx¿ M-!_ hgtfsf] hLp, wg / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fu/L ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhgLltsIf]qnufot /fli6«o hLjgsf ;a} If]qdfGofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod u/L v'nf ;dfhdfcfwfl/t nf]ssNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] clej[l4ug' { /fHosf] k|d'v p2]Zo x'g]5 .-@_ b]zsf] pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t /;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt JolQmx¿df s]lGb|t x'gglbO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{spknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yfldnfO{ s'g} klg ju{ jf JolQmpk/ cfly{szf]if0f x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf u/L :jb]zL lghLPj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf / k|>olbO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq Pj+ cfTdlge{/u/fpg' /fHosf] d"ne"t cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5 .-#_ ;a} lsl;dsf cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhsc;dfgtf x6fO{ ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{,efiff, j0f{ / ;Dk|bfosf aLr ;fd~h:o:yfkgf u/L Gofo / g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t:j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf / ljsf;ug' { /fHosf] ;fdflhs p2]Zo x'g]5 .wf/f @^= /fHosf gLltx¿ M-@_ ljleGg wd{, hft, hflt, ;Dk|bfo /efiffefifLx¿sf aLr :j:y Pj+ ;dw'/;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L ;a}sf] efiff,;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;åf/fb]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod} /fvL /fli6«oPstfnfO{ ;b[9 ug{ ] gLlt /fHon] cjnDagug{ ]5 .-!)_ lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]ifJoj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn]lk5l8Psf hghflt / ;d'bfosf] pTyfg ug{gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{ ]5 .wf/f #$= /fHosf] lgb{ ]zs l;4fGt M-$_ b]zdf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t /;fwgnfO{ ;Lldt JolQmx¿df s]lGb|t x'gglbO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] cfwf/df cfly{spknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] Joj:yfldnfO{ s'g} klg hflt, lnË, ju{, pTklQ jfJolQm pk/ cfly{s zf]if0f x'g gkfpg] Joj:yfu/L cfly{s c;dfgtf x6fpFb}:jb]zL lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{k|fyldstf / k|>o lbO{ /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{:jtGq, cfTdlge{/ Pj+ pGgltzLn u/fpg'/fHosf] d"ne"t cfly{s p2]Zo x'g]5 .-%_ ;a} lsl;dsf] cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhsc;dfgtf x6fO{ ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{,efiff, j0f{, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfosf aLr;fd~h:o :yfkgf u/L Gofo / g}ltstfdfcfwfl/t :j:y ;fdflhs hLjgsf] :yfkgf /ljsf; ug{ ' /fHosf] ;fdflhs p2]Zo x'g]5 .wf/f #%= /fHosf gLltx¿ M-#_ ljleGg wd{, ;+:s[lt, hflt, ;d'bfo,;Dk|bfo, pTklQ / efiffefifLx¿sf aLr;dfgtf Pj+ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y /;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L ;a}sf]efiff, ;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfgljsf;åf/f b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod/fvL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug] { gLlt /fHon]cjnDag ug{ ]5 .-!)_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB ;Dk|e'tf //f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf]Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn]lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL,blntnufot ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfo tyful/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf dhb'/ ls;fgsf] pTyfgug] { gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug] {5 .-!$_ /fHon] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw]zL, d';ndfgnufotcNk;ª\Vos, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of,ckfË, lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ;d'bfo / åGåkLl8tsf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsfcfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug] { gLlt cjnDagug] {5 .-!%_ d'Qm sd}ofsf] ;ª\Vof olsg u/LpgLx¿sf] a;f]jf;sf] nflu cfwf/e"t e"ld/ /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug] { gLlt /fHon]cjnDag ug] {5 .logLx¿ klg sfg'gL ¿kdf nfu" ug{ ;lsg]clwsf/ xf]Ogg\ .logLx¿ klg sfg'gL ¿kdf nfu" ug{ ;lsg]clwsf/ xf]Ogg\ .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg51g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg–@)$& cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# l6Kk0fL;dfg vfnsf] Joj:yf 5}g .wf/f ^#= ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g M-$_ pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -s_ -ef}uf]lnslgjf{rg If]q_ adf]lhd /fhg}lts bnx¿n]pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{;dfg vfnsf] Joj:yf 5}g .Wofg lbg'kg] {5 / v08 -v_ adf]lhd/fhg}lts bnx¿n] pDd]bjf/x¿ ;"lrs[tubf{ dlxnf, blnt, pTkLl8t hflt÷cflbjf;Lhghflt, lk5l8Psf] If]q, dw]zLnufot cGoju{;d]tsf] sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg] {5 .kfFrf} F ;+zf]wgaf6 yk – wf/f !$$ sf] gofFpk–wf/f -$s_g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ /fli6«o :j¿k k|bfg ug{ /;dfj]zL agfpg dw]zL, cflbjf;Lhghflt, blnt, dlxnf, lk5l8PsfIf]qnufotsf hgtfsf] k|j]z ;dfgtf /;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df sfg'gdf Joj:yfu/L ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg P]g cfjZos k¥of] .o;n] ubf{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:ox¿sf] s'n;ª\Vofdf $( hgf cyf{t\ *=!% k|ltztblnt cfpg ;kmn eP .of] gofF k|fjwfg k|efjsf/L x'gsf nflu sfg'gcfjZos 5 .

}52 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgcg';"rL $cbfntdf blnt clwsf/ ;+/If0fblnt jf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfgåf/f lbOPsf clwsf/ nfu"x'g'kg] { s'/f Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] clwsf/xgg ePdf dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u jf To:tf lzsfot ;'Gg]clwsf/k|fKt cGo lgsfo jf cbfnt;dIf lzsfot u/L sf/afxLul/g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf cbfntx¿df blnt clwsf/;DaGwL y'k|d'2fx¿ k/]sf 5g\ . logLx¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]d'2f eGg ;lsG5 . zlQm, lg/If/tf jf ;fdflhs l:ylt h];'s}eP klg ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fn] ;dfg ¿kdf gful/ssfcfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿sf] /Iff ug] { nIo /fv]sf] x'G5 .ef/tLo ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ d'2fsf] ljz]if:j¿k agfPsf] 5 . To;af/] xfdL oxfF rrf{ ug{ nfu]sf5f}F . pQm cbfntn] ckgfpg] sfo{ljlw ;fdfGo cbfntLsfo{ljlweGbf w]/} lsl;dn] leGg x'G5 M! cbfntnfO{ lr7L k7fP/ d'2f cgf}krfl/s tj/n] bfo/ug{ ;lsG5 eg] slxn]sfxLF cvaf/df s'g} cGofoaf/]k9]kl5 GofofwLzx¿ :jo+n] ;d]t d'2f rnfPsf 5g\ .! ;DalGwt ;d:ofdf cfˆg} sfg'gL rf;f] ;+nUg g/x]klg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfh:tf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx¿n];LdfGtLs[t ;d"xsf tkm{af6 d'2f rnfPsf 5g\ .! d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ tyf cbfntdf k|ltj]bg k|:t'tug{ cbfntn] ;ldlt jf cfo'Qmx¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\– ;fwf/0f d'2fx¿df cbfnt / kIfx¿n] tYo k|dfl0ftug{ kxn ug' {kb{5 .! ePsf k|ult;DaGwdf cbfnt;dIf k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{cbfntn] ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ cfb]z lbg]5 .dfgj clwsf/ vt/fdf /x]sf] tyf ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ju{sfclwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt cj:yfdf dfq ;fdfGo cbfntL lgodnfO{v's'nf] t'Nofpg ;lsG5 . t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;d'bfosf wgf9\oju{x¿n] ;fdfGo lgodx¿ g} cg';/0f ug{ ] ck]Iff ul/G5 . -t/s]xLsf ljrf/df xfn}sf s]xL d'2fx¿ a9L dfqfdf dWod ju{sf]lxt;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ ._;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf s]xL rlr{t d'2fsf ¿kdf ljxf/df k'k{Ifdf/x]sf aGbLx¿nfO{ cGwf] t'NofOPsf] d'2f, dlxnf ;+/If0f u[xsf]cj:yf;DaGwL d'2f tyf b"g pkTosfsf] vfgL / lbNnLsf] l8h]na; h:tf jftfj/0fLo d'2fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .