The principles of Latin grammar; comprising the ... - Essan.org
The principles of Latin grammar; comprising the ... - Essan.org The principles of Latin grammar; comprising the ... - Essan.org
.:92 THE VERB.—TENSES. § 44§ 44. TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD.156.—The tenses of the indicative mood, inLatin, are six: the Present, the Imperfect, thePerfect, the Pluperfect, the Future, and the Future-perfect.157.—I. The Pkeseot tense expresses what isgoing on at the present time ; as, scrlho, " I write,"or " I am writing;" domus cedificatur, "the houseis building."This tense is rendered with all the variety of the presenttense in English; as, I write, do write, am writing;—interrogatively,do I write ? am I writing ? Like the English presentalso it is used1 To express what is habitual or always true ; as, qui citodat, bis dat, " he w T ho gives promptly, gives twice."2. To express a general custom, if still existing ; as, apudParthos signum datur tympdno, " among the Parthians, thesignal is given by the drum."3. In historical narration, it is used with great effect for thepast tense, to represent a past event as if it were present beforeus; thus (Livy), dido poruere, desiliunt ex equis, provolantin prlmum, &c, " they obeyed, they dismount, they fly forwardto the front," &c.4. To denote an action which has continued for some time,and which still exists ;as, tot annos bella gero, " for so manyyears I have waged, and am still waging war." Also afterdum it is used to express a past event which had some continuance; as, dum in Sicilia sum, nulla statua dejecta est, " solong as I was in Sicily," &c.5. With certain adverbs of time, it is sometimes used, asin English, to denote what is yet future; as, quam mox navigoEphesum, " as soon as I sail, or shall sail, for Ephesus."6. In the passive voice, the present tense represents itssubject as at present acted upon, or as the object of an actionpresent and continuing, and is usually rendered into Englishby the verb to be, and the perfect participle, as amatur, " he isloved," and this rendering will always be correct when the
§ 44 THE VERB.—TENSES. 93English verb in the present passive expresses continuance; as,he ins local, feared, hated, respected, &c.158.— 06s. But there are many verbs in which this rendering of thepresent would be incorrect, as it does not express the present receiving ofan action, but rather the presentand continuing effect of an act, which actitself is now past. In all such cases, it is more properly the rendering ofthe perfect than of the present, and it is often so used.Thus, domus ccdificcdaest; opus peractum est; epistola scrip/a est, may be properly rendered," the house is built ;" " the work is finished f "the letter is written ;" becausein the English, as well as in Latin, the building of the house, thefinishing of the work, and the writing of the letter, are represented asacts now past, and which are present only in their effects. The properrendering of such verbs in the present passive, in English, is by the verbto be, and the present participle in ing in the passive sense ; thus, domuscedijicatur, " the house is building ;" opus perogitur, " the work is finishing ;"epistola scribitur, " the letter is writing." When this mode of expressionis not authorized, and when the other would be improper, it will benecessary to express the precise idea of the present by some other formof expression. See An. and Pr. Eng. Gr., App. V, I and II, p. 235.—Principlesof Eng. Gr., App. XIX, p. 211.159.—II. The Imperfect tense represents anaction or event as passing and still unfinished ata certain time past, expressed or implied ; as,domvm cedifiedbat, " he was (then) building ahouse ;" Ibam forte via sacra, " I was accidentally(viz. at the time spoken of,) going along the viasacra."160.—This tense, strictly speaking, corresponds to the pastprogressivein English (An. and Pr. Eng. Gr., 474-2.—Principlesof Eng. Gr., 199-2). It is often rendered, however, bythe past tense in its ordinary form, and shonld always be so,when the verb expresses a continued act or state ;as, amabat,u he loved ;" timebat, " he feared." It is used in a variety ofx ways, as follows :1. It is used to denote what was usual or customary atsome past time ; as, scribebam, " I was accustomed to write."2. It is used to denote an action which had existed for sometime, and was still existing at a certain past time ; as, tot an-
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.:92 THE VERB.—TENSES. § 44§ 44. TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD.156.—<strong>The</strong> tenses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> indicative mood, in<strong>Latin</strong>, are six: <strong>the</strong> Present, <strong>the</strong> Imperfect, <strong>the</strong>Perfect, <strong>the</strong> Pluperfect, <strong>the</strong> Future, and <strong>the</strong> Future-perfect.157.—I. <strong>The</strong> Pkeseot tense expresses what isgoing on at <strong>the</strong> present time ; as, scrlho, " I write,"or " I am writing;" domus cedificatur, "<strong>the</strong> houseis building."This tense is rendered with all <strong>the</strong> variety <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> presenttense in English; as, I write, do write, am writing;—interrogatively,do I write ? am I writing ? Like <strong>the</strong> English presentalso it is used1 To express what is habitual or always true ; as, qui citodat, bis dat, " he w T ho gives promptly, gives twice."2. To express a general custom, if still existing ; as, apudParthos signum datur tympdno, " among <strong>the</strong> Parthians, <strong>the</strong>signal is given by <strong>the</strong> drum."3. In historical narration, it is used with great effect for <strong>the</strong>past tense, to represent a past event as if it were present beforeus; thus (Livy), dido poruere, desiliunt ex equis, provolantin prlmum, &c, " <strong>the</strong>y obeyed, <strong>the</strong>y dismount, <strong>the</strong>y fly forwardto <strong>the</strong> front," &c.4. To denote an action which has continued for some time,and which still exists ;as, tot annos bella gero, " for so manyyears I have waged, and am still waging war." Also afterdum it is used to express a past event which had some continuance; as, dum in Sicilia sum, nulla statua dejecta est, " solong as I was in Sicily," &c.5. With certain adverbs <strong>of</strong> time, it is sometimes used, asin English, to denote what is yet future; as, quam mox navigoEphesum, " as soon as I sail, or shall sail, for Ephesus."6. In <strong>the</strong> passive voice, <strong>the</strong> present tense represents itssubject as at present acted upon, or as <strong>the</strong> object <strong>of</strong> an actionpresent and continuing, and is usually rendered into Englishby <strong>the</strong> verb to be, and <strong>the</strong> perfect participle, as amatur, " he isloved," and this rendering will always be correct when <strong>the</strong>
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