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18 NATURAL SELECTION iThere must be a cause for them ; they must be the necessaryresults of some greatnatural law. Now, if, as it has beenendeavoured to be shown, the great law which has regulatedthe peopling of the earth with animal and vegetable life is,that every change shall be gradual that no new;creatureshall be formed widely differing from anything before existingthat in; this, as in everything else in nature, there shallbe gradation and harmony, then these rudimentary organsare necessary, and are an essential part of the system ofnature. Ere the higher Vertebrata were formed, for instance,many steps were required, and many organs had to undergomodifications from the rudimental condition in which onlythey had as yet existed. We still see remaining an antitypalsketch of a wing adapted for flight in the scaly flapper of thepenguin, and limbs first concealed beneath the skin, and thenweakly protruding from it, were the necessary gradationsbefore others should be formed fully adapted for locomotion. 1Many more of these modifications should we behold, and morecomplete series of them, had we a view of all the forms whichhave ceased to live. The great gaps that exist between fishes,reptiles, birds, and mammals would then, no doubt, besoftened down by intermediate groups, and the whole organicworld would be seen to be an unbroken and harmonioussystem.ConclusionIt has now been shown, though most briefly and imperfectly,how the law that " Every species has come into existencecoincident both in time and space with a pre-existing closely alliedspecies" connects together and renders intelligible a vastnumber of independent and hitherto unexplained facts. Thenatural system of arrangement of organic beings, their geographicaldistribution, their geological sequence, the phenomenaof representative and substituted groups in all theirmodifications, and the most singular peculiarities of anatomicalstructure, are all explained and illustrated by it, in perfectaccordance with the vast mass of facts which the researches ofmodern naturalists have brought together, and, it is believed,1The theory of Natural Selection has now taught us that these are not thesteps by which limbs have been formed ;and that most rudimentary organshave been produced by abortion, owing to disuse, as explained by Mr. Darwin.
i THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES 19not materially opposed to any of them. It also claims asuperiority over previous hypotheses, on the ground that itnot merely explains, but necessitates what exists. Grantedthe law, and many of the most important facts in Naturecould not have been otherwise, but are almost as necessarydeductions from it as are the elliptic orbits of the planetsfrom the law of gravitation.
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Page 8 and 9: NATURAL SELECTION. First Edition 18
Page 10 and 11: PREFACEALTERATIONS IN THE SECOND ED
Page 12 and 13: CONTENTSof Protective Colouring Obj
Page 14 and 15: CONTENTSTEOPICAL NATURE AND OTHER E
Page 16 and 17: CONTENTSof Flowers and their Geogra
Page 19 and 20: ON THE LAW WHICH HAS REGULATED THE
Page 21 and 22: THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIESexpl
Page 23 and 24: THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIEScomm
Page 25 and 26: THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIEShave
Page 27 and 28: THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIESread
Page 29 and 30: i THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES 1
Page 31 and 32: i THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES 1
Page 33: i THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES 1
Page 37 and 38: 'INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO CHAPTER II 21
Page 39 and 40: ii ON THE TENDENCY OF VARIETIES, ET
Page 51 and 52: in PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCES AMONG AN
Page 53 and 54: PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCES AMONG ANIMA
Page 67 and 68: in PROTECTIVE EESEMBLANCES AMONG AN
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in PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCES AMONG AN
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IVON INSTINCT INMAN AND ANIMALSTHE
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ON INSTINCT IN MAN AND ANIMALSconti
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iv ON INSTINCT IN MAN AND ANIMALS 9
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iv ON INSTINCT IN MAN AND ANIMALS 9
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THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIRDS' NESTSDo Me
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v THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIRDS' NESTS 10
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thev THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIRDS' NESTS
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vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 119Chan
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vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 121thei
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vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 123whil
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vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 125the
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'vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 12720.