– clÍt 9sfn^$xfn} ef/tLo ;jf] {Rr cbfnt;fd' cfPsf] Ps d'2f ;fj{hlgs;/f]sf/sf] d'2f lyPg . pQm d'2f blntnfO{ hgfpg] …rdf/ÚzAbsf] k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt lyof] . ;g\ @))* sf] cu:t@) tfl/vdf ef/tLo ;dfrf/kq …b lxGb'Údf pQm 36gfaf/]k|sflzt c+z tn sf]i7df pb\w[t ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsfl;4fGtx¿ nfu" ug{ sfg'gx¿ slt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ tyfcfˆgf] clwsf/df c8fg lngsf nflu pQm sbd rfNg' k|efljtblntsf nflu slt dxTjk"0f{ lyof] eGg] s'/f o;n] b]vfpF5 .gofFlbNnL . ;jf] {Rr cbfntn] pRr hfltåf/f cg';"lrs[t hft tyfcg';"lrs[t hghfltdfly ug{ ] ul/Psf] prgLr Jojxf/lj?4 af]n]sf]5 / o;nfO{ …of] xfd|f] /fi6«s} snÍ xf]Ú eg]sf] 5 .GofofwLzx¿ cNtfd; saL/ / dfsf{G8] sfh' /xg'ePsf] Ohnfzn] eg]sf]5, æxfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] ;dfgtfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, o;n] P]ltxfl;s ¿kdfpk]lIft sdhf]/ tyf zf]lift ju{nfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u / x]/rfxnfO{ klg;d]6\b5 . xfd|f] ljrf/df cg';"lrs[t hft÷cg';"lrs[t hghflt klg;dfg gful/s x'g\ / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! sf ;Gbe{df o; cbfntn]JofVof u/] cg';f/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjgsf] xs 5 .ÆOhnfzn] rdf/ -cg';"lrs[t hftsf] Ps gfd_ zAbsf] k|of]ucg';"lrs[t hft tyf cg';"lrs[t hghflt -qm'/tf /f]syfd ug{ ag]sf]_P]g–!(*( cg';f/ s;'/ x'G5 jf x'Gg eGg] kmf}hbf/L clkn;DaGwLd'2f x]l//x]sf] lyof] .km};nf n]Vg] qmddf sfh'n] pNn]v ug' {ePsf] 5, ænf]stflGqs o'udfs'g} klg dflg; tyf ;d'bfonfO{ prgLr Jojxf/ ul/g' x' Fb}g t/ ;Tos] 5 eg] xfd|f] d'n'ssf w]/} efudf cg';"lrs[t hft÷cg';"lrs[thghfltdf kg] { JolQmx¿ zf]lift, ckx]lnt tyf ckdflgt eO/x]sf5g\ . of] xfd|f] /fi6«s} snÍ xf] .ÆOhnfzn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5, æhflt k|yf xfd|f] b]zsf nflu clezfkg} xf] / o;nfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8f] ;dfKt kfg' { g} /fd|f] x'G5 . jf:tjdfxfdL /fi6«sf ;fd' /x]sf e|i6frf/, d"Noj[l4, a]/f]huf/L tyf ul/aLh:tfeofgs ;d:ofx¿;Fu n8\g rfxG5f} F eg] ef/tLosf ¿kdf Pstfj4x'g'kg] { o; ;dodf o;n] b]znfO{ ljeflht ul//x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(*(sf] P]g o; lbzfdf ;Ddfghgs sfg'gL kxn xf] .Ææxfd|f] ljrf/df luHofpg] jf xLgtfaf]w u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs:yndf cg';"lrs[t hftsf] ;b:onfO{ …rdf/Ú eg]/ af]nfpg' o;P]gsf] bkmf #-!_-e_ cg';f/ lglZrt} ] ¿kdf s;'/ xf] . -s'g} JolQmnfO{_xLgtfaf]w u/fpg] jf luHofpg] lgotn] …rdf/Ú zAb k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] jfxf]Og eGg] s'/f pQm zAb k|of]u ul/Psf] kl/l:yltdf lge{/ ub{5 .Æ^$ clÍt 9sfn ef/tsf] a}Ënf]/l:yt g]zgn n :s"ndf cWoog/t g]kfnL ljBfyL{ x'g'x'G5 . ;g\ @))& df pxfF s]xL xKtfsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmddfk|lzIffyL{sf ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g'ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL x}l;otdf pxfFn] ug' {ePsf] cg';Gwfgdf of] n]v cfwfl/t 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf laGbf du/n]d'2fsf gfdx¿ yKg'ePsf] xf] .

{g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg53ef/tLo ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ d'2fsf] h:t} sfo{ljlw ckgfP/dfgj clwsf/ pNn‹g;DaGwdf ;dfwfg pknAw u/fpgg]kfnsf] ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf @)$&;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/d'2fx¿df blntsf clwsf/;DaGwdf lgDglnlvt ;fj{hlgs;/f]sf/sf d'2fx¿ p7fOPsf 5g\ M! ;fdflhs lje]b,! blnt dlxnf, ljz]iftM afbL dlxnfsf clwsf/,! ;fj{hlgs :yn tyf ;'ljwfx¿sf] k|of]udf blntlj?4lje]b,! k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf ;dfg kxF 'rdf blntlj?4 lje]b,! j}jflxs hLjgdf lje]b,! ;fdflhs, wfld{s tyf k/Dk/fut k|rngx¿df lje]b,! blntlj?4 x'g] lje]blj?4 k|efjsf/L sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf]cfjZostf,! jf;:yfg;DaGwdf lje]b -blnt ;d'bfosf] JolQm ePs}cfwf/df jf;:yfg lbg c:jLsf/_ ./fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx?sf]dfWodaf6 blnt clwsf/ sfof{Gjog/fHosf lgb] {zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ s'g} klg cbfntdfnfu" x'g] Joj:yfx¿ xf]Ogg\ t/ logLx¿n] ;dfhsf nflucfjZos dflgPsf lglZrt dfGotfx¿ xfl;n ug{tkm{/fHonfO{ lgb] {lzt ug{ vf]Hb5 .^% tL dfGotfdWo] Pp6f ;a}k|sf/sf ;fdflhs—cfly{s tyf /fhg}lts lje]b cGTo ug'xf] . x/]s If]qdf oL lgb] {zs l;4fGtx¿ kfngf ug' { ;/sf/sf]bfloTj xf] tyf Gofokflnsfn] ;Dej eP;Dd logLx¿nfO{sfof{Gjog ug{ k|of; ug'{kb{5 . tnsf d'2fx¿df b]lvPcg'¿k ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] gful/sx¿aLr ;dfgtf sfodug{ /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿sf] dxTjdfly k6s—k6shf]8 lbPsf] 5 .;jf]{Rr cbfnt;dIf cfPsf blntclwsf/;DaGwL s]xL d'2fx?lqe'jg ljZjljBfno cGtu{t lrlsT;fzf:qcWoogdf dlxnf, blnt tyf cGo lk5l8Psfhfltsf nflu cf/If0flqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] PdlalaP; tyf cGo lrlsT;fzf:qcWoogdf blnt, dlxnf tyf cGo lk5l8Psf ju{sf nflu$% k|ltzt cf/If0f cfjZos /x]sf] -!)Ü blnt, !%Ü cGolk5l8Psf hflt tyf @)Ü dlxnfnfO{ x'g] u/L_ tyf afFsL %%Ü;fdfGo k|lt:kwf{sf nflu v'nf /flvg'kg{ ] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] .;+ljwfgdf ;dflji6 ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL wf/f !!, !@ /!^ lj?4 ePsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ r'gf}tL lbOPsf] lyof] .lrlsT;fzf:qdf ul/Psf] :yfg cf/If0f gful/sx¿aLr;f/e"t ;dfgtf Nofpgdf nlIft eP klg @)$& ;fnsf];+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-#_ tyf @$-@_ cg';f/ cf/If0f 3f]if0ffug' {k"j{ klxnf sfg'g kfl/t ug' { cfjZos ePsf]n] o;nfO{ a}weGg gldNg] lg0f{o cbfntn] u/]sf] lyof] .cbfntn] /fHosf lgb] {zs l;4fGtx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL sfg'gkfl/t ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ lgb] {zg eg] lbPsf] lyof] .d'2f M >L % sf] ;/sf/lj?4 k|bf]z If]qL, g]=sf=k= @)^!,cÍ &, k[i7 ;ª\Vof ()!;fj{hlgs kfgLsf] ;|f]tdf lje]bljleGg hfltsf nflu kfgLsf] ;|f]t 5'§f5'§} agfpg] k|rngvf/]h ug{ tyf To:tf kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿df kx'Fr k|fKt ug{]clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ug{ dfu ub}{ To:tf] lje]b;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! sf] ljk/Lt ePsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs;/f]sf/ d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ljleGg ;d'bfoaLr;fdflhs ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug{];DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf];+ljwfgsf] /fHosf lgb] {zs l;4fGt cGtu{tsf] wf/f @^-@_sf] ljk/Lt klg lyof] .d'2f M k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no tyf dlGqkl/ifb\lj?4 5'jf5'tlj?4jlsnx¿sf] /fli6«o cleofg, l/6 ;ª\Vof #!#*÷)^!, @)^@;fn j}zfv @) .blntnfO{ y/ adf]lhd gful/stfblntnfO{ pgLx¿sf y/ adf]lhd geO{ pgLx¿sf k]zfsfcfwf/df gful/stf lbg] rnglj?4 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm rngn] blntnfO{ cGo k]zf5fGgaf6 jl~rt ug] {, ef8fdf a:g ;d:of kfg{ ] tyf ljleGgk|sf/sf ;fdflhs jlxis/0fnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lje]bsf/Lk|rngx¿ lgDTofPsf] 5 .cbfntn] blntnfO{ y/sf :yfgdf k]zfsf cfwf/df gful/stflbg] k|rngn] b]zsf cGo gful/s ;/x Jojxf/ gul/Psf]b]lvPsfn] of] rng :ki6 ¿kdf lje]bsf/L ePsf] lg0f{ou/]sf] lyof] .^% x]g' {xf];\ cg';"rL @ / # .

