Reliability and availability of fire detection systems in road ... - istss
Reliability and availability of fire detection systems in road ... - istss
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RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITYOF FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS IN ROADTUNNELSStefan Brügger, Securiton AG, Switzerl<strong>and</strong>27.03.2008 / Bs / 1 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Introduction - Comparison <strong>of</strong> <strong>road</strong> tunnels betweenSweden <strong>and</strong> Switzerl<strong>and</strong>Sweden Population:9.179.731 Surface:450.295 km² Exist<strong>in</strong>g<strong>road</strong>tunnels:ca. 19 / 17.7 km Projects/Underconstruction:ca. 14.8 kmSwitzerl<strong>and</strong> Population: 7'489'370 Surface: 41'285 km² Exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>road</strong> tunnels:ca. 200 km Projects/Under construction:ca. 100 km27.03.2008 / Bs / 2 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Introduction – risk is present Gotthard Tunnel 5th March 2008:An Austrian truck (load: secondh<strong>and</strong>goods) collided with aGerman truck (load: custardpowder). There was a big luck thatno <strong>fire</strong> break out. Location: 6 kmfrom the Noth portal Citytunnel Zurich End <strong>of</strong> 2007:Car <strong>fire</strong> detected by the L<strong>in</strong>e TypeHeat Detector27.03.2008 / Bs / 3 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Introduction –powerful <strong>fire</strong> <strong>detection</strong> with l<strong>in</strong>e type heat detectors Fire <strong>detection</strong> <strong>systems</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>road</strong>tunnels are an important part<strong>of</strong> <strong>fire</strong> safety almost based on a scenariowith a HRR <strong>of</strong> 5 MW <strong>detection</strong> times below 60 secare state <strong>of</strong> the art5045403530252015105018:32:08Fire startsAlarm after 21 sec18:32:1718:32:3118:32:4918:32:5818:33:0718:33:2018:33:3018:33:4318:33:5218:34:0118:34:1018:34:1918:34:2918:34:4218:34:5918:35:0918:35:1918:35:3218:35:45Sensor 1Sensor 2Sensor 3Sensor 4Sensor 5Sensor 6Sensor 7Sensor 827.03.2008 / Bs / 4 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
5 MW test <strong>fire</strong>5045403530252015Fire startsSensor 1Sensor 2Sensor 3Sensor 4Sensor 5Sensor 6Sensor 7Sensor 8105Alarm after 21 sec018:32:0818:32:1718:32:3118:32:4918:32:5818:33:0718:33:2018:33:3018:33:4318:33:5218:34:0118:34:1018:34:1918:34:2918:34:4218:34:5918:35:0918:35:1918:35:3218:35:4527.03.2008 / Bs / 5 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
<strong>Reliability</strong> def<strong>in</strong>ed as unwanted alarms – a def<strong>in</strong>itionPretended alarmBased on Swiss Fire Brigade <strong>and</strong> the Association <strong>of</strong> Swiss Safety <strong>and</strong> security system Installers SES27.03.2008 / Bs / 6 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Unwanted alarms <strong>in</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs Rate <strong>of</strong> unwanted alarms: 0.7 alarms per system/year Rate <strong>of</strong> false alarms: 0.47 Rate <strong>of</strong> real <strong>fire</strong>s: 0.14Bild: Feuerwehr GersauBild: Feuerwehr Berl<strong>in</strong>Based on Swiss Fire Brigade <strong>and</strong> the Association <strong>of</strong> Swiss Safety <strong>and</strong> security system Installers SES (2006)27.03.2008 / Bs / 7 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Consequences <strong>of</strong> unwanted <strong>fire</strong> alarms <strong>in</strong> tunnels Traffic lights stop the traffic; traffic jam couldcause a rear-end collision A false alarm <strong>in</strong> a city tunnel dur<strong>in</strong>g rush hourcould cause a traffic chaos Ventilation system is speed<strong>in</strong>g up; <strong>in</strong> big Alptunnels the power consumption <strong>of</strong> such asystem is comparable with a small city Fire brigades <strong>and</strong> tunnel manager tend to ignorealarms if there are to <strong>of</strong>ten unwanted alarms If a ext<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g system is triggered we haveto anticipate affrighted drivers caus<strong>in</strong>gaccidents27.03.2008 / Bs / 8 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Reasons <strong>of</strong> unwanted <strong>fire</strong> alarms <strong>in</strong> tunnels Example for a false alarm <strong>in</strong> acity tunnel is a truck loadedwith hot bitumen (asphalt) If there are other <strong>detection</strong>pr<strong>in</strong>ciples as smoke or flamedetector, we have otherreasons for unwanted alarms: Mist/fog <strong>in</strong> the tunnelentrance area Dust e.g. from truck load Exhaust gases almost from old trucks For video based <strong>detection</strong> <strong>systems</strong> thereare a lot <strong>of</strong> more sources for unwantedalarms as reflect<strong>in</strong>g traffic light on wetlanes, reflect<strong>in</strong>g life vests, etc.27.03.2008 / Bs / 9 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Deal between <strong>detection</strong> speed <strong>and</strong> unwanted alarmsUnwanted alarm rate (system - per year)2 p.y.1 p.y.0.5 p.y.0.1 p.y.50 % 100 %200 %Detection speed• Based on L<strong>in</strong>e typeheat detector• Typical systemlenght 2 x 1.5 km27.03.2008 / Bs / 10 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
