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IJRESS Volume 2, Issue 2 (February 2012) ISSN: 2249-7382IMPACT OF INNOVATION IN THE MANAGEMENT EDUCATIONMETHODS: TEST OF HYPOTHESIS USING SANDLER’S A-TESTAND PAIRED T-TESTDr. Chanchal Vashishtha *Poonam Khurana **Madhu Arora ***ABSTRACTTo meet the challenges of the expanding education scenario insufficient resources andfacilities there is a need to use different teaching methodology. i.e. the process fit for thebenefit of students. In a rapidly changing and highly competitive educational environment, noinstitute can afford to remain static. Recently growing competition in institutes have beenpursuing aggressive teaching strategies to provide new heights The main distinguishcharacteristics of any institution is its faculty and the knowledge resources generated bythem. The knowledge resources like student learning material and research work created bythe faculty members are to be properly stored and shared among faculty members andstudents of the institute. It is also necessary to test its significance scientifically. The presentstudy is diagnostic/ experimental as well as hypothesis testing in nature which is primarydata based experimental study a new knowledge management practice has been tested usingSandler’s A- test and paired t-test. Findings suggest that KM practice showed significantresults and should be recommended.Keywords: t-test, A- test, Significance, Hypothesis.* Principal, Fairfield Institute of Management and Technology, G.G.S.I.P. University, Delhi.** Assistant Professor, CPJ Institute of Advanced Studies, Narela.*** Assistant Professor and Programme Co-ordinator, Fairfield Institute of Management andTechnology, G.G.S.I.P.University, Delhi.International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 525http://www.euroasiapub.org

IJRESS Volume 2, Issue 2 (February 2012) ISSN: 2249-7382INTRODUCTIONThe future of a country depends on 2 T’s; Teacher and Trade. The main distinguishcharacteristics of any institution is its faculty and the knowledge resources generated bythem,in India trade has got polichift from regulation to de- regulation, from state control toprivate initiative, from domestic focus to global focus. Finance has come in for a great deal ofcriticism after the global financial crisis of 2007 and 2008. Clearly there were seriousproblems with finance as it was practiced in the years before the crisis. To the extent that thiswas only a gap between theory and practice, there is a need for finance practice to go back toits theoretical roots (Jayanth R Verma 2011). But this change fueled by IT, Internet andgenuine recognition of human capital as the driver of new economy has triggered paradigmshift in management education. Globalization has caused business schools to look atInternational Business, focus on producing graduates with global mindsets and to developlinks with schools overseas. Based on articles published between 2000 and 2010, it has beenfound that there is an urgent need to develop and design a system of continuous qualityimprovement of B-Schools in India where steel, power and oil industry have alreadyestablished excellent executive education center.It has also been recommended that a great level of innovation is required in functional andsectored schools in the fields of management education like agriculture, rural, forest, cooperativeand plantation management.REVIEW OF LITERATURE:Corporate sector is investing in resources to conduct training program and are deeplyambitious in grooming the global leaders for international positions. These companies alsocreate platform for strategic discussions in every batch by driving the team to draw a futurestrategy that is implementable.To meet the challenges of the expanding educational scenario, insufficient resources andfacilities there is need to teach differently i.e. the process fit for the benefit for students.60 college students taking introductory psychology were randomly divided into 4 groups. The1st 3 groups attended a lecture and received either outlines of the lecture material, examplesof the concepts in the lecture, or no supplementary materials. The 4th group did not attend thelecture but instead received a typed transcript of it. Ss receiving outlines or lists of examplesscored significantly higher on follow-up objective examinations than Ss receiving eithertranscripts or no supplementary materials; Ss receiving transcripts did not differ significantlyin scoring from Ss who attended the lecture but did not receive supplementary materials.International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 526http://www.euroasiapub.org

IJRESS Volume 2, Issue 2 (February 2012) ISSN: 2249-7382Groups also differed in time spent preparing for the exams. Northcraft, G. B.; Jernstedt, G.C.(1975)A study to investigate MBA students' attitudes about how teaching methodologies andinstructor characteristics affect their learning in North Carolina. suggested that theparticipants overwhelmingly support the use of real world examples in class, followed byopen classroom discussion, as the approaches that most positively influence their learning.The participants also reveal that instructors’ most important characteristics that may helptheir learning include the following in the order of importance: communication skills,knowledge of the subject matter, overall attitudes, fairness, and general personality. AhmadTootoonchi, Paul Lyons, Abdalla Hagen(2002).Article by Joanna and Scott described and presented examples of how three teachingmethodologies—problem-based learning, intentional learning environments, and cognitiveapprenticeship—employ these instructional features. Several instructional features facilitatethe development of metacognitive and self-directed learning skills, and the disposition tolifelong learning: (1) student autonomy, responsibility, and intentionality; (2) intrinsicallymotivating learning activities; (3) enculturation; (4) discourse and collaboration amonglearners; and (5) reflection. (Joanna C. Dunlap ,† , Scott Grabinger,2003)It was observed in the study thatImportance of faculty understanding and acknowledgingdifferent student personality types and related learning preferences as a way to initiateimprovement of undergraduate dental education, promote student motivation, and allowfor an expression of learning style preference.(Stephen A. Jessee, D.D.S.; Paula N. O’Neill,M.Ed., Ed.D.; Robert O. Dosch, D.D.S.)RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe design of the research helps to get the ways for doing the work. Summary of theproposed research work is given as under:As the purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application ofscientific procedures, research objectives can be one of the following categories:1. Exploratory research to gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve newinsights into it.2. Descriptive research is to portray accurately the characteristics of a particularindividual, situation or a group.3. Diagnostic research is to determine the frequency with which something occurs orwith it is associated with something else.International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 527http://www.euroasiapub.org

IJRESS Volume 2, Issue 2 (February 2012) ISSN: 2249-73824. Hypothesis testing research to test a hypothesis of a causal relationship betweenvariables.The present study is diagnostic/ experimental as well as hypothesis testing in nature.RATIONALE OF THE STUDY:In a rapidly changing and highly competitive educational environment, no institute can affordto remain static. Recently growing competition in institutes have been pursuing aggressiveteaching strategies to provide new heights. Present study has been experimented on a groupof finance students with the use of Null Hypothesis collecting primary data.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:To examine the present status of traditional practice used in classroom.To explore the role played by new KM practice in improving performance.To identify the factors contributing positively or negatively after using new KMpractice.To suggest usefulness of implication of practice, if any.These objectives have been achieved through a series of logical steps. Based on thestudy of observed results tested hypotheses on reliable tests.RESEARCH DESIGN:It is the framework of article, which stimulates what information, is to be collected, fromwhich source and by which procedure.Hypothesis: Null hypothesis is assumed that the two experiments will give same results.Value α has been fixed at 5% level of significance.Null Hypothesis H 0 :µ : experiment A=experiment B.Alternative Hypothesis H α µ : experiment A≠experiment B.Data collection: The present study is based on primary data.Analysis of Data: Data has been analysed with the Sandler A test and T statistics nonparametric tests.Interpreting and ReportingFinally the researchers have to prepare the report of what has been done by them in the formof conclusion.Problems Encountered by Researchers and scope for further research:1. Time Constraint.2. Limitation of Data Resources.3. Vastness of the SubjectInternational Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 528http://www.euroasiapub.org

IJRESS Volume 2, Issue 2 (February 2012) ISSN: 2249-7382Analysis of data:A test developed by Joseph Sandler has been used by the researcher as correlated samples areemployed and hypothesized mean difference is taken as Zero. i.e.H 0 : µ D = 0 .A = The Sum of Squares of the differencedthe Squares of the sum of the difference=∑D 2 )2i /∑ (D iWe have the computed value of A has been compared with its corresponding table value fordrawing inference concerning acceptance or rejection of null hypothesis. As if the calculatedvalue of A is equal or less than the table value, A statistics is considered significant whereupon researcher can reject H 0 and accept H α . But if the calculated values of A is more than itstable value, then A statistics is taken as insignificant and accordingly researcher can acceptH 0EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:Table 1 depicts the statistics about differences of variable A and BTable 1: Formulae UsedFor Sandler A test = ∑D 2 )2i /∑ (D iFor paired T-test = D¯-0/ σdiff./(n) 1/2D¯ = ∑ D i/nTable 2 results are based on paired observations for the experimental group concerning anexperiment involving 2 different aspects of teaching methodology of finance performed on asingle group of MBA students.Table 2(X i -Y i )2D i-4 16-6 3612 144-7 49-10 100-3 9-11 121-14 196-3 9International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 529http://www.euroasiapub.org

IJRESS Volume 2, Issue 2 (February 2012) ISSN: 2249-7382-2 4-9 81-15 225-6 3610 100Source : Authors’ own calculations based on primary data.After applying one tailed test (in the left tail) because H α is of less than type for determiningthe rejection region at 5% level of significance which comes to as using the table of t-distribution for 14 degrees of freedom. Hence Null hypothesis has been rejected. ExperimentB was better than experiment A. Methodology used for students was successful as R:t

IJRESS Volume 2, Issue 2 (February 2012) ISSN: 2249-73828. Varma, Jayanth R, Finance Teaching and Research after the Global Financial Crisis,IIMA _ INDIA,Research and Publications,W.P. No. 2011-03-02,March 2011International Journal of Research in Economics & Social Sciences 531http://www.euroasiapub.org