54 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgcbfntn] ;/sf/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf lgb]{zgx¿ lbPsf]lyof] M! blntnfO{ pgLx¿sf k]zf adf]lhd geO{ pgLx¿sf y/cg';f/ gful/stf lbOPsf] ;'lgZrt ug] {Ù! blntsf gful/stf y/ adf]lhd ;+zf]wg u/L x/]sb[li6sf]0faf6 cGo gful/s ;/x Jojxf/ ug] { .d'2f M k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nolj?4 blntu};; dxf;‹, l/6 ;ª\Vof #)@!÷)^!, @)^# ;fn h]7 ! dflg0f{o ul/Psf] .afa'sf] 7]ufg gePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ g]kfnLsf?kdf dflgg'kg]{hftLo ¿kdf g} of}gsdL{sf ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ afWo afbLhfltsf dlxnf -cGo of}gsdL{sf xsdf klg_sf afnaflnsfsfafa'sf] 7]ufg gx'g] ePsfn] pgLx¿ gful/stf k|df0fkqsfnflu cfj]bg ug{df sl7gfO ef]lu/x]sf x'G5g\ . @)$& ;fnsf];+ljwfgdf afa'dfkm{t\ dfq gful/stf lng kfOg] Joj:yf/x]sf] lyof] .;jf] {Rr cbfntn] tL afnaflnsf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (-@_ cg';f/gful/stf kfpg xsbf/ /x]sf] km};nf u/]sf] lyof] . pQmwf/fdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, æg]kfn clw/fHoleq km]nf k/]sf]lkt[Tjsf] 7]ufg gePsf] k|To]s gfjflnu lghsf] afa'sf] kQfgnfu];Dd j+zhsf] gftfn] g]kfnsf] gful/s dflgg] 5 .Æd'2f M dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfno, >L % sf] ;/sf/lj?4 hglxt;+/If0f d~rsf nflu 6]s tfd|fsf/, l/6 ;ª\Vof !@!÷)^)Ù@)^@ ;fn ebf} #) df lg0f{o ul/Psf] .;+:s[t 5fqfjf;df blntnfO{ k|j]z lgif]wtLgwf/f kf7zfnfdf ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf a:g rflxg] of]Uotf;DaGwLdfkb08lj?4 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ d'2f btf{ ul/Psf] lyof] .ljZjljBfnosf] 5fqfjf;;DaGwL lgod cg';f/ cGo s'/fsfcltl/Qm 5fqfjf; k|j]zsf nflu j|taGw u/]sf] x'g'kb{Yof] -of]sd{ pRRf hftsfn] dfq u/]sf x'G5g\, blntn] u/]sf x' Fb}gg\_ ./x]sf] km};nf u¥of] . cbfntn] ljZjljBfnonfO{ g]kfnsf];+ljwfgsf] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ pNn‹g gx'g] u/L 5fqfjf;k|j]zsf] dfkb08 ckgfpg lgb] {zg lbof] .d'2f M >L % sf] ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\lj?4 lbnaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{,l/6 ;ª\Vof $$÷)^@, @)^@ ;fn df3 ^ ut] lg0f{oul/Psf] .d'n'sL P]gn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;Lldt t'Nofpg tyf…lje]bÚsf] cy{nfO{ ;fF3'/f] agfpg ;Sb}gd'n'sL P]g–@)!( n] 5'jf5'tsf cfwf/df lje]bsf/L sfo{ug]{x¿nfO{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 t/ o; Joj:yfsf]:ki6Ls/0fn] k/Dk/fut ;fj{hlgs :yn tyf dlGb/x¿df/x]sf rngx¿ lje]b xf]Ogg\ eg]sf] 5 .;jf]{Rr cbfntn] pQm :ki6Ls/0f ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!-$_ljk/Lt ePsf] tyf wfld{s lje]bnfO{ wfld{s clwsf/sf ¿kdf;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !(-@_ n] pNn]v gu/]sf] / ;f] :ki6Ls/0fsf]sfg'gL k|efj g/x]sf] km};nf u/]sf] 5 .d'2f M >L % sf] ;/sf/lj?4 dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{, g]=sf=k=@)$(, cÍ !@, k[i7 !)!) .^^o; ;f/;ª\If]ksf kf7snfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] blntsfclwsf/;DaGwdf 7"nf] of]ubfg u/]sf] efg kg{ ;Sb5 t/cbfntsf cfb]zx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf uDeL/ ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ .of] s'/f blntsf xsdf dfq geO{ ;a} clwsf/ ;+/If0f;DaGwdfnfu" x'G5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf cfb]z sfof{Gjog;DaGwdf/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgn] cWoog u/]sf] lyof] / To;sflgisif{x¿ pT;fxhgs 5}gg\ . lgb] {zg sfof{Gjog gx'g'sf w]/}sf/0fdWo] lgDglnlvt sf/0fx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ M! cfb]zx¿ ;j{q pknAw gx'g',! dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nodf To:tf lgb] {zg;DaGwLsfo{ ug] { s'g} ljefu gx'g',! k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nodf sfof{Gjog ;+oGq gx'g',! lgb] {zg;DaGwdf ;/sf/nfO{ r]tgf gx'g' .^&;jf]{Rr cbfntn] 5fqfjf; k|j]zsf] dfkb08 :ki6 ¿kdf;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! cGtu{tsf] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ ljk/Lt^^ x]g' {xf];\, /fds[i0f ltldlN;gf, ;jf{ ]Rr cbfntsf s]xL P]ltxfl;s lg0f{ox¿ -sf7df8f} F M ;jf{ ]Rr cbfnt, ;g\ @))#_, k[i7 @@# .^& cgf}krfl/s ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_, dfjg clwsf/ jif{ k':ts–@))* -cf7f} F ;+:s/0f_, -sf7df8f} F M OG;]s, @))*, k[i7 &^–&& af6 pb\w[t .