How to prevent from unwanted alarmsTechnical measures Choose the adequate <strong>fire</strong> scenario A 5 MW scenario Smoke <strong>detection</strong> scenario only for <strong>in</strong>formation Choose the right <strong>detection</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciple (based onscenario) L<strong>in</strong>e Type Heat Detectors with Class A1 (rate <strong>of</strong> rise)behaviour strictly recommended (EN 54-5 or 54-22) Non-resettable (digital) <strong>systems</strong> are not applicablebecause <strong>of</strong> the maximum trigger temperature that willnot be reached by 5 MW scenario Choose the accurate system sett<strong>in</strong>g To prevent false alarms <strong>in</strong> city tunnels adjust <strong>systems</strong>sett<strong>in</strong>g partially <strong>in</strong> sections where traffic jam my occur(after test stage), In some situation detectordependency is recommend Two detector dependency To trigger ext<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>systems</strong> fully automatically it isnecessary to have two <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>systems</strong>27.03.2008 / Bs / 11 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
How to prevent from unwanted alarmsOperational measures Test stage A three month test stage isrecommended to adjust the <strong>systems</strong>sett<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> the alarm responsecharacteristics Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance A regular ma<strong>in</strong>tenance <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g test <strong>of</strong>the whole cha<strong>in</strong> from the detector to thetunnel management system should bedone at least once a year A easy to applicate on site test facility ishelpful27.03.2008 / Bs / 12 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Theoretical reflection <strong>of</strong> <strong>availability</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>road</strong> tunnels def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> the <strong>availability</strong> (MTTR) V = <strong>availability</strong> =×100%MTBF + MTTR In <strong>fire</strong> <strong>detection</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess (Build<strong>in</strong>gs): def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> a section(length/amount <strong>of</strong> sensors) that may fail In the <strong>fire</strong> <strong>detection</strong> bus<strong>in</strong>ess usually 1600 m2. Based on this youmay calculate a maximum length for l<strong>in</strong>e type heat detectors def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> other criteria's (e.g. short circuit isolatorsbetweensections)Failure rateEarly failuresMTBFCo<strong>in</strong>cidence failuresLong-term failuresDurability27.03.2008 / Bs / 13 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>availability</strong> <strong>and</strong> reasons for system down Availability <strong>of</strong> tunnel <strong>fire</strong> <strong>detection</strong> 99.8% based on a Swiss study This means a down time <strong>of</strong>17.4h a year IT reaches 98 %For 99.8% there is need forspecial measures Reasons for system down are: Electrical damage as laser damage (fibre optic <strong>systems</strong>), fault <strong>of</strong>electronic components, etc. Mechanical damage <strong>of</strong> the sens<strong>in</strong>g element (accident, unstabletruckload (ships on trailer, sw<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g canvas cover, cattle horn, etc.)