MECHANICS AND MATERIALS IN DESIGN - Biblioteca Digital do IPB

MECHANICS AND MATERIALSIN DESIGN)Edited by.J.F. Silva Gomes&Shaker A. Meguid)Edi90 es lNEGI(2006)

PREFACE))M2D ~2006 is the fifth intemationai gathering of scientists and engineers interested inthe fields of engineering mechanics, design and materials engineering planned for July 24-26,2006 in th e beautiful city of Porto: Portugal. This is a well-established meeting wi th followersfrom some 35 nations.The first conference of this series was held ill Toronto in 1996 and attmcted over 150delegates. The second was organized by Professors lB. Hull and R. Gentle in Nottingham in1998. The third was organized by Professor S.A. Meguid in Orlando in 2000. The fourth wasorganized by Dr. T. Mari and Proressor H. Fujii in Nagoya, Japan in June 2002. Thesemeetings resulted from the belief that of those disciplines associated with advanced productdesign and manufacture, engineering mechanics and materials engineering have made themost significant advance in recent years. Important and dramatic improvements in componentdesign can be made by the use of the latest advances in mechanics and materials. Indeed, as aresult of the activilies in these three important fields: Mechanics, rvIaterials and Design, theInternational Journal of Mechanics and lvlaterials in Design was established in 2004. WithProfessor J.F. Silva Gomes being an important member of the Editorial Board and ProfessorShaker A. Meguid being its Editor-in-Chief.It is with this in mind that this F{fth Interllatiollal C01~fel'e1Jce 011 1I1echallics alld A1aterialsin Design is organized. The purpose is to bring together scientists and engineers from themechanics and materials communities to present their latest results and discuss De\V advancesover a broad range of topics dealing with analytical, numerical and experimental teclmiques inmechanics and advances in materials' technology as well as case studies. ·We have done ourbest to provide the delegates with an environment conducive to exchange of knowledge,networking and making new friends.Vole take this to thank our colleagues who contributed considerably to the event by organizingtopical symposia and by helping us to launch this important meeting. We are truly gratefl11 fortheir efforts. \Ve also wish our overseas fTiends to have a great time in Portugal. We wish youall a happy and successflll stay in Porto.Shaker A. !lleguid.I.F. Silm Gomesv

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CONTENTSPreface"List of contributions\IiiREF:PLENARY PAPERS)AOOOl.l I02 Nonlinear Analysis of Functionall y Graded Shell Structures Using Tensor-Based Shell 3Elemenl, hy J,N. Redd)', alld R.A. ArciniegaAOOO2. I002 Bulk tvlclal Fomling and the Flow Formulation, by .!.MC Rodriglles, alld J.M.C. 5P.A.F. MartillsAOOOJ .0733 Rt!cCni Trends in Gear Tribology: Surface Structure nnd Gear Performance, by 8"1'11(/. 7Robert 11()/Ill. A.'/a/lS MicllOclis. alld Oliver Krl'ilAOOO4.002J Qunsi-static and Dynamic Collapse of Foam Fi lled Columns: Trends and Prospects. by 9Shaker A. Meg/lidAOU05.09 13 Biomcchanical Inves ti gations on th e Tow l Knee Arthroplasty, bJ' F. FOllseca, A. J ICamp/eta. and .1..'1. SimoesAOOO6. IJOIr .... licroscu lc Cuttin g of ivlctuls and the Impact of Micros!nlcture When iVlnc hining 1045 13Steel Across DifferC1ll Len gth Scales, byA. Simolleoll, E. Ng, alld klA. ElbcswwiC HAP I EXPERII\1ENTAL MECHANICS AND TESTING IN DESIGN 15)AOIO I.OIOI A Test Jig for Relay's Accelerated Life Testing, by Alvaro A hakcrli. Pedro Sas.lwOII, 17and Frederico Demo/illAU 102.0102 Data Analysis of Acceleratcd Life Tests Undcr Uncertainty Conditions, by.4ll'Oro 19Abakl!r1i, and A'laria PapaA01 03.0103 Monitoring of Workpiece Surface in Mnnufacluring Environment Usi ng Acoustic 2 1Emission, by PallIa Aguiar, Eduardo Biallchi, Paulo Ccm i, Andre Lima. and FabioDortoAOI04.0113 Expe rimental Evaluation of Me chine Parameters During. Fi le Cutting Edges, by Ellrico 23Scabra. alld Ja ime Si/poA0105.0114 Non-Destructive Mechnnics Procedures of Failure Anal ysis on Risk-B ased InspeC'.tiollofNntural Gas Pipt!l ines, by Jose R. Soares, Lllis A. Ferreira, Marques Fcrl'eim, A.Correia em:, Si/ w!.,.io Mal'(Jlles, olld FrOllcisc:o /I.