}g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg55cg';"rL %ljutdf zf]lift tyf g;d]l6Psf ;d"xxŸaf/]cGo ;+ljwfgxŸ s] eG5g\

{56 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgwd{ dflg/x]s} x'g'kg{] jf lglZrt ;Dk|bfos} x'g'kg{]Joj:yf ul/Psf s'g} sfg'g nfu" ug{ ] ;Gbe{df o; wf/fdfpNn]v ul/Psf s'g} klg s'/fn] k|efj kfg{ ] 5}g .!&= 5'jf5't pGd"ng M …5'jf5'tÚ pGd"ng ul/Psf 5 /s'g} klg lsl;daf6 o;sf] cEof;nfO{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 .…5'jf5'tÚsf sf/0f l;h{gf x'g] s'g} klg cIfdtfnfO{ nfu" ug'sfg'g cg';f/ b08gLo x'g]5 .zf]if0flj?4sf] xs@#= dfgj a]rljvg tyf anft\ >ddfly k|ltaGw M-!_ dfgj a]rljvg tyf a]uf/ -kfl/>lds glbO{ u/fOg]anft\ >d_ Pj+ cGo o:t} lsl;dsf anft\ >ddflyk|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 / o; k|fjwfgsf] pNn‹g sfg'gcg';f/ b08gLo ck/fw x'g]5 .-@_ ;fj{hlgs k|of]hgsf nflu clgjfo{ ;]jf nfu" ug{af6/fHonfO{ o; wf/fdf pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} klg s'/fn]/f]Sg] 5}g / o:tf] ;]jf nfu" ubf{ /fHon] wd{, d"nj+z,hft jf ju{ jf oLdWo] cGo s'g}sf] dfq} cfwf/df s'g}lje]b ug{ ] 5}g .@(= cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf lxtsf] ;+/If0f M-!_ ef/tsf] /fHoIf]q jf To;sf s'g} efudf a;f]af;ub{ } cfPsf cfˆg} leGg} efiff, lnlk jf ;+:s[lt ePsfgful/sx¿sf s'g} ;d"xnfO{ ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{]clwsf/ x'G5 .-@_ ;/sf/åf/f ;~rfng eO/x]sf jf ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6;xof]u k|fKt ul//x]sf s'g} klg z}lIfs ;+:yfgdfk|j]zsf nflu s;}nfO{ klg wd{, d"nj+z, hft, efiff jftLdWo] s'g}sf cfwf/df dfq} c:jLsf/ ul/g] 5}g .$^= cg';"lrs[t hft, cg';"lrs[t cflbjf;L tyf cGosdhf]/ ju{sf z}lIfs tyf cfly{s lxtsf] ;+/If0f M hgtfsfsdhf]/ ju{, ljz]if u/L cg';"lrs[t hftx¿ tyf cg';"lrs[thghfltx¿sf z}lIfs tyf cfly{s lxtnfO{ /fHon] ljz]if WofglbP/ k|jw{g ug{ ]5 / pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs cGofo tyf ;a}lsl;dsf zf]if0f x'gaf6 ;+/If0f ug{ ]5 .@$#3= :yfg cf/If0f-!_ k|To]s k~rfotdf-s_ cg';"lrt hflt-v_ cg';"lrt hghfltx¿sf nflu :yfg cf/If0ful/g]5 / o;/L cf/lIft :yfgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;DejeP;Dd ;f] k~rfotdf k|ToIf lgjf{rgåf/f k"lt{ul/g] s'n :yfgx¿sf] cg'kftdf g} x'g]5 / o;sf]lgwf{/0f To; k~rfot If]qsf s'n hg;ª\Vofdfcg';"lrt hft jf cg';"lrt hghfltx¿sf]hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftsf cfwf/df ul/g]5 / o:tfcf/lIft :yfgx¿ k~rfotsf ljleGg lgjf{rgIf]qnfO{ rqmfg'qmddf ljt/0f ul/g]5 .-@_ pkwf/f ! cg';f/ cf/lIft s'n :yfgx¿dWo] sDtLdfPs ltxfO{ :yfg cg';"lrt hflt jf cg';"lrt hghfltdlxnfsf nflu cf/lIft ul/g]5 .-#_ k|To]s k~rfotdf k|ToIf lgjf{rgåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] s'n:yfgdWo] sDtLdf Ps ltxfO{ :yfg -cg';"lrt hflt jfcg';"lrt hghfltsf dlxnfsf nflu cf/lIft :yfgsf];ª\Vof;d]t_ dlxnfsf nflu cf/If0f ul/g]5 / o;/Lcf/lIft :yfg ;DalGwt k~rfotsf ljleGg lgjf{rgIf]qnfO{ rqmfg'qmddf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .-$_ ufpF jf cGo s'g} txsf k~rfotsf] cWoIf kb cg';"lrthflt tyf cg';"lrt hghfltx¿ / dlxnfsf nflucf/lIft ul/g]5 / ;f] Joj:yf /fHosf] ljwflosfn] tf]s]cg';f/ x'g]5 Mt/ s'g} klg /fHosf k~rfotsf k|To]s txdfcg';"lrt hflt tyf cg';"lrt hghfltx¿sfnflu cf/lIft cWoIf kbsf] ;ª\Vof ;s];Dd;DalGwt k~rfotsf k|To]s txsf cWoIf kbsf]s'n ;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf x'g]5 / ;f] cg'kft;DalGwt /fHosf] s'n hg;ª\Vof / ToxfF /x]sfcg';"lrt hflt tyf cg';"lrt hghfltx¿sf]hg;ª\VofaLrsf] cg'kftaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 .k~rfotsf k|To]s txsf cWoIf kbsf] s'n ;ª\Vofsf]sDtLdf Ps ltxfO{ :yfg dlxnfsf nflu cf/lIftul/g]5,o; pkwf/f cGtu{t cf/lIft kbx¿ k~rfotsf k|To]stxnfO{ rqmfg'qmddf ljt/0f ul/g]5 .-%_ pk3f/f ! / @ cGtu{t ul/Psf :yfg cf/If0f / pkwf/f$ cGtu{t ul/Psf cWoIf kbsf] cf/If0f -dlxnfsf nflucf/lIftafx]s _ sf] k|efjsfl/tf wf/f ##$ df tf]lsPsf]cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 ;dfKt x'g]5 .-^_ lk5l8Psf ju{sf gful/ssf] kIfdf s'g} k~rfotsf:yfgx¿ jf k~rfotsf s'g} klg txsf cWoIf kbx¿sf]cf/If0fsf nflu k|fjwfg l;h{gf ug{af6 o; efudfePsf s'g} klg s'/fn] /fHosf] ljwflosfnfO{ /f]s nufpg]5}g .#@%= wd{, d"n j+z, hft jf lnËsf cfwf/df ljz]if, dtbftfgfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z x'g jf ;dfj]z x'gsf nflu bfjL ug{af6s'g} klg JolQm cof]Uo gx'g] M ;+;b\sf] k|To]s ;bg / /fHosf]ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu k|To]s k|fb]lzs lgjf{rg If]qdfk|of]u x'g] Pp6} dtbftf gfdfjnL x'g]5 / pQm dtbftfgfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z x'g jf To:tf] s'g} lgjf{rg If]qsf] ljz]if

{g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg57dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z x'g bfjL ug{ s;}nfO{ klg wd{,d"n j+z, hft, lnË jf tLdWo] s'g}sf cfwf/df dfq cof]Uodflgg] 5}g .##)= nf]s;efdf cg';"lrt hflt jf cg';"lrt hghfltsfnflu :yfg cf/If0f M-!_ nf]s;efdf lgDgfg';f/sf ;d"xsf nflu :yfg cf/If0ful/g]5 M-s_ cg';"lrt hflt,-v_ cf;fd :jfoQ If]qsf cg';"lrt hghfltx¿afx]ssfcGo cg';"lrt hghflt,-Uf_ cf;fd :jfoQ If]qsf cg';"lrt hghflt .-@_ pkwf/f -!_ cGtu{t cg';"lrt hflt jf cg';"lrthghfltsf nflu s'g} /fHo jf ;‹Lo k|b]zdf cf/lIft:yfgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;Dej eP;Dd ;f] /fHo jf ;‹Lok|b]zdf nf]s;efsf nflu 5'§ofOPsf :yfgx¿sf]s'n ;ª\Vof / ;DalGwt /fHo jf ;‹Lo If]qdf /x]sfcg';"lrt hflt jf ;DalGwt /fHo jf ;‹Lo If]qdf/x]sf jf /fHo jf ;‹Lo If]qsf] c+zdf /x]sf cg';"lrthghfltx¿sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft a/fa/ x'gk5{ /of] Joj:yf cg';f/ cf/lIft :yfgn] ;DalGwt /fHo jf;‹Lo If]qsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftnfO{ axg ug]hlt x'g]5 .