SOIL SURVEY

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-14-Smith (1972) found marked diurnal variations in the discharge of the Kicking Hors eRiver at the Field bridge during the summer of 1972, with daily extremes varying b yfactors of 1 .5 to 2 .0 . The melting glaciers also contribute large amounts of glacia lsilt which produces the high turbidity in the Yoho River and some of the other streams .In addition to the abovementioned streams, there are many minor perennial streams a swell as numerous intermittent streams which flow only during snowmelt or occasionall yafter heavy rainstorms .Because of the generally steep topography, most of the Park is well drained .However, in the Ottertail Flats areas along the Kicking Horse River, along th eBeaverfoot River, and in the Narao Lakes area, there are fairly extensive floodplai nareas with poor drainage . Seepage and groundwater discharge also cause small area sof imperfectly to poorly drained soils at the bases of a few mountain slopes . Theseareas are usually of limited extent, the exception being significant areas of seepag eand groundwater discharge along benches above the Amiskwi River, along Catarac tBrook and below the northeast face of Mount Hurd .Sixty-four lakes and ponds have been identified in Yoho National Par kwith the majority of them lying in the northeast half of the Park . The lakes rang ein elevation from 1,118 m (Ottertail Flats Lake) to 2,455 m (Kiwetinok Lake) .Most of the lakes are small, with over half of them having surface areas of lessthan 5 ha and depths less than 10 m . Only Emerald Lake and McArthur Lake ar emore than 75 ha in area and even these two lakes are small when compared wit hsome lakes in other mountain National Parks . McArthur Lake is also the deepes tlake, with a depth of 84 m (Mudry and Anderson 1975) .Most of the Lakes in the Park are cirque lakes which have formed as th eresult of glacial action (Figure 8) . In general, they have a very small amount o fshoreline development; are oval or oblong in shape; occupy amphitheater shape dbasins; and are found at heads of glaciated valleys . Examples of cirque lakes ar eMcArthur, Oesa, Sherbrooke, Fairy, and Hamilton Lakes . A few lakes, such a sEmerald, Wapta, Duchesnay, and Summit Lakes have forme d . in depressions in th emain parts of glaciated valleys and are generally dammed by glacial morraine s(Mudry and Anderson 1975; Drew 1975) .
-15-_.iure 7 . Gentle gradients in portions of the Kicking Hors eRiver result in deposition of fluvial material sforming a braided strea mFigure 8 . Opabin Lake; a small cirque basin lake .
Page 1 and 2: t, Agricultur eCanad aSOIL SURVEYof
Page 3 and 4: SOIL SURVEY O FYOHO NATIONA LPARK,
Page 7 and 8: (Contents - cont . . )PageFIGURES1
Page 10 and 11: (Contents - cont . . . )TABLES (con
Page 12 and 13: (Contents - cant . . . )TABLES (con
Page 15 and 16: Gleysolic and Organic soils occur i
Page 17 and 18: PREFAC EThe soil survey of Yoho Nat
Page 19 and 20: How to use this repor tThis report
Page 21 and 22: PARTIGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ARE
Page 23 and 24: -3-The Kicking Horse River and Kick
Page 25 and 26: -5-serves hikers in the Lake O'Hara
Page 27 and 28: -7-mainly in the Cataract Brook - L
Page 29 and 30: figure 3 . A cirque; typical of man
Page 31 and 32: -11-Glacial processes are not howev
Page 33: -13-Figure 6 . Drainage systems of
Page 37 and 38: -17-The effect of altitude on clima
Page 39 and 40: GOLDE NPR ECIP nTAT IO NRAIN + SNO
Page 41 and 42: Table 2 . Comparison .' of mean mon
Page 43 and 44: -23-VEGETATIO NGeneral Vegetation P
Page 45 and 46: -25-The interaction of these soil-f
Page 47 and 48: -27-profile development is frequent
Page 49 and 50: -29-PART I IMETHODOLOGYMAPPINGA goo
Page 51 and 52: Figure 13 . Oblique photo showing t
Page 53 and 54: Figure 15 . Oblique photo showing t
Page 55 and 56: -35-~ ♦ YOHO NATIONAL PAR K[D]Ami
Page 57 and 58: -37-Table 3 . An outline of the loc
Page 59 and 60: -39-The topography of each mapping
Page 61 and 62: -41 -must be treated as an independ
Page 63 and 64: -43-FIELD TEST S1 . Bulk Density; b
Page 65 and 66: -45-are calcareous, stratified, med