PorlolPorwgal. 24-26 JIIly 2006).'10111.0097 Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Bond Properties Between Reinforcl!ment 37and Concrete, by Carlos Moreno, and Ana SarmeJlto Bastos.'10112.0108 Two Way Shape iVlemory Effect in NiTi Alloy: Experimental Measurements and 39Numerical Simulations, by Andrea Fail'o. F.M. FIIl'giliele, and Carmine Maletta.'10113.0 117 Implementation of;;. Structural Monitoring Network in the New Stone Masonry Bridge 41in Vila Fria, Portugal, hy AnrQniu Ar(Me, Anibal Costa, Cristina Custa, CristinaBarbosa. and Pedro Costa (Invited Paper).'10114.01 05 Elliptical Nuc1eous Optical Fiber Design Technique For Advanced Sensors, by Eric 43Flljil l'Ql'a. Eduardo 0110. Robinson Braga. and ClII'/OS SuzukiAD115.0106 Reliable Interpretation of Experimental Data in Health-Monitoring of StruclUres, by 45I':'arl-Halls Lac1"/1/Q1/1lADI i(j.01 07 Hysteresis Compensation of an Open-Loop Piezoe lectric Actu

5th International COI~ference on Medwl/ie.I' and Materials il1 DesigllA0204.0215 Techniques Adupted in Integrating Structural Analysis with Numerical Optimization, 81by Marfa Cal1'alho, Jose L. Vale, LII;.I' T. Pinheiro, and Miguel M. NellesA0205.0206 Examples of Multilevt!l Optimum Design of Composite Structures, by Alexander 83Pulilo)', and N.A. Tato llS))A020o.0203 Design ofa Multifun ctional Punel for Railway Vehicles Using Topology Optimization 85of Structures, by Pedro Pill/a, Arlinda Silva. alld Paulo FernandesA0207.020 1 Artiiicial Neural Network Applied to Detection of Burning in Grinding Process, by 87Marcelo Sp adotlO, Pallio Aglliar, Ricardo Prazcres, Car/os SOllza, and EduardoBiOI/chiA0208.0Z08 f\ 3D Study ror Thermal Optimization of Masonry Units, hy Luisa C. SUUSQ, COIarinD H9C. Castro. Carlos C. Allfonio, and Hipolito Sousa:\0209.0202 Study of Welding Temperature Distribution Using an Artificial Neural Net, hy 91Francisco /10 Cordo::o, Jose Carlos Bela. FroncisCII Bela. and Th enpiJi/n Macie!A02 10.0209 Artificial Neural Networks and Metal Forming Optimization Using GeneticAlgorithms, b)' CalOrina C. Castro, Carlos C. Antonio. clI1d Luisa C. SousaA011 1.0095Multi-Objective Design in Nature and in the Artificial, by Amiram l\foshaioll (Ill vitedKCYI1()[c Paper)A0112.0110 An Updating Conjugute Gmdient ivIethod for Design Optimisation, hy Keith Davey 97A0213.0::n I Crass-Section of Composite Thin-Walled Beams Design Sensitivity Analysis. hy Jouo 99B,arradas Cardo,m, alld AlIibal '''ulido (!n vited Pap e l~A011 4.0213 Design Optimizalion of Mechanical Systems with Uncertain Inpul, hy A rlll1' Barrciros, 10 1Palliv P. MoilO, and .Jouo Bal/adas CardosoA0215,()216 Uncertainty Analysis Based on Sensitivity. by Carlos COllcei\:cJo Amonio, alld Luisa N. 103J-Iuffb allcrA0 21('i,01 14 Minimum Time Design and Control af Mechanical Systems, by PallIa P. Moita, Aniba{ 105Va/ide), and .JuJo Bonoda .. Cardoso;\.0217.0033 Analysis of the Relationships Between {'"lachine Settings, Process Parameters and 107Quality Characteristics in Injection l'vloulding, by Paulo