-#_ pkwf/f -@_ df h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP klg ;DalGwt/fHosf nflu 5'§ofOPsf s'n :yfgdf cf;fd :jfoQIf]qsf cg';"lrt hghfltsf nflu nf]s;efdf cf/lIft:yfgsf] ;ª\Vof pQm /fHosf] s'n hg;ª\Vofdf ;f]:jfoQ If]qsf cg';"lrt hghfltsf] hg;ª\Vofsf]x'g cfpg] cg'kftdf sd gx'g] u/L cfg'kflts ¿kdfJoj:yf ul/g]5 .:ki6Ls/0f – o; wf/fdf / wf/f ##@df pNn]v ul/Psf]…hg;ª\VofÚ zAbn] ljutdf ul/Psf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfdflgwf{/0f u/L To;dWo]af6 k|sflzt ul/Psf] ;DalGwthg;ª\VofnfO{ hgfpF5 Mt/ ;DalGwt tYofÍ k|sflzt ul/;lsPsf] kl5Nnf]hgu0fgf;DaGwdf o; :ki6Ls/0fdf pNn]lvt ;Gbe{;g\ @)@^ kl5 ul/g] klxnf] hgu0fgfsf ;DalGwttYofÍ k|sflzt geP;Dd ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgfs};Gbe{sf ¿kdf a'lemg]5 .##!= nf]s;efdf Pª\nf]–Ol08og ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj M wf/f*! df h];'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP klg /fi6«kltnfO{ nf]s;efdfPª\nf]–Ol08og ;d'bfosf] oyf]lrt k|ltlglwTj gePsf] eGg]nfu]df /fi6«kltn] b'O{ hgfsf] ;ª\Vofdf ga9fO{ ;f] ;d'bfoaf6nf]s;efsf ;b:odf dgf]gLt ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .##@= /fHox¿sf ljwfg;efx¿df cg';"lrt hflt jf cg';"lrthghfltx¿sf nflu :yfg cf/If0f M-!_ k|To]s /fHosf ljwfg;efdf ;DalGwt /fHosf cg';"lrthflt jf cg';"lrt hghfltx¿ -cf;fd :jfoQ If]qsfcg';"lrt hftLo ;d'bfoafx]s_sf nflu :yfg cf/If0ful/g]5 .-@_ cf;fd /fHosf] ljwfg;efdf :jfoQ If]qx¿sf nflu klg:yfg cf/If0f ul/g]5 .-#_ pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ cg';"lrt hflt jf cg';"lrthghfltsf nflu s'g} klg /fHosf] ljwfg;efdf cf/lIft:yfgsf] ;ª\Vof oyf;Dej ;DalGWft /fHodf cg';"lrthflt jf cg';"lrt hghfltsf] jf ;DalGwt /fHodf jf/fHosf] e"efudf cg';"lrt hghfltsf] ;ª\Vof cg';f/ljwfg;efdf s'n :yfgx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf] ;dfg'kfltsx'g]5 / of] Joj:yf cGtu{t :yfgsf] cf/If0f ;DalGwt/fHosf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftnfO{ axg x'g] u/Lul/g]5 .##%= ;]jf / kbsf nflu cg';"lrt hflt jf cg';"lrt hftLo;d'bfosf] bfaL M ;‹ tyf /fHo;DaGwL ;]jf tyf kbx¿dflgo'lQm ubf{ k|zf;sLo sfo{bIftf sfod /xg] u/L cg';"lrthflt tyf cg';"lrt hghfltsf ;b:ox¿sf bfaLnfO{ Wofgdf/flvg]5 .t/ /fHo jf ;‹;DaGwL ;]jf jf kbx¿sf] s'g} txdfkbf]Gglt jf cf/If0fsf nflu to ul/g] s'g} k/LIffdf of]Uox'gsf nflu cfjZos k|fKtfÍ jf d"NofÍgsf] dfkb08 Go"gagfpg];DaGwdf cg';"lrt hflt jf cg';"lrt hghfltsf;b:ox¿sf nflu ;xh t'Nofpg nrstf ckgfpg];DaGwdfs'g} k|fjwfg agfpg o; wf/fsf] s'g} s'/fn] /f]s nufPsf]dflgg] 5}g .##*= /fli6«o cg';"lrs[t hflt cfof]u M-!_ cg';"lrt hfltsf nflu …/fli6«o cg';"lrs[t hfltcfof]uÚ gfds Ps cfof]u x'g]5 .-@_ ;+;b\åf/f o;sf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] s'g} klg sfg'gsfk|fjwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL cfof]udf cWoIf, pkfWoIf tyftLg hgf cGo ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ / To;/L lgo'Qm ul/PsfcWoIf, pkfWoIf tyf cGo ;b:ox¿sf] ;]jf zt{ tyfsfof{jlw /fi6«kltåf/f lgodfg';f/ tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .-#_ cfof]usf cWoIf, pkfWoIf tyf cGo ;b:ox¿sf]lgo'lQm /fi6«kltåf/f cfˆgf] x:tfIf/ tyf 5fk cGtu{tsf]clwsf/åf/f ul/g]5 .-$_ cfof]unfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm} lgodg ug{ ] clwsf/x'g]5 .

]{58 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg-%_ cfof]usf st{Jox¿ lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5g\ M-s_ o; ;+ljwfg jf k|rngdf /x]sf cGo s'g} sfg'gjf ;/sf/sf] s'g} cfb]z cGtu{t cg';"lrthfltsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf ;a}k|fjwfg;DaGwL cg';Gwfg / cg'udg ug]{ tyfo:tf ;+/If0fsf sfo{x¿sf] d"NofÍg ug] {Ù-v_ cg';"lrt hfltnfO{ ;+/If0f tyf clwsf/af6 jl~rtul/Psf];DaGwdf k/]sf lglZrt ph'/Lx¿dfly5fglag ug] {Ù-u_ cg';"lrt hfltsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{sljsf;;DaGwL of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] /;Nnfx lbg] tyf ;‹ / s'g} klg /fHo cGtu{t ePsfpgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf] k|ultsf] d"NofÍg ug] {Ù-3_ tL ;+/If0f pkfox¿sf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL k|ltj]bgjflif{s ¿kdf / cfof]un] pko'Qm 7fg]sf cGo;dodf /fi6«klt;dIf k|:t't ug] {Ù-ª_ cg';"lrt hfltsf] ;+/If0f, lxt / ;fdflhs–cfly{sljsf;sf nflu tL ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ tyf cGopkfox¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;‹ tyfs'g} klg /fHon] cjnDag ug' {kg] { pkfox¿;DaGwdfTo:Tff k|ltj]bgx¿df l;kmfl/z k|:t't ug] {Ù-r_ ;+;b\n] lgdf{0f u/]sf sfg'gsf Joj:yfx¿sf]cwLgdf /xL /fi6«kltåf/f lgodfg';f/ lglZrt¿kdf lgb{ ]zg ul/Psf cg';"lrt hfltsf] ;+/If0f,lxt / ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|ult;DaGwLcGo sfo{x¿ ug] { .-^_ /fi6«kltn] ;‹;Fu ;DalGwt l;kmfl/zx¿sf cfwf/df;DkGg ul/Psf sfo{ jf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu k|:tfjul/Psf sfo{ tyf To:tf l;kmfl/zx¿dWo] s'g} c:jLs[tePsf eP ;f]sf] sf/0f JofVof ul/Psf] 1fkgkq;lxt;a} k|ltj]bgx¿ ;+;b\sf k|To]s ;bgdf k|:t't ug{nufpg]5g\ .-&_ o:tf] s'g} k|ltj]bg jf ;f]sf] s'g} c+z s'g} /fHo;/sf/sf] ;/f]sf/;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]]k|ltj]bgsf] Ps k|lt ;DalGwt /fHosf] /fHokfnnfO{pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 / /fHokfnn] pQm k|ltj]bgnfO{/fHosf] ljwflosfdf ;f] /fHo;Fu ;DalGwt l;kmfl/zsfcfwf/df ;DkGg sfo{ jf ;DkGg ug{ k|:tfljt sfo{tyf s'g} l;kmfl/z c:jLs[t ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf] s'g}sf/0f eP To:sf] JofVofo'Qm 1fkgkq;lxt k|:t't ug{nufpg]5g\ .