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A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTSnatural phe
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vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 131most
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vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 133Real
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vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 135form
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vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 137of c
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vi A THEORY OF BIRDS' NESTS 139ence
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VIICREATION BY LAW 1AMONG the vario
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vii CREATION BY LAW 143the whole or
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CREATION BY LAW 145occur to him as
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CREATION BY LAW 147inches, and was
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vii CREATION BY LAW 149the growth o
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vii CREATION BY LAW 161navigable ri
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vii CREATION BY LAW 153sifted, and
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CREATION BY LAW 155ments of beauty
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CREATION BY LAW 157met with. On thi
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CREATION BY LAW 159determined at th
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vii CREATION BY LAW 161cannot be fu
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CREATION BY LAW 163into a gull with
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CREATION BY LAW 165the Eocene Anopl
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VIIITHE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RACESN
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vni THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RACES
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vin THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RACES
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RACES 173D
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via THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RACES
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viii THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RACES
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vin .THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RACES
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ix LIMITS OF NATURAL SELECTION IN M
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LIMITS OF NATURAL SELECTION IN MAN
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LIMITS OF NATURAL SELECTION IN MAN
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TROPICAL NATURE AND OTHER ESSAYS
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218 TROPICAL NATUREThe Three Climat
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TROPICAL NATURE
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222 TROPICAL NATUREproduces any bur
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224 TROPICAL NATUREof humidity, as
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TROPICAL NATUREIn the north tempera
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228 TROPICAL NATUREslight fall of t
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TROPICAL NATUREclimate of the equat
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TROPICAL NATUREpermanent springs to
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234 TROPICAL NATUREand a beauty tha
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236 TROPICAL NATUREheat increased h
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IIEQUATORIAL VEGETATIONThe Equatori
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240 TROPICAL NATUREforest-belts in
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I242 TROPICAL NATURE nposed to thin
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244 TROPICAL NATUREand fillsurround
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246 TROPICAL NATUREmight have been
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248 TROPICAL NATUREBesides these va
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250 TROPICAL NATURE nover shrubs an
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252 TROPICAL NATUREoil from the coc
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254 TROPICAL NATUREand handsome flo
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256 TROPICAL NATUREof palms or of t
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258 TROPICAL NATUREzigzag, branched
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TROPICAL NATUREPalembang, in Sumatr
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TROPICAL NATUREcan be put to uses w
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264 TROPICAL NATUREperate and frigi
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266 TROPICAL NATUREleaves standing
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TROPICAL NATUREregions of polar col
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IllANIMAL LIFE IN THE TROPICAL FORE
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272 TROPICAL NATUREin books of trav
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TROPICAL NATUREothers long and poin
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276 TROPICAL NATUREsettle upon foli
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278 TROPICAL NATUREsome day be valu
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TROPICAL NATUREespecially of Zingib
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TROPICAL NATUREof rare butterflies
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TROPICAL NATUREare always accompani
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286 TROPICAL NATUREcutting ant in A
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TROPICAL NATUREwhole insect is then
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290 TROPICAL NATUREmost conspicuous
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292 TROPICAL NATUREtion of very lar
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294 TROPICAL NATUREinto light or de
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TROPICAL NATUREcurious interactions
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298 TROPICAL NATUREthan are exhibit
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TROPICAL NATUEEthologists, it will
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TROPICAL NATURELizardsLizards are b
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304 TROPICAL NATUREshine they more
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TROPICAL NATUREMAMMALIAMonkeysThe h
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TROPICAL NATUREacross the expanded
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310 TROPICAL NATURErather in the un
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IVHUMMING-BIRDSAS ILLUSTEATING THE
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314 TROPICAL NATUREover the lower a
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316 TROPICAL NATUREhumming-birds ma
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318 TROPICAL NATUREsweets, in all t
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TROPICAL NATUREDisplay of Ornaments
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322 TROPICAL NATUREtamed a number o
