Factual Informati<strong>on</strong> 14 Marine Accident ReportMasterThe master, age 72, had been going to sea professi<strong>on</strong>ally for 52 years. He heldunlimited master’s licenses from Italy and from Liberia. He had sailed for Carnival CruiseLines since 1985; he had been a master <strong>on</strong> company ships for all but <strong>the</strong> first 3 m<strong>on</strong>ths ofhis time with <strong>the</strong> company. Four years before <strong>the</strong> July 20, 1998, fire, he had served asmaster <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ecstasy</strong> for 8 m<strong>on</strong>ths. He had been <strong>on</strong> <strong>the</strong> vessel for 1 m<strong>on</strong>th at <strong>the</strong> time of<strong>the</strong> fire.Staff CaptainThe staff captain, age 52, had been going to sea professi<strong>on</strong>ally since 1965. He heldunlimited master’s licenses from Italy and from Liberia. He had sailed for Carnival CruiseLines since 1991 and had served in all officer positi<strong>on</strong>s from third officer to staff captain.The staff captain also served as <strong>the</strong> ship’s Health and Safety Officer (HSO).Safety OfficerThe safety officer, age 35, had been going to sea professi<strong>on</strong>ally since he was 17years old. He held unlimited master’s licenses from Italy, from Liberia, from Panama, andfrom <strong>the</strong> United Kingdom. He acted as <strong>the</strong> <strong>on</strong>-scene commander of <strong>the</strong> ship’s firefightingorganizati<strong>on</strong>. He was also resp<strong>on</strong>sible for maintaining safety and firefighting equipmentand for providing <strong>on</strong>board emergency training for <strong>the</strong> crew.First OfficerThe <strong>on</strong>-duty first officer, age 42, was <strong>on</strong>e of three first officers <strong>on</strong> board <strong>the</strong><strong>Ecstasy</strong>. He held unlimited master’s licenses from Italy, from Liberia, and from Panama.He had sailed <strong>on</strong> passenger ships for 6 years, exclusively with Carnival Cruise Lines.Chief EngineerThe chief engineer, age 51, held unlimited chief engineer’s licenses from Italy andfrom Liberia. He was resp<strong>on</strong>sible for <strong>the</strong> operati<strong>on</strong>, maintenance, and repair of allshipboard engineering systems, including propulsi<strong>on</strong>, electrical, plumbing, and airc<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>ing. He joined Carnival Cruise Lines in 1978 as a first engineer. He waspromoted to staff chief engineer in 1981 and to chief engineer in 1986.Galley FittersThe “first” galley fitter, age 35, was <strong>on</strong> his sec<strong>on</strong>d c<strong>on</strong>tract 11 with Carnival CruiseLines. He had obtained welding certificati<strong>on</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Philippines and training from Unitor.He had been recently promoted to fitter from assistant fitter.The “sec<strong>on</strong>d” galley fitter, age 25, went to a 3-year trade school in Peru, where hereceived welding training and certificati<strong>on</strong>. He was hired by Carnival Cruise Lines inDecember 1996 as assistant fitter and later promoted to fitter.11 Each c<strong>on</strong>tract lasts 7 m<strong>on</strong>ths.
Factual Informati<strong>on</strong> 15 Marine Accident ReportPilotThe pilot, age 38, held an unlimited master license with a Federal First ClassPilot’s endorsement (for <strong>the</strong> Port of <strong>Miami</strong> to <strong>the</strong> sea buoy), issued by <strong>the</strong> Coast Guard,and a State Pilot Commissi<strong>on</strong> (pilot’s license), issued by <strong>Florida</strong>. He was a member of <strong>the</strong>Biscayne Bay Pilots Associati<strong>on</strong> and had been a <strong>Miami</strong> ship pilot since August 1989.Certificati<strong>on</strong> and Training RequirementsPreaccident requirements. In 1978, <strong>the</strong> Internati<strong>on</strong>al Maritime Organizati<strong>on</strong> 12(IMO) and its member governments, or parties, established basic requirements forinternati<strong>on</strong>al seafarers. The Internati<strong>on</strong>al C<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> Standards of Training,Certificati<strong>on</strong>, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978, which was adopted by <strong>the</strong>Internati<strong>on</strong>al C<strong>on</strong>ference <strong>on</strong> Training and Certificati<strong>on</strong> of Seafarers <strong>on</strong> July 7, 1978,became effective <strong>on</strong> April 28, 1984. Since <strong>the</strong>n, amendments to <strong>the</strong> STCW were adoptedin 1991, 1994, and 1995.In preparati<strong>on</strong> for STCW 95 requirements that became effective January 1, 1999,representatives from <strong>the</strong> Coast Guard and five transportati<strong>on</strong> organizati<strong>on</strong>s 13 cooperated indeveloping <strong>the</strong> curriculum offered at <strong>the</strong> RTM Simulati<strong>on</strong> Training and AssessmentResearch (STAR) Center, which is a maritime training academy located in Dania, <strong>Florida</strong>.The coursework included training in <strong>the</strong> areas of crowd management, safety, and crisismanagement and human behavior.Carnival’s preaccident training and requirements. According to CarnivalCruise Lines’ officials, <strong>the</strong> company sent its officers to <strong>the</strong> RTM STAR Center to meet <strong>the</strong>requirements of STCW 95. Company documents, including pers<strong>on</strong>nel files, indicate that,before <strong>the</strong> fire, <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ecstasy</strong>’s deck officers had taken bridge team resource managementtraining in <strong>the</strong> classroom and <strong>on</strong> a bridge simulator; <strong>the</strong> senior deck officers had takencommand shiphandling. Although not required by STCW 95, Carnival Cruise Lines alsosent its quartermasters (helmsmen) to bridge team resource management training.In 1995, Carnival Cruise Lines established a policy requiring that all new hiresspeak English.<str<strong>on</strong>g>Fire</str<strong>on</strong>g>fighting training is <strong>the</strong> resp<strong>on</strong>sibility of Carnival Cruise Lines’ Director of<str<strong>on</strong>g>Fire</str<strong>on</strong>g>fighting Training. He stated that all firefighters, fire patrolmen, and officers receivebasic and advanced firefighting training, which includes using simulators and hands-<strong>on</strong>firefighting techniques. The <strong>Ecstasy</strong>’s “flag State,” 14 that is, <strong>the</strong> country in which <strong>the</strong>vessel was registered, had approved <strong>the</strong> company’s basic and advanced courses as being incompliance with <strong>the</strong> STCW 95 Code.12The IMO, a United Nati<strong>on</strong>s organizati<strong>on</strong> comprising 137 member states, establishes internati<strong>on</strong>almaritime standards for <strong>the</strong> ships of <strong>the</strong> nati<strong>on</strong>s that are signatories to its c<strong>on</strong>venti<strong>on</strong>s.13 Organizati<strong>on</strong>s that helped develop <strong>the</strong> STCW courses included Carnival Cruise Lines, RoyalCaribbean Cruise Lines, American Airlines, Det Norske Veritas, and Lloyd’s Register of <strong>Ship</strong>ping.14 Ano<strong>the</strong>r term for flag state is flag administrati<strong>on</strong>.