Page 67 and 68: -47-Organic Landform sNorco (NA) is
Page 69 and 70: -51 -LEGENDParent material.colluviu
Page 71 and 72: -53-Table 7 . Key criteria differen
Page 73 and 74: -55-BC2 Map Unit (Orthic and Rego G
Page 75 and 76: -57-Table 10 . Brief description of
Page 77 and 78: ure 24 . This photo shows the huge
Page 79 and 80: igure 26 . Site of the pedon chosen
Page 81 and 82: -63-Figure 28 . Site of the pedon c
Page 83 and 84: - 65-CLI.Figui 30 . Site of the ped
Page 85 and 86:
-67-Table 15 . Brief description of
Page 87 and 88:
L-69-r_ -, _ 1 4Figure 35 . Site of
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 37 . Site of the pedon chose
Page 91 and 92:
-73-Landform and Parent Material sT
Page 93 and 94:
-75-The silty surface texture, slow
Page 95 and 96:
-77-material and/or shallowness (of
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
-81-HR1 Map Unit (Degraded Eutric B
Page 101 and 102:
-83-in the solum, but may exceed 50
Page 103 and 104:
-85-KI - Kicking Horse Soilscape Gr
Page 105 and 106:
-87-Silty surficial textures provid
Page 107 and 108:
-89-Wetness, texture, and potential
Page 109 and 110:
-91 -Table 27 . Brief description o
Page 111 and 112:
Site of the pedon chosen to charact
Page 113 and 114:
-95-Table 29 . Brief description of
Page 115 and 116:
-97-NI1 Map Unit (Lithic Orthic Eut
Page 117 and 118:
-99-Figure 62 . Site of the pedon c
Page 119 and 120:
-101 -EnvironmentThe Ogden soilscap
Page 121 and 122:
-103-Table 33 . Brief description o
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
-107-Figure 70 . Site of the pedon
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 73 . Degraded Eutric Bruniso
Page 129 and 130:
_ • _- - ~ . -. n- C . 1 - r IFig
Page 131 and 132:
-113-YpiFigure 76, Site of the pedo
Page 133 and 134:
-115-Figure 78 . Site of the pedon
Page 135 and 136:
-117-OP 1 Map Unit (Cumilic Regosol
Page 137 and 138:
-119-OT - Otterhead Soi Iscape Grou
Page 139 and 140:
ure 82 . Site of the pedon chosen t
Page 141 and 142:
-123-Table 44 . Key criteria differ
Page 143 and 144:
-125-SI2 Map Unit (Lithic Humo - Fe
Page 145 and 146:
-127-Landform and Parent Material s
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
-133-Environmen tzones .The Tocher
Page 153 and 154:
-135--The steep slopes and the rela
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 97 .Site of the pedon chosen
Page 159 and 160:
-141 -EnvironmentThe Watchtower soi
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163:
-145-The stoniness and periodic sno
Page 166 and 167:
Brief description of the pedon chos
Page 168 and 169:
-150-late snowmelt areas or streams
Page 170 and 171:
-152-The soils have been rated acco
Page 172 and 173:
-154-Table 58 . Guides for assessin
Page 174 and 175:
-156-Table 60. Guides for assessing
Page 176 and 177:
-158-Table 62. Guides for assessing
Page 178 and 179:
-160-Table 64 . Guides for assessin
Page 180 and 181:
-162-Table 66 . Frost design soil c
Page 182 and 183:
Table 67r Interpretations for selec
Page 184 and 185:
(cont . )Table 67: Interpretations
Page 186 and 187:
-168-(cont . )Table 67 : Interpreta
Page 188 and 189:
-170-GLOSSARY'AASHO classification
Page 190 and 191:
-172-Clay films (skins) - Oriented
Page 192 and 193:
-174-Field capacity - The percentag
Page 194 and 195:
-176-Humification - The process by
Page 196 and 197:
-178-Mechanical analyses - See part
Page 198 and 199:
- :180-Permeability, soil - The eas
Page 200 and 201:
-182-Slump - A landslide characteri
Page 202 and 203:
-184-organic carbon, or both .BC -R
Page 204 and 205:
-186-Granular - More or less rounde
Page 206 and 207:
-188-Unified Soil Classification Sy
Page 208 and 209:
-190-Bei I, C .E . 1966 . An ecolog
Page 210 and 211:
-192-Hutchinson, D . E . 1976. Reso
Page 212 and 213:
-194-Soil Research and Plant Resear
Page 214 and 215:
-196--Appendix A :Selected chanical
Page 216 and 217:
Appendix BtEngineering test data fo
Page 218 and 219:
Appendix B : Engineering test data
Page 220 and 221:
Appendix B : Engineering test data
Page 222 and 223:
-204-Appendix D :Common names and t
Page 224 and 225:
-206-HERBS (cont )Common Name sCow
Page 226:
-208-MOSSE SCommon Name sCladina mi
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