-*_ pkwf/f -%_ sf] -s_ df pNn]lvt s'g} ljifodf cg';Gwfgubf{ jf -v_ df pNn]lvt s'g} ph'/Lsf ;Gbe{df ;f]wk'5ubf{ d'2f rnfpg];DaGwdf / ljz]if u/L lgDglnlvts'/fx¿sf ;DaGwdf gful/s cbfntnfO{ x'g] clwsf/x¿cfof]unfO{ x'g]5 M-s_ ef/tsf] s'g}klg e"–efuaf6 s'g} JolQmnfO{cfof]u;dIf af]nfO{ xflh/ x'g nufpg] tyf pgnfO{zky u/fP/ 5fglag ug{ ]Ù-v_ s'g} klg sfuhft vf]hL ug]{ / pknAw ug{nufpg]Ù-u_ k|df0f nfUg] sfuhft;DaGwL k|df0f a'‰g]Ù-3_ s'g} klg cbfnt jf sfof{noaf6 s'g} klg ;fj{hlgsclen]v jf sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk k|fKt ug] {Ù-ª_ ;fIfL tyf sfuhftsf] hfFra'emsf nflu cfof]uu7g ug] {Ù-r_ /fi6«kltn] lgod adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ug{;Sg] cGos'g} klg s'/f .-(_ cg';"lrt hfltnfO{ k|efj kfg] { ;a} gLltut kIfx¿sf;DaGwdf ;‹ tyf k|To]s /fHo ;/sf/n] cfof]u;Fuk/fdz{ lng'kg] {5 .#$!= cg';"lrs[t hfltx¿-!_ /fi6«kltn] s'g} /fHo jf ;‹ /fHoIf]qsf ;Gbe{df / /fHoePsf] cj:yfdf /fHokfn;Fu k/fdz{ u/]kl5 ;fj{hlgs;"rgf k|sflzt u/L lglZrt hfltx¿, d"nj+zx¿ jfcflbjf;L hghfltx¿ jf hflt, d"nj+z jf cflbjf;Lhghfltx¿sf c+z jf ;d"xx¿nfO{ o; ;+ljwfgsf]k|of]hgsf nflu /fHo jf ;‹ /fHoIf]qsf ;DaGwdfoyfl:yltdf cg';"lrt hfltx¿sf ¿kdf dflgg] u/Ltf]Sg ;Sg]5 .-@_ ;+;b\n] sfg'gåf/f s'g} hflt, d"nj+z jf cflbjf;Lhghflt jf s'g} hflt, d"nj+z jf cflbjf;L hghfltsfc+z jf ;d"xx¿nfO{ pk–bkmf -!_ cGtu{t k|sflzt;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf cg';"lrt hfltx¿sf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]zug{ jf lemSg;Sg]5 t/ dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t}pQm pk–bkmf cGtu{t k|sflzt ;"rgf kl5 lgsflng];"rgfeGbf leGg eg] x'g] 5}g .>LnÍfsf] ;+ljwfg;dfgtfsf] clwsf/!@= -!_ sfg'gsf cufl8 ;a} JolQmx¿ a/fa/ 5g\ /sfg'gaf6 ;dfg ;+/If0f k|fKt ug{ of]Uo 5g\ .-@_ s'g} klg gful/snfO{ d"nj+z, wd{, hft, lnË, /fhg}ltsljrf/, hGd:yfg jf o:t} cGo cfwf/df dfq} lje]b ul/g]5}g Mt/ lghfdtL, Gofo jf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;]jf jf cGo s'g};fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf ;]jfdf s'g} /f]huf/L jf kb;DaGwLlhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{sf nflu plrt ¿kdf s'g} efiffsf]1fg cfjZos 5 eg] To:tf /f]huf/L jf kbsf nflu

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg59of]Uotfsf ¿kdf ;DalGwt JolQmn] plrt ;doleqpQm efiffsf] 1fg kof{Kt ¿kdf xfl;n ug' {kg{ ] s'/fnfO{/flvg' eg] sfg'gL x'g]5 .o;}u/L, lghfdtL, Gofo jf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;]jf jfcGo s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf ;]jfdf s'g} /f]huf/L jfkb;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x s'g} efiffsf] 1fg ljgf ug{;lsFb}g eg] To:tf /f]huf/L jf kbsf nflu of]Uotfsf¿kdf ;DalGwt JolQmn] pQm efiffsf] 1fg kof{Kt ¿kdfxfl;n ug' {kg{ ] s'/fnfO{ /flvg' eg] sfg'gL x'g]5 .-#_ s'g} k;n, ;fj{hlgs ef]hgfno, xf]6]n, ;fj{hlgsdgf]/~hgsf :yfg jf cfˆg} wd{ cGtu{t ;fj{hlgsk"hf ug{ ] :yndf k|j]zsf ;Gbe{df s'g} klg JolQmnfO{d"nj+z, wd{, efiff, hft, lnË jf To:t} cGo s'g}cfwf/df s'g} cIfdtf, bfloTj, lgif]w jf zt{sf] ljifoj:t'agfOg]5 .-$_ dlxnf, afnaflnsf jf ckfË JolQmx¿sf] pTyfgsfnflu sfg'g, ;xfos sfg'g jf sfo{sf/L sbdaf6 ljz]ifk|fjwfg agfpg];Gbe{df o; wf/fdf ePsf s'g} klgs'/fn] /f]Sg] 5}g .aËnfb]zsf] ;+ljwfgo;df klg s]xL p:t} p:t} k|fjwfg /flvPsf 5g\ . o;df;lDdlnt k|fjwfgx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M@(= ;/sf/L /f]huf/Ldf ;dfg cj;/ M-!_ u0f/fHosf] ;]jfdf /x]sf /f]huf/L jf kbsf ;Gbe{df ;a}gful/sx¿nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ x'g]5 .-@_ u0f/fHosf] ;]jfdf /x]sf /f]huf/L jf kbsf ;Gbe{df s'g}klg gful/snfO{ wd{, d"nj+z, hft, lnË jf hGd:yfgsfcfwf/df dfq} cof]Uo agfOg] jf lje]b ul/g] 5}g .-#_ o; wf/fdf ePsf s'g} klg s'/fn] /fHonfO{ lgDglnlvtsfo{x¿ ug{af6 /f]Sg] 5}g M!= u0f/fHosf] ;]jfdf lk5l8Psf ju{sf] kof{Ktk|ltlglwTj ;'/lIft ug{] p2]Zon] gful/sx¿sf]lk5l8Psf ju{sf] kIfdf ljz]if k|fjwfg /fVg'Ù@= s'g} wfld{s jf ;fDk|bflos ;+:yf;Fu ;DalGwtlgo'lQm lglZrt wd{ dflg/x]sf jf lglZrt;Dk|bfos} JolQmx¿nfO{ lbOg'kg{ ] Joj:yf ul/Psfs'g} sfg'g nfu" ug{Ù#= s'g} /f]huf/L jf kb ljk/Lt lnËsf JolQmnfO{g;'xfpg] k|s[ltsf] ePsf] ljrf/sf cfwf/df To;dful/g] lgo'lQm Pp6} lnËsf JolQmx¿sf nflucf/lIft ug{ .kfls:tfgsf] ;+ljwfg@@= wd{ cflbsf ;Gbe{df z}lIfs ;+:yfgx¿;DaGwL arfp-#_ sfg'gsf cwLgdf /xL M-v_ ;/sf/L /fh:j k|fKt ul//x]sf s'g} klg z}lIfs;+:yfgdf k|j]zsf nflu s;}nfO{ klg d"nj+z, wd{,hft jf hGd:yfgsf cfwf/df dfq} c:jLsf/ ul/g]5}g .-$_ ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs ¿kdf lk5l8Psf gful/s ju{nfO{cufl8 nfg] s'g} Joj:yf ug{ ] ;Gbe{df o; wf/fdf ePsfs'g} klg s'/fn] s'g} klg ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ /f]Sg] 5}g .@^= ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf k|j]zsf ;Gbe{df clje]b M-!_ wfld{s k|of]hgsf nflu dfq ;Lldt gul/Psf ;fj{hlgsdgf]/~hg:yn jf lj>fd:yndf k|j]zsf ;Gbe{df s'g}klg gful/snfO{ d"nj+z, wd{, hft, lnË, lgjf;:yfgjf hGd:yfgsf cfwf/df dfq} lje]b ul/g] 5}g .-@_ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf ;Gbe{df s'g} ljz]if k|fjwfgsf]Joj:yf ug{ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} klgs'/fn] /fHonfO{ /f]Sg] 5}g .@&= ;]jfdf lje]baf6 arfp-!_ kfls:tfgsf] ;]jfdf lgo'lQmsf nflu cof]Uo ePsf afx]ss'g} klg gful/snfO{ To:tf lgo'lQmsf ;Gbe{df d"nj+z,wd{, hft, lnË, lgjf;:yfg jf hGd:yfgsf cfwf/dfdfq} lje]b ul/g] 5}g .kfls:tfgsf] ;]jfdf s'g} ju{ jf If]qsf JolQmx¿sf] kof{Ktk|ltlglwTj ;'/lIft ug{ yfngL lbgaf6 -rfnL;_ jif{sf] cjlwga9\g] u/L pgLx¿sf nflu kbx¿ cf/lIft ug{ ;lsg]5 .cGo /fi6«x¿df hftsf ;DaGwdf lglZrt ¿kdf Joj:yf/flvPsf] kfOFb}g t/ ljutdf lje]b jf jl~rttfaf6 kLl8tlglZrt ;d'bfo tyf ;d"xx¿sf ;DaGwdf eg] k|fjwfgx¿/flvPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf blIf0fclk|msfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ToxfF ljutdf cZj]tx¿dflyuDeL/ ¿kdf lje]b ul/Psf] lyof] / pgLx¿ cem} klg ul/aL,e"ldxLgtf tyf cGo ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t /x]sf 5g\ . ljutsftL cGofonfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ] lglZrt p2]Zon] blIf0f clk|msL;+ljwfgdf y'k| } k|fjwfg /flvPsf 5g\ .