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TROPICAL NATUREallied species on Ch
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TROPICAL NATUREvariation, and with
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TROPICAL NATUREhalf completed.In th
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TROPICAL NATUREdevelopment; the for
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TROPICAL NATUREsoft, while the tong
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334 TROPICAL NATUREtubular tongue o
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TROPICAL NATURElittle white-eyes (Z
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THE COLOURS OF ANIMALS AND SEXUAL S
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340 TROPICAL NATUREand emotions may
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342 TROPICAL NATUREIt is true that
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344 TROPICAL NATUREprotecting them
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346 TROPICAL NATUREThis caterpillar
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348 TROPICAL NATUREweed of these tw
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350 TROPICAL NATUREflies, so that i
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352 TROPICAL NATUREThe universal av
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354 TROPICAL NATUREMr. Darwin's Des
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356 TROPICAL NATUREexternal objects
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358 TROPICAL NATUREand Mr. Sorby ha
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TROPICAL NATUREment are much more n
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362 TROPICAL NATUREprotective, serv
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TROPICAL NATUEEincreasing complexit
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366 TROPICAL NATUREmale to special
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TROPICAL NATURErunning to its burro
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370 TROPICAL NATUREturkey, and the
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372 TROPICAL NATUREghost-moth may r
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374 TROPICAL NATUREwhite companions
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376 TROPICAL NATUREtion, and what m
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378 TROPICAL NATURENatural Selectio
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TROPICAL NATUREaway with the rapidi
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382 TROPICAL NATUREhere, not only i
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384 TROPICAL NATUREyet, as none of
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386 TROPICAL NATURE vmetallic colou
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388 TROPICAL NATUREThe Andaman isla
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390 TROPICAL NATUREpum, while black
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TROPICAL NATUREthe large brilliantl
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394 TROPICAL NATUREzones ;while, es
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396 TROPICAL NATUREthese differ gre
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398 TROPICAL NATUREvery minute and
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400 TROPICAL NATUREsmall brown seed
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TROPICAL NATUREdetails of these ada
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404 TROPICAL NATUREby butterflies.
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406 TROPICAL NATUREThe seeds of a p
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TROPICAL NATUREpurple or blue, thre
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410 TROPICAL NATUREON THE ORIGINOF
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412 TROPICAL NATUREthese were the o
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414 TROPICAL NATUREHomer's time he
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VIIIndications of Man's Extreme Ant
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418 TROPICAL NATUREnorth in Norway.
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420 TROPICAL NATUREprotoplasm up to
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422 TROPICAL NATUREtogether, indica
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424 TROPICAL NATUREto distinct and
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426 TROPICAL NATUREing three miles
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TROPICAL NATUREprominence.Other exa
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430 . TROPICAL NATURETheThere is on
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432 TROPICAL NATUREadvance, man's i
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434 TROPICAL NATUREdoubt, accusatio
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TROPICAL NATUREhave evidence of an
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438 TROPICAL NATUREMan Coeval with
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440 TROPICAL NATUREthan twenty feet
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442 TROPICAL NATUREare made of a cu
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444 TROPICAL NATUREsurrounding plai
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446 TROPICAL NATUREmortars have bee
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448 TROPICAL NATUREcoveries should
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IXTHE DEBT OF SCIENCE TO DARWIN 1Th
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452 TROPICAL NATUREanatomy could be
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454 TROPICAL NATUREthat each specie
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456 TROPICAL NATUREof comparing the
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458 TROPICAL NATUREHe also saw, at
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460 TROPICAL NATUREbotanists, farme
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462 TROPICAL NATUREshapes of the pr
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464 TROPICAL NATUREway caused the p
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466 TROPICAL NATUREmade showing tha
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468 TROPICAL NATUREour gardens, sho
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470 TROPICAL NATUREearth thus attac
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472 TROPICAL NATUREDarwin had colle
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474 TROPICAL NATUREendeavoured, how
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INDEXABBOTT, C. C., on American pal
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478 INDEXBelt, Mr., on leaf-cutting
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INDEXColour of flowers, as explaine
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INDEXEquatorial climate, uniformity
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484 INDEXHeliconidae, not attacked
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486 INDEX.Man, importance of mental
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488 INDEXOxyrhopus petolarius, 0. t
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isexes,490 INDEXShell-mounds, ancie
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115472492 INDEXWeale, Mr. J. P. Man
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