International-Business-Dr-R-Chandran-E-book

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4. Objections raised/No objections raised 5. Dealing with objections 6. Grant/Registration It is a simple six step procedure that anyone can follow. 184 International Business- Dr. R. Chandran Where an application procedure is involved, the protection ultimately obtained is usually an absolute monopoly, patents registered designs and registered trademarks fall into this category. Intellectual property rights arise automatically if an original work, such as a drawing, design document, or prototype is created. These rights are usually limited to preventing any form of reproduction of misinterpretation. Copyrights, unregistered design rights (including semiconductor topography rights) and unregistered trademarks fall into this category. CONCEPT AND MEANING OF IPR Patents Patent protection can be obtained for many types of technical innovations. For example, a new piece of apparatus or machinery to carry out a particular operation, a method or process for performing an operation or making a product or the use of a piece of equipment or product for a particular purpose. In order to determine if patent protection can be obtained, it is necessary to consider whether the technical innovation is both novel and innovative. Both these terms have a legal definition. It is usually relatively straightforward to determine if a technical innovation is novel or not. The determination is based upon whether the innovation is different from that which existed previously. It is more difficult to assess if an innovation is inventive. This determination is based upon whether it will be obvious, given what existed previously, to arrive at the invention. Unfortunately this is a legal definition, which cannot be applied without knowledge of the concerned body of case law on the subject. Patent protection is not available for every type of innovation. It is excluded in the case of innovations that are artistic and not technical innovations, and innovations that are not applicable in industry. Once again these are strict legal definitions and a thorough knowledge of case law is needed to accurately assess whether an invention is an excluded invention. Patents are obtained via an application procedure that involves a search and Only for Private Circulation
185 International Business- Dr. R. Chandran an examination. Once any objections raised are dealt with, the application can proceed to grant the patent. Once the patent has been granted, it remains in force for 20 years, subject to payment of annual renewal fees to keep the patent in force, and a granted patent provides a patentee with an absolute legal monopoly which can be used to prevent unauthorized use of the patented invention. Generally speaking, patents are territorial and it is necessary to obtain a patent in each country in which protection is required. A patent in a particular country does, however enable a patentee to prevent importation into that country of an infringing product from wherever that importation takes place. Therefore, it is common for patentees to protect their inventions in the countries which constitute either their major markets, or which contain their major competitors’ manufacturing sites. Whilst patents are essentially territorial, there are a number of international conventions that make the process of applying for international patent protection more simple and cost effective than filing a national patent application in all the countries of interest. The most important these international conventions are the European patent Convention and the patent Cooperation Treaty. Trademarks Traditionally trademarks were any word or logo that serves to designate the origin of goods or services. In recent years the law has come to recognize that there are many other ways of designating the origin of goods or services, e.g. advertising jingles, smells and the shape of goods or packaging. Nowadays, therefore, these are also recognized as trademarks. For registration, a trademark must be capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one party from those of other parties. Furthermore, trademarks that consist of anything other than words or logos must be capable of being represented graphically. Any sign that does not satisfy these requirements cannot be registered as a trademark. Signs which are inherently non – distinctive or descriptive or which consist of words or symbols, things that traders in the same area of business may wish legitimately to use to identify the origin of their gods may be excluded from registration. For example surnames and geographical locations would not be allowed as trademarks. In some countries, for example the United Kingdom, rights can be obtained on a trademark simply by using a symbol or sign extensively enough, so that it is identified with the product. In these circumstances, the person or company using the trademark has legal resources through an Only for Private Circulation
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1 International Business- Dr. R. Ch
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COMPANY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN REFORM PR
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4. Diplomatic relations 9 Internati
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10. Legal aspects 11. Investment an
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LICENSOR LICENSEE PROVIDE THE RIGHT
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Supply International Business- Dr.
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10. MERGERS AND ACQISITIONS 25 Inte
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12. TURNKEY PROJECTS 27 Internation
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13. COUNTER TRADE 29 International
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a) Home country Economy 35 Internat
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SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 39 International
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1. POLITICAL RISKS 2. ECONOMIC RISK
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FDI Policy Initiatives 61 Internati
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Bahrain international Business Cent
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(ACUs). These are operational units
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6. Essentials of Trade Finance 81 I
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RATES TT Selling Rate Exchange Marg
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) Constant motivation of subsidiari
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2. Organizations with an Internatio
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3.3 Organization according to Geogr
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Page 135 and 136: Joint Venture with an Indian Partne
Page 151 and 152: Stage:6 “Global mindset, customer
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Page 159 and 160: Environmental Issues 159 Internatio
Page 161 and 162: AGREEMENTS OBJECTIVE OF AGREEMENT b
Page 163 and 164: AGREEMENTS OBJECTIVE OF AGREEMENT 1
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Page 191 and 192: Tariff Barriers 191 International B
Page 193 and 194: D) On the basis of trade relations
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Page 199 and 200: World Bank 199 International Busine
Page 201 and 202: • Macroeconomic & Economic Growth
Page 203 and 204: • Local Currency Financing • Mu
Page 205 and 206: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 205 Int
Page 207 and 208: ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 207 Internat
Page 213 and 214: Mode of transport Type of delivery
Page 215 and 216: How many intermediaries are require
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Factor Conditions PURCHASING POWER
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R= 44 ×100 = Rs. 40 110 243 Intern
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3. Freedom loving and self-reliant.
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Japan 257 International Business- D
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Three sources of employees for inte
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Strategy of the organization Need f
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