60 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfgblIf0f clk|msf!= u0ftflGqs blIf0f clk|msf lgDglnlvt dfGotfdfcfwfl/t Ps, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, nf]stflGqs /fHo xf] M-s_ dfgjLo dof{bf, ;dfgtfsf] k|flKt / dfgj clwsf/tyf :jtGqtfsf] k|jw{g .;dfgtf(= -!_ sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} JolQm ;dfg 5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{;dfg ;'/Iff / sfg'gaf6 nfe lng] clwsf/ x'g]5 .-@_ ;dfgtfleq ;a} clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] k"0f{ / ;dfgpkef]u kb{5g\ . ;dfgtfsf] k|flKtnfO{ k|jw{g ug]{,cGofok"0f{ e]befjsf sf/0f c;'ljwfdf k/]sf JolQm jf;d"xnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ jf pgLx¿nfO{ pTyfg ug{sfg'gL pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsg]5 .dfgj k|lti7f!)= k|To]s JolQm;Fu g};lu{s k|lti7f x'G5 / pgLx¿sf]k|lti7fsf] sb/÷dfGotf /fVg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / /Ifful/g]5 .cleJolQm :jtGqtf!^= -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cleJolQm :jGqtfsf] xs x'g]5 .cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] xs cGtu{t b]xfosf xs kb{5g\ M-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df plNnlvt clwsf/n] b]xfosf ljifonfO{;dfj]z ub{ }gg\ M-s_ o'4;DaGwL k|rf/k|;f/Ù-v_ tfTsflns czflGt km}nfpg] ljifoÙ jf-u_ xflg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ul/Psf] hftLotf, n}lËs jfwfld{stfdf cfwfl/t ljå]if jf 3[0ffsf] jsfnt jfo:tf] k|s[ltsf] s'g} klg sfd .Jofkf/, Joj;fo / k]zf ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf@@= k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] k]zf jf Joj;fo :jtGqtfk"j{s5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . s'g} klg k]zf, Joj;fo jfJofkf/nfO{ sfg'gåf/f lgodg ug{ ;lsg]5 .;DklQ@%= -!_ ;a}nfO{ nfu" x'g] sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/]afx]s s;}nfO{klg ;DklQaf6 jl~rt x'g'kg] { 5}g / s'g} klg sfg'gn]hyfefjL :j]R5frf/L tj/n] ;DklQaf6 jl~rt ug]{5}g .-$_ o; v08sf] k|of]hgsf nflu M-s_ ;fj{hlgs lxt cGtu{t e"ld;'wf/k|lt /fHosf]k|lta4tf tyf blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|fs[lts;|f]tdf a/fa/ kx'Fr :yflkt ug{sf nflu ul/g];'wf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tf ;dfj]z x'g]5Ù-%_ gful/sn] ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df hldgdf kx'Fr kfpg;3fpg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{sf nflu /fHon] k|fKt;|f]t;fwgsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ pko'Qm sfg'gL / cGo pkfocjnDag ug] {5 .-^_ ljutsf hftLo lje]bk"0f{ sfg'g / k|rngsf sf/0fhUufsf] pkef]u÷k|of]u sfg'gL ¿kn] c;'/lIft /x]sfJolQm jf ;d'bfo ;+;b\n] agfPsf] sfg'gsf] xb;Ddsfg'gL ¿kdf ;'/lIft hUuf pkef]usf] xsjfnf x'g]5g\jf To;sf] a/fa/ d'cfAhfsf] xsbf/ x'g]5g\ .-*_ o; v08sf] k|fjwfgaf6 aflx/ uP/ ePsf pkfox¿v08 #^-!_ adf]lhd eP;Dd o; v08df ePsf s'g}klg k|fjwfgn] /fHonfO{ hldg, kfgL / cGo ljifodfljutsf] hftLo e]befjsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{p2]Zon] ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu sfg'gL tyf cGo pkfockgfpgaf6 /f]s]sf] dflgg] 5}g .-(_ bkmf ^ df pNn]v ePsf] sfg'g ;+;b\n] agfpg]5 .cfjf;@^= -!_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ kof{Kt cfjf;df kx'Fr kfpg]clwsf/ 5 .-@_ pknAw ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;Ldfleq /x]/ of] clwsf/sf]lg/Gt/ k|flKtsf nflu /fHon] pko'Qm sfg'gL / cGopkfox¿ ckgfpg'kg] {5 .vl/b k|lqmof@!&=-!_ /fli6«o, k|fGtLo tyf ;/sf/sf] :yfgLo If]qdf/fHosf s'g} cË jf /fli6«o ljwfgdf klxrfg ul/PsfcGo s'g} ;+:yfn] ;fdfg tyf ;]jfsf nflu ;Demf}tfubf{ lgikIf, kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{ / ldtJooL 9Ësf] k|0ffnLckgfpg'kb{5 .-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]v ul/Psf /fHosf cËx¿ tyf;+:yfx¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt sfo{sf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf]vl/b gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{af6 pQm pkbkmfn] /f]Sg]5}g –-s_ ;Demf}tfx¿sf] ljlgof]hgdf k|fyldstfsf]juL{s/0f, /-v_ kIfkftk"0f{ e]befjåf/f ljkGg kfl/Psf JolQm jfJolQmsf] ju{sf] ;+/If0f jf k|jw{g .-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df pNn]lvt gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fli6«osfg'gn] Pp6f k|f¿k l;kmfl/z ug' {kg] {5 .

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg61cg';"rL ^k':ts tyf j]a;fO6sf] 5f]6f] ;"rLg]kfnsf blntx? -ef/tsf klg x'g;S5g\_cGt//fli6«o >d ;Ë7g, g]kfn, Dalits and Labour in Nepal: Discrimination and Forced Labour, -;g\ @))%_, www.iloktm.org.np/don_con.asp?id=68PS;g P8, g]kfn, A Marginalised Group: Listening to Badi Community -;j{ ]If0f k|ltj]bg_, -;g\ @))!_, http://www.actionaid.org/docs/a%20marginalised%20group.badit.pdfsf]S;, yfd;, "The Badi: Prostitution as a Social Norm among an Untouchable Caste of West Nepal", !( -!_ l;gf; hg{n,k[i7 %!, -;g\ !((@_, l8lh6n lxdfnosf] j]a;fO6 http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/contributions/CNAS_19_01_04.pdf df pknAw 5 .8flg8f, Human Rights and Good Governance Programme Nepal Final Component Description Dalit Support, -;g\ @))#_http://www.danidadevforum.um.dk/NR/rdonlyres/E4A558CC-2726-4E58-8717-41B4C0251F6B/0/Component_Dalitsupport.pdfbfxfn, l8NnL/fd / cGo, /fli6«o blnt /0fgLlt k|ltj]bg, -;g\ @))@_, -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf nflu tof/ ul/Psf]_, -o;dfefu ! M g]kfndf blntx¿sf] l:ylt ljZn]if0fÙ efu @ – g]kfndf blnt pTyfgsf nflu bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltx¿Ù / efu # Mg]kfndf blnt pTyfgsf nflu kfFr jif{ ] sfo{of]hgf klg 5_, efu ! www.nepaldalitinfo.20m.com/archives/Analysis2002.pdf pknAw 5 .g]kfn ;/sf/, ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo lje]b pGd"ng;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo dxf;lGw;dIf k|:t't /fi6« k|ltj]bg, -;g\ @)))dfr{ ! / ;g\ @))@ df a'emfpg'kg{ ] kGw|f} F / ;f]x|f} F k|ltj]bg ;+o'Qm ¿kdf a'emfOPsf] lyof]_, hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ;ldlt-;LO{cf/8L_÷;L÷$%@÷cltl/Qm @ . http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/898586b1dc7b4043c1256a450044f331/12134872c79035dfc1256dc10051e324/$FILE/G0343350.doc df jf http://www.nepaldalitinfo.20m.com/archives/archives.html dfkm{t\ pknAw 5 .af/, Odf/ / cGo, Dalits in India and Nepal: Policy Options for Improving Social Inclusion in Education, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo afnsf]if -o'lg;]km_, Go"of]s{, ;g\ @))& http://www.unicef.org/videoaudio/PDFs/Dalits_in_India_and_Nepal_Policy_Options_for_Improving_Social_Inclusion.pdfa]g]6, lng -ljZj a}Í_, "Gender, Caste and Ethnic Exclusion in Nepal: Following the Policy Process from Analysis to Action", ;g\@))% l8;]Da/ !@ b]lv !% ;Dd cfof]lht “New Frontiers of Social Policy” ljifos cf?zf ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't sfo{kqhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/Bennett.rev.pdfdfgj clwsf/ tyf blnt dlxnfsf] dof{bf;DaGwL x]u 3f]if0ffkq . http://www.indianet.nl/pdf/haguedeclaration.pdfdfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZj Gofo s]Gb|, Go"of]s{ ljZjljBfno, The Missing Piece of the Puzzle: Caste Discrimination and the Conflictin Nepal (2005), -;g\ @))%_, http://www.chrgj.org/docs/Missing%20Piece%20of%20the%20Puzzle.pdfdfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZj Gofo s]Gb|, Go"of]s{ ljZjljBfno, Recasting Justice, -;g\ @))*_ http://www.chrgj.org/projects/docs/recastingjustice.pdf -;ª\If]ksf nflu of] k|sfzg x]g' {xf]nf ._ofdaxfb'/ ls;fg, The Nepali Dalit Social Movement -sf7df8f} F M sfg'gL clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;dfh g]kfn, -;g\ @))%_ ./fhg}lts bnx¿, White Paper on the Elimination of Untouchability, ;g\ @))$ http://www.nepaldalitinfo.20m.com/archives/PoliWhitePap.pdfljZj a}Í, Unequal citizens: gender, caste and ethnic exclusion in Nepal, ;ª\If]k -!$) k[i7_ j]a;fO6 http://www.wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/12/05/000090341_20061205151859/Rendered/PDF/379660Nepal0GSEA0Summary0Report01PUBLIC1.pdfdf pknAw 5 .ljZj k|fp6 ;ef, Kathmandu Dalit Declaration on Caste-Based Discrimination, -;g\ @))$_, http://www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2005/05/kathmandu_dalit.html;]e b lrN8« ]g / OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgn, Children and Traditional Caste Employment in Siraha District, Nepal, -;g\ !(((_

62 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg;]e b lrN8« ]g -cd]l/sf_ / cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb|, Is there Room Enough ? Dalit Recruitment Policies and Practices inSelected I/NGOs & Bi/Multilateral Organizations of Nepal -cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg_, -;g\ @))$_;]e b lrN8« ]g -cd]l/sf_, Everyone Counts: Dalit Children and the Right to Education in Nepal, -;g\ @))$_;]e b lrN8« ]g, Invisible Children: Child Work in Asia and the Pacific, -;g\ !((&_Xo"dg /fO6\; jfr, hflt, hftLo lje]b, ljb]z h'u'K;f tyf ;DalGwt c;xgzLntflj?4 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljZj;Dd]ng;dIf Xo"dg /fO6\; jfråf/f k|:t't k|ltj]bg . 8af{g, blIf0f clk|msf, ;g\ @))! ;]K6]Da/ . http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/globalcaste/xL/f ljZjsdf{, ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo lje]b pGd"ng;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo dxf;lGw;dIf k|:t't /fi6« k|ltj]bg -g]kfndf blnt;d'bfosf] ljz]if ;Gbe{;lxt tof/ ul/Psf]_–;g\ !(($, -blnt ;]jf ;‹, ldng dfu{, / blnt dlxnf ;‹_, k|fof]hs MPS;g P8 g]kfn / ;]e b lrN8« ]g, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf . http://www.nepaldalitinfo.20m.com/archives/UNReport94.htmlef/tLo blntx?dfgj clwsf/ tyf ljZj Gofo s]Gb|, Go"of]s{ ljZjljBfno, -;g\ @))&_, hftLo lje]b pGd"ng;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ;ldlt-;LO{cf/8L_ ;dIf k|:t't …5fofF k|ltj]bgÚ_ http://chrgj.org/docs/IndiaCERDShadowReport.pdfDofsjfg, dfl6{g, Dalit Rights, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, -;g\ @))^_blnt;DaGwL j]a;fO6x?-;a} j]a;fO6x¿df ;fGble{s ;fdu|L pknAw x'g}k5{ eGg] 5}g_g]kfncGt//fli6«o blnt P]Soa4tf ;~hfn – http://www.idsn.org/5'jf5'tlj?4 jlsnx¿sf] /fli6«o cleofg – http://www.lancaunepal.org.np/index.phphfu/0f d]l8of ;]06/ – http://www.jagaranmedia.org.np/index.phpblnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;‹ – http://www.dnfnepal.org/aboutus/index.phpblnt ;]jf ;‹ – http://www.dwo.org.npblnt dlxnf ;‹ – http://www.fedonepal.org/g]kfn blnt ;"rgf ;|f]t – http://www.nepaldalitinfo.20m.com/g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f ;Ë7g – http://www.nndswo.org.n/ef/tcDa]8s/ 86 cf]cf/hL – http://www.ambedkar.org/blnt cWoog;DaGwL ef/tLo ;+:yfg – http://www.dalitstudies.org.in/blnt cfjfh – http://www.dalitvoice.org/blnt lqmlZroG; – http://www.dalitchristians.co/blnt k|lti7fg – http://www.dalitfoundation.org/blnt dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o cleofg – http://www.ncdhr.org.in/ncdhr/blnt :jtGqtf ;~hfn – http://www.dalitnetwork.org/blnt ;dfrf/ – http://dalitnews.com/gj;h{g – http://navsarjan.org/Gofo / zflGtsf nflu cDa]8s/ s]Gb| – http://www.ambedkar.net/default.aspx;fIfL Xo"dg /fO6\; jfr – PkL – http://www.sakshiap.org/

g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg63cg';"rL &If]qLo tyf /fli6«o ;Dd]ngx?df ;+nUg blnt ;+:yfx?!= g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f ;‹ (NNDSWO)@= blnt u};; dxf;‹ (DNF)#= blnt dlxnf ;‹ (FEDO)$= blnt ;]jf ;‹ (DWO)%= /fli6«o blnt dxf;‹ (NDC)^= blnt u};; dxf;‹–g]kfn (DNF-Nepal)&= dfgj clwsf/ ;dGjo ;ldlt (HRCC)*= hg pTyfg k|lti7fg (JUP)(= hfu/0f d]l8of ;]G6/ (JMC)!)= 5'jf5'tlj?4 jlsnx¿sf] /fli6«o cleofg (LANCAU)!!= sfg'gL clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;dfh (LRPS)!@= /fd ;dfh sNof0f d~r (RSKM)!#= g]kfn blnt kqsf/ ;‹ (ADJON)!$= /fli6«o blnt ;~hfn (RDN)!%= uGwj{ snf s]Gb| (GKK)!^= blnt dlxnf ljsf; tyf pTyfg s]Gb| (DWDUC)

64 g]kfnsf blntxŸ/ gofF ;+ljwfg

UNDP NepalUN House, PulchowkG.P.O. Box 107Kathmandu, NepalTel : + (977-1) 5523200Fax : + (977-1) 5523991, 5523986Website : www.undp.org.np