– less than once <strong>in</strong> 10 years per system! Damage caused by lightn<strong>in</strong>g Operation/manipulation faults27.03.2008 / Bs / 14 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Solutions for enhanced <strong>availability</strong> <strong>of</strong> tunnel <strong>fire</strong><strong>detection</strong>Advantage Lower costDisadvantage / measures Long section out <strong>of</strong> surveillane Reduce sections to e.g. 1000 ma) st<strong>and</strong>ard <strong>in</strong>stallationSens<strong>in</strong>g ElementSensorControlUnit27.03.2008 / Bs / 15 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Solutions for enhanced <strong>availability</strong> <strong>of</strong> tunnel <strong>fire</strong><strong>detection</strong>Advantage Improved <strong>availability</strong> if sens<strong>in</strong>gelements are <strong>in</strong>stalled separately Best solution to triggerext<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g systemb) Two <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>systems</strong>Remarks Higher price Two <strong>systems</strong> to connect tomanagement system Best results if us<strong>in</strong>g different<strong>detection</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ciple (e.g. coppertube <strong>and</strong> multipo<strong>in</strong>t system)Sens<strong>in</strong>g Element 1Sens<strong>in</strong>g Element 2SensorControlUnit 1SensorControlUnit 227.03.2008 / Bs / 16 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Solutions for enhanced <strong>availability</strong> <strong>of</strong> tunnel <strong>fire</strong><strong>detection</strong>Advantage Best compromise between cost<strong>and</strong> efficiency One or two connections tomanagement systemc) one sens<strong>in</strong>g elementconnected from both sidesExample Almost used for multipo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>systems</strong> (temperature sensorcables) For multipo<strong>in</strong>t <strong>systems</strong> (aga<strong>in</strong>stEN 54-22) there must be a shortcircuit isolator (Group separatormodule aga<strong>in</strong>st EN 54-17)Sens<strong>in</strong>g ElementSensorControlUnit 1SensorControlUnit 227.03.2008 / Bs / 17 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Solutions for enhanced <strong>availability</strong> <strong>of</strong> tunnel <strong>fire</strong><strong>detection</strong> – sens<strong>in</strong>g element loopAdvantage Only one sensor control unitDisadvantage / measures Only sens<strong>in</strong>g element faults arecovered A SCU fault (e.g. Laser fault) isnot coveredd) sens<strong>in</strong>g element loopSens<strong>in</strong>g ElementSensorControlUnit27.03.2008 / Bs / 18 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Overview <strong>of</strong> Nationals st<strong>and</strong>ards Germany: RABT issue 2003/2007; Chapter 2.5.3.2. Fire<strong>detection</strong> <strong>systems</strong> Localisation distance <strong>of</strong> 50 m L<strong>in</strong>e type heat detector with rate <strong>of</strong> rise characteristic Make several parts (no def<strong>in</strong>ition <strong>of</strong> length) In tenders there is a dem<strong>and</strong> for <strong>systems</strong> aga<strong>in</strong>stEN 54 st<strong>and</strong>ards. Remark: In the scope <strong>of</strong> the CPD (constructionproduct directive) tunnels are mentioned so they arecovered.27.03.2008 / Bs / 19 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Overview <strong>of</strong> Nationals st<strong>and</strong>ards Switzerl<strong>and</strong> (ASTRA) Richtl<strong>in</strong>ie "Br<strong>and</strong>detektion <strong>in</strong> Strassentunneln" AusgabeV2.0 2007 Localisation distance <strong>of</strong> 10 m Comb<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> L<strong>in</strong>e Type Heat Detector with smokedetector every 100m Redundancy based on additional smoke detector (every100 m ) 1 false alarm per year for a 2 km tunnel27.03.2008 / Bs / 20 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Overview <strong>of</strong> Nationals st<strong>and</strong>ards Austria (RVS) Projektierungsrichtl<strong>in</strong>ien Tunnelausrüstung RVS 9.282,issue July 2002 Localisation distance <strong>of</strong> 10 m L<strong>in</strong>e type heat detector with rate <strong>of</strong> rise characteristic Max <strong>of</strong> 1000 m may fail <strong>in</strong> case <strong>of</strong> a fault27.03.2008 / Bs / 21 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
Conclusion L<strong>in</strong>e Type Heat detectors are well proved<strong>and</strong> fulfil the actual requirements on<strong>detection</strong> behaviour, reliability <strong>and</strong><strong>availability</strong> Smoke <strong>detection</strong> is to h<strong>and</strong>le as an<strong>in</strong>formation To trigger ext<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>systems</strong> theremust be a two detector dependency toavoid unwanted alarms completely To improve <strong>availability</strong> two <strong>systems</strong> arenecessary27.03.2008 / Bs / 22 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
That shall never happen aga<strong>in</strong>Thank you27.03.2008 / Bs / 23 Securiton AG, Alarm- <strong>and</strong> Security Systems – Zollik<strong>of</strong>en/BerneSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>
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