Pill/V, Anl(mio Osorio, and.Jose Sd CO,I'taAD2 1 fl. 0042 Laser Ablation Modeling for CNC Machine Tool Application in Mould 109Manufacturing, hy Giovanni Talli, L eoll{l1'do Om=i, Alessandro Fortuno/(J, alldGabriele CuccvliniA0219.0207 Artificial Neural Network Based on Genetic Leaming for Machining of Composite IIIMaterials, hy Car/os C. Alltcinia, J. POllIo Davim, and Vital' LapaA0220.0044 Statistical Tolerance Transfer for Sheet ivletal Part Fanning, by Wang RlIi, GcorgTh ill/Ill, and Ma l'ongsiJeng9395113CHAP 1IIPRODUCT ENGINEERING & DEVELOPMENT IN DESIGN115A0301.0302 A Different Look at OFD Based on Axiomatic Design, hy Alltlinio G. Coelho, and 117Am(inio Mow·ao (Invited Keynote Papcl;A03 02,0307 Innovative Methodologies for Quality Design, by Leonardo Fri==iero 119A0303,0306 The Engine of CreElti on Inspiration, Dematerialization and Recombination, by Jose 121Gaspar, ArlilJdo Silva, Elsa Henriques, and Hans /VellingA0304.0303 Smart 1\.·1aterials Application in Outdoors Advertising. by Jarge Neves, and Francisco 123M. McsquitaCon/emsix

FO/'/Q/POl'lllgal. 14-1u .f1l~1· 2006A0305.030S Robust Approach to Problem Formulation: An Application in the Paint Industry, by 125Pedro Sal'Oil'G. Marco Rei ... and Femalldn BemardoA0306.030S Design Cnse Study Concerning the Structural Alteration of an Off-Road Vehicle, hy 127Fernando Pilla da SilvaAOJU7 .0J II Specially Designed Superstructure for Road Transportation of Gas Cylinders, by Jotio 129SabinoA0308,031 2 Swdy of Mechanical Parameters for a Vehicle-Based Obstacle Delection Laser 131Scanning Device, by A.A. Curabc/as. and L.C TsatsurisAOJU9.0)09 Redesigning Car-Bodies Using Advanced 3D-Scanning Techniques and Reverse 133Engineering, by.los e! Cw-mllla FerreiraA031 0.0J 10 Redesign of !\·icchanical Parts Integrnting Reverse Engineering and Computational 135Mechanics, by Jv.W! Can'alho FerreiraAO) II.OJ04 3D Digitization Solutions fo r Reverse Engineering and Inspection Applications, by 137Luis Rodl'iglle.l'. Maciel Vieila.l'. alld .1000 T/,flI'O.l'.I'O,\·) A0312.0058 rVlechanies and Materials in Developing Innovative Energy System for Deep PionConstructions, by D avid M. l\(!lIl1e((v (II/vi/cd Keynole Puper)139)A0313,0301 A Design /1.pproaeh for th e Development of n Dedicnted Meals Transporter Mobile 141Robol, hy FemalldoCarreira, TO/II(} Callo,\', Arlinda SilvlI, and Carlos CardeiraA0314.0063 The Portuguese Adaptive Unmanned Aerial Demonstrator, hy Alllonio Costa. Car/nl' 143Silva, A/zal SII/(,lIIal1, alld Brullo Rocha (II/IIi/cd Paper)A0315.0019 Characterization of the Behaviour of a Variable Geometry Structure, by Luis M. 145AlacarellQ, Carlns Allgulo. alld David Lope:AIJ~ 16.0313 An Engineering Design Case Study - The ·'3in 1 Travelling Case", by HCI1/'iqlle 147A/mdda, and Pall/a BarloloAllJ 17.0074 Wnnlding An:ll ysis of Circular Al1nulus-Sh:lped SpElce GossElmer Structures Und.:r In- 149Pla ne Torsion, hy Wallg Changgllu. DII Xingll'C/1. Gild Wall ZhiminAUJ 18.0047 Concept and Design Development of a l\'lecllanical Fire Fighting Projectile, by Fee/ro 151Vi/ara, Eduardo Dias. Qllinlina Porfllgal, Lllis QUinlo, and Francisco LilllaA0319.0006 PEA of Two Engine Pistons Made of Aluminium Cast Alloy A390 and Ductile Iron 15365 -45- 12 Under Service Conditions, hy Pedro Carva/heira. and P. GOIII,alvesAU320 .0070 Intake Air Flow Simulations for Internal Combu~tio!l Engine~, by Nicolae Filip. 155Nicola/.' BlIrncle, Emilion Bm-=aA0321 .0087 Design of Typical Fragments of Heat-Exchanger Muitisllpport Tube Bundles on the 157Base of Numerical Approach, hy SC1I'C!iy KaplllllOv, Talimw Fescnko, and Sergcyj":o/'eckiJ'.'\0312.0314 Design of Glass Artifacts Through Rapid Prolotyping and Rapid Tooling, b,l' Acacia 159Silva. F. Jorge Lilla. anci RlIi J. NeloCHAP IV WELDS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE (WELDON) IN DESIGN 161/\0401.0404 Overview of the WELDON EU Project, by M.A. Gomes. A. Thomas. P. Seliger. S. 163COllcar;, B. Palhiraj, p, VCroll, Adib Beckel', and Tholllas Hyde (Inviled ]':'eYllolePaper)A0402,0405 Detemlination of Creep Properlies for P91 Weldmenl Materials at 6250C, by 71'0Il1as 165Hyde, Adib Beckel', If': SIIII, A . Vughi.1.A. Williams. and S, ConcariA0403.0403 WELDON Overview of Industrial and Research Experience Related 10 Welds and D~lta 167Collation in the WELDON Databank. by S. ConcarixEditors: J.F, Silva Gomes & Shaker ,-J. Megll7d

51h /mcrnaticmof CUliferellce 011 Mechanics and Materials ;1/ DesignA0404.0401 fini te Element Creep failure Analyses of P91 Large Tensile Cross-We ld Specimens 169T I!st ed at 6250C, by Thuma.l· Hyde, Adib Beelicr, II'. SIII1, A. rughi, A. Thomas, alld P.SeligerA0405.0407 High Temperature Behaviour of' Similar and Dissimilar Wd ded Components of Steel 171Grade P22 and P9 1, h)' p, Se flge/'. alld A. ThomasA0406.0401 Si mu lation of Residual Stresses in Welded P9 1 Pipes, by A. }'aghi, Tholl/as Hyde, Adib 173Beckel', IV SUII , l .A, Willia ms, olld B. Pathim)A0407.0408 Experi ences with Dissim il ar Wl.! lds at High Temperature During Manufacturin g, hy P. 17 5VeroNA040S.I)409 Li fe Assessment of Weld Joinl in 2.25Cr-1 Mo Steel in Crct!p Conditions, by T. Vlasak, [77.I. HaH, and J. SobolkaA0409.0406 Weldment of Cnst Steel P9 1 - Creep Testing and Microstructure Evaluation, by 179Dagmar Jandol'o. Josef I\a.l'l, ,..ilelOI' h'ama, alld Eva Folkol'{j)A04 J{J,04 1 0 Creep and Fracture Behaviour of Dissimilar P9I fP23 Welds, by Vlaslimil floddrek,Zd/!/l(!k 1:II/1oil, alld DC/1i.w Touiol'ljA041 1.0075Long-Term Crt!cp Ruptu re Strength Prcdicition nnd Failure Mechanisms of WeldJoints of Boiler Tubes and Pipes, by ZdclIJk l:lIhOli181183C HAP" v mRAT ION MODELING AND TESTING IN DESIGN IS5A050 1.0505 Free and Forced Vibratiolls wilh Viscous and Hys teretic Damping: A Different 187Perspl!ctive, hy A.M.R. Ribeiro, NlI/lo Maia, and Jlilio M SilvlI (lnvited Papel')A05U2.00RS On the Occurcncc of Spurious Opticnl Modes in Transient Dynam ic Fini te Element 189Analysis, fl) ' j/l'i Plcsek, Rodek A.'()III/a!!, alld MilO~'lav OkmllhlikA0503.00Bij InOuence of Initia l Stress on Wave Propagation, by AIellO K I1I;SOI'O, liri Plesek, and 191.1011 CenlA0504.0flU5 The Influence of Coupling in the Propagation of Waves in Linear Ferroc\cctro- 193Magnetic ConLinua. by Grayson BlISil, allli Gl'cgOl)' CarnIaIlA0505.0094 Experimental and Computational Aeroelastic Scaling Models for a Joined-Wing 195Aircraft, by Pedro Pereira, Luis Almcida, a/ld Afial SIt/emailA0506.00 16 Multi:;cale Modeli ng Bnsed on Nonlocal Hydrodynamics with Panial Control, by T.A. 197KflUl/{uiel'oA0507.0503 Passive Control ('If Blade Vibrations, by jolwl1 Bratt 199)A050 8.050S On the Performance of Hybrid Acti ve-Pilssive Damping Treatments Mechrmi sms fo r 201Vibration Control of BC3ms Using Adapti ve Feedforward Strategi es, by CM.A.Vasques, and .Iuse Dia.l· RodriguesA0509.05 13 Particle Impact Dampin g., by Vib'olll K. /{ill f'C1, KIIII S. Aiar/wdi, and BI}'all L. Will 203A05 1D.0504 Vibration Control of Ligth ly Damped Bridges Through a Regenerative Device, hy 205Mohan/med JchduJ/I, G. Chamberlalld. " lid LOll is )c=eqllclAD5 I 1.0068 Seismic Response An alysis fo r Frame Stnlcture Under the Control of SMA Da mper, 207by Pi!lIg Gang, Dlli fJllichao, olld Lill DelliA05 I 2.0084 Numerical Simulation of the Seismic Interaction Between Adjacent Buildings. by A. 209LiO/ifJS, 1. Rcm=epcris, P. Pam.!lsos. alld D. l\ollstallli/lidisA0513.050 1 Vibrodiagnostics of the Processing Accuracy of Machined Details in t-,'Ietal. by 2 11GellI/ady AI:I'OS.WV, alld Talmo OU(ICOll fC /II.I'xi

Porto/POI'mga/, 14-26 J!I~V 2006)A0514.0510 Design and Manu fa cture of Hybrid Polymer Concrete Bed for High-Speed eNC 213Milling Machine. b,l' Jung Do Sull. alld Dail Gil LeeA0515.0502A05 16.0026A0517.0043A05 I 8.0024A051 9.0506A0520.0 509A052 1.0065A0522.0507A0523.0SI IA0524.03 15Coupled Flexure and Torsion Oscillations of an Urban Bus, by Amollio Gauchia, 215Vicente Dia;, Jose Calvo, Maria .IeSl!S Boodv, and Bcorn'; BoadaSensitivity Performance of inpul Shapers Applied to Command Profil es as Diflgnostic 217Tool of Flex ible Robots, by Geovanlli Mimllli,Carlos RotIellboc/wr, alld Manl/1!lRega;=uni (Illvired Popel)Detecting Cavitation in Pumps Using Higher Order Derivatives, 1~1 ' Leo Teder 2 19Development of an Ultrasonic Piezoelectric Motor Actuated by Travelling Waves. by 221A Basilio, R. 19rcjll, P lucicio, C. Dias, (lnd Jose M. MendesHarmonica: Stepped-Sine Spectrum Analyzer for Transfer Function Measurement and 223Non-Linear Expcrimental Assessment, by Diogo MO/lluh'Qo, alld Fonl/l/ MiltaiJflow Induced Vibrntion of Tube-bundles. Numericlli Experiment Appro3ch, by 225SOlleliy Kophlll Oll, N(l/O~J ' Valles, and Dmitriy ZOllbarC IiNumerical Simulation of the Axial lmp

5th illiernationol Conference on Mechallics Qlld Materials in DesignA0702.0073 Influence of Gril Type in Force Evolution During Fine Grinding of a SiC-Aluminium 255Composite, hy A. Aguiar Vie-ira, A. MOl1leiru Baprista, R. Naral Jorge, alld /.1. LagesParenteA0703.0709 Wear of Diamond Coated Tools on Machining Graphite, by Gil Cob/'(/l, Pedro Reis, 257Joao POllIo Davim, alld Jose GraciaA0704.0704 Image Analysis in Samples Characterization and Wear Prediction in Deep-Drawing, by 259Nicola Be{/iore, F. Ianniello, D. Stoccili, F. Casadei, and 1. HeikkilaA0705.0036 Materia! Parameter Identification for Numerical Simulations of Deep-Drnwing of 26 1Aluminium A ll oys, by 811mo Chaparro, Dulce Rodrigues, Valdemar Fernandes, andLuis Melle=csA0706.0705 Wcnr of Large Mold Steel Blocks, by I.J.M. Maleo, G.M. Nico/ds, A.E. Jimr!lze=, Ai 263Dolores Merllllide=, D. Fil'rao, G. Silva, and M.R. Pinasco))A0707.0046 Laser Rcmcliing Process of Nickel Based and Molybdenum Bnsed Plasma Sprayed 265Coatings: Problems and Solutions, by D. Felgll(!roso, R. Vi/allde, J.111. Clleros, R.Tucllo, alld E. Femclndc::A0708.071 1 Study of the Behu\,jour of W-Ti-N Sputtered Coatings: Micro-Scale Tests in Rolling 267and Sliding Abrasion Contacts, by Ami/car Ral1la/llO, P.N. Silva, and Alballo CavulcimA0709.0727 Tribological Properties of Thick TiN Coaiings, by Hua Xu, R. Wei, and X Nic 269A0710.0702 Industrial Applications of OLe and High Temperature Self Lubricant Coatings, by 271Ricardo AlexandreA071 1.070 1 Self-IVlutcd Sliding Behaviour of CVO Nanocrystalline Diamond Coated Silicon 273Nitride Ceramics for Trihological Applications, b)' C.S. Ahreu, M. Ali/ami, FJOliveira, R.F. SUm, alld J.R. GomesA07 12.0712 Tribo!ogical Beilnviour of C-Alloyed Transition Metal Dicha!cogenidc.s (TMD) 275Coatings in Different Environments, by Mallllel Evaris/o, Tomas Polcar (lnd AlbanoCovaleil'OA07l3.0007 Innovative Prototype for Evaluation of Worn Garment Damage Caused by Pilling 277Formation, by Maria Lurdcs Carvalho, R.A.L. Miguel, J.M. Lucas, P.T. Fiadeim, andM.J.S. SilvaA0714 .0018 A New Method to Evnluatc Worn Garments Damage Based on Gloss Formation, by 27 9.1.11,11. Lucas, R.A..L. Miguel, P.T. Fiaddro, M.J.5. Silva, and MLA.G. CarvalhoA07.l5.0707 Study of Abrasion Resistance of Duplex Treated Steels, by Micro-Scale Tests, by 281David Braga, Amflcar Ramalho, Gnd Albano CavaIciroA0716.0726 Some Aspects of the Abrasive Polishing of Metal Surfaces, by Richards Ullderwoods,and R.S. Say lesA07 17.0714WCElr Mechanisms in Fretting of AIS I 52 100 Steel, by MC Gaspar, alld Amilcal"Ra11lalhoA07 18.0717 Wear Mechanism of Basalt Spinning Rolls, by Andl-::ej J.."i/impe/, Alek..sander Lisiecki, :!87and Damiall JallickiA07 19.0059 Austempered Ductile Iron as; a Novel Engineered Gear IVlaterial, by David M. 289Kelllled.l', Maurice Grech, alld Zdravko Schal/perlAOnO.0722 Gear Micro-Pitting Pe rfonnance of Mineral and Biodegradable Ester Gear Oils, by 29 1Ramiro Martins, alld .large SeabraA0721 .0723 Influence of Immersion Depth of DIP Lubricated Gears on Power Loss, Bu lk 293Temperature and Scuffing Load Carrying Capacity, by B.R. Holm, K. MidlOelis, audH.P. OlloA0722.072I Influence of Lubricant Type in Gear Scuffing, by Rall/iro Martins, NUllO Cardoso, and 295Jorge Seabl'a183:!85Confentsxiii

POriolPol'lIIgaf, 14-26 JU~I ' 1006A0723,0048 Evaluation of Spur Gear Root Stress for Thin Rimmed Gear, by Sodn CWJUIlGII, and 297Tllami Zeghlofl/))A0714 .0713 Influence of Fric tion on Gear Dynllmics, by Palllo B. Fernandes, JOS !! D;Q.~ Rodl'igll/;:s. 299Jorg e! Smora. and Jrwqllim S. DomingllesA0725.0732 The States of Oil Film Formmion :md Bull Motion in Ball Screw with Retain ers, by 301A/~ira Nakqiima, and Toshijumi MU LI'afar;A0 726.07 1S tvie!l5Urement or Film Thicl;ne55 and Pressure Distribution in Rough EHL Contacts, by 303B.R. Holm, K. Michaelis. Qlld O. Krei!A0727.0710 Non-NewlOnian and Thermal EHD Analysis of u Transmission Gear Oil (S AE 30580W90), byAl'lnandv Campos, AIC:XW ldrc SO//()I!Ia,)lOI'. Gnd Jorge SeabraA0728.0728 Iml uence of Grease Composition on Rolling Contact Wear (RCW), by 1'i/Or Mora, and 307Lllis A. FerreiraA0719.07 16 Some Aspects of Oil Lubricant Additivnlion with ZnO Nanoparticles, by Alllo/in 309lic:rnallde:;, J.E. Fermilldez Rico, Ricwdo Tucho, ./. Manllel CuelOs, alld Roge/io CIIOIIA(l730.0724Analysis and Discus!>ion of Models for Non Conformal COnIacting Cylinders, byCandida Pereira. Amilcar Romaillo, and JOI'ge Ambl'dsioA073 1.0037 A Three-Field Nonconforming Multidomains Stralegy for Contact Problems, by Jose 313A. Rodrigues:\0731.0730 Modelling and Simul ation of Wear in Mecbunical Systems, by Paulo Flores, .I. e. 315Pimento Claro. Jorge Ambrrj.l'io. ami Hamid M. LO/lkQ/'QlliA0733.001 How the Releasing Moment ofConicai Sleel Couplings is Influenced by the Combined 317Effect of Adhesive and Interference, fly Dorio Crocco/a. alld Rossallo CuppiniA073·L07 19 Efficiency of Door and Seat Cables: Influence of Materials and Operating Conditions, 319by Jose Mellde..\·, Pedro Lopcs, Lllis MagalltiicJ, alld Jorge SeabraA0735.0708 Thermal Behaviour and Performance Charac..:teriSlics of a Twin Axial Groove Journal 321Bearing as a Function of Applied Load and ROlational Speed, by F.P. Brito, J. Bouyer,M. Filion, a1ld A.S. MirandaA0736.0076 An Improved Method for the Numerical Integration of the Dynamic Equ ilibrium 323Equation of a Squeeze Film Air Bcaring Supponed Member, by Eduardo M. Almas, F.Pilla da S ill/a, a"d N,,"o M. Moia/1.073 7.0703 Experimental Analysis on Hydroslaiic Compensmion in Spherical Bearings, by Nicol" 325Beljiore, F. lQ/lIIicllo, F. Morelli, /If. Presta, M. Scaccia, alld L. CrJll.wrli1\0738.0725 Behavior of Mineral Base Oils with PTFE N:moparticles, by 1.£' Fenuj/fde: UieQ, I. 327Mhumdo. R. Tlic/m, alld D. Garcia Cua/'\'OA0739.0045 The Effect of Shear Rate on Apparent Viscosily for Different Pulp Suspensions, bvAlvaro Va:, R. SimDes, u"dJ. Sill:\' .A0740.073 1 From a Roller Bearing Concept to n Snow Avalanche Protection Cell. by Fernando 33 1Pilla da Sih'oA0741.0720 Analytical Techniques to Control Used Biodegraduhl c LubricantS. by A. k/arcaide, A. 333.4.1'110;: , 1. Barriga. E . ..!nl1l;:QIJe. A. Igarlllo, and H. BackA0742.07l5 Analysis of Lubricating Greases by Ferrogrnplly, hy Beall'i: Grara. Armando Campus. 335and .Jorge ScabraA0743.0729 Condilion Moni toring of Biodegradable Oils and Greases for Lubric:Jted Machinery 337?viaintenance, b)' .'lito/' Amai:. Elleko GorriLwtegi, Eduardo GUabert. Mike Bllrl'OIIS,olld Tom Cla,wollA0744.0053 Wear Resislence of Different Matrixes Used fo r Abrasives, by J. Ahcllojar, R. 339Calabres. S. Gllzmoll, F. Velasco, M.A. Monine:. and M. Melldo:a31 1329Edirors: .J.F. Sil\'!l Gall/ as & ShakeI' A. MI.:J;lIid

j th !lIfematiollal Conf erence on lvfechonicJ alld Materials ill DesigllA074S.0052 St udy of Natural Slate Adhesion to Be Used as Coatings in Facad~s , by M.A. }.,[ur ,im:=. 34 1F. J'elilJco, B. Ramos. (md ,'1. Saser;!CHAP Vlll COMPOSITE AND fUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS IN DESIGN 343)AU RO J.OS I7 Creep of liigh-TemperalUfl.! Composiil.:s: Experimenting alld Mode ll ing, by Sergei T. 345Milt!iko (lilvited l\t,) '1I0IC Paper)AOSO~ .0801 Effect of Boundary Conditions on Optimal Composite Laminates Under Non-Uniform 3-1 7Buckling LOOlds. I~l' Ada" SCl/P, mId J=.et U. ClIgdasAOS03.0808 Analysis of SL.1ric Derormations and Natural Frequencies of Beams and Plates by an 349RBF-Pseudospectml Method, ".I' AII((inio J.M. Fc/'/'cil'o. and G.E. FasshoZl t!I'A0804.08 10 A Graphi ca l User Interface for lhe FasLComp Software, by Pall·id a GOII{:afvcs , Joiio 35 1TOl'lll'Cs. {lnd I'ed/'IJ Call1(lI1lwAOB05.1I039Failure Mechanisms in Nanocomposites by Extended Finite Element (X-FEM) 353Simulation. by I·~es,\'din SfOilul', Dlul Siamak TlJ1'Ou.'iji.lI'd.-10806.08 16 The Usc of Nano-Reinforced Interfaces in Condition Monitoring or Aerospace 355Composites, hy Shaker A. Aff.'gllid. and Y. SIlIIA08117.0SI S Dynamic Behaviour of Alumina Matrix Composite Materials, by ../. /\{,olija, £. 357Barbero. P. MiI·cm;o. and Car/os Novo I'ro (!"vilcd Paper)AO SOS .US" I Comparison of Two Numerical Solutions for Determination of Interlaminur and 359Circumferential Stresses in n Composite Curved Beam, hy A/ollso LciU!, alld JolioTral'USSflSAO ~ 0 9.0SI 9 Applicalion of Composites Materials in Macpherson SinH Suspension, by Sergio 36 1Santos. and Arlinda Sill'''AOSIO.OSI~ Cutout Reinrorcements ror Shenr Loaded Composite Panels, by Shinjl/" Guo. L. ZIIOII, 363lIlJd c.1l'. CheungAIl S I I.OS20 Di screte Layer Finite Element Modeli ng or Anisotropic Lnminnted Shells Based on a 365Relined Semi-Inverse Mixed Displacement Field Formulaiion, bJ' C. M. A. Vasqu('s,Dnd J. Dias Rodrigue.l·AOS12.0805 Composites Drilling Simulation, hy Lllis DlI1'Go. /I'fa/'c elo Moura. Gnd Ilmvnio T. 367IdarquesA0813.0S07 Compression Propcrlies of Fibrous Prcfonns for Composite Applications, by Rmil 369Fangllciro. R. .'Ira/yo. Navec" Padald. R. Alagi11ll·aI1lY. and B.L. Dl!opl//'aA08 14.0806 Comparison of Tool Effec ts on Hybrid Laminates After Dril ling, by Luis Dllriiu. Jouo 37 1Tal'l1l'(,s, Anlfjnio T. MonJll c.l', AII(onio M. Bop/iSla. Al11onio G. MagalMe.l', alld CK.H.DhanmAfJ RI 5.n071 Bending Stifliless of Alum inium Foam Pro fil es, fly Tomislal' FUcIin. alld Gojko Maric 373A0816.0078 Effective Elastic Properties of Semi-Crystalline Po lymers, by 0. GlIeg1l(!Il. S. AId, A. 375Mal.i ·udi, alld S. BelQllellal'A08 170086 Fracture Toughness in Hollow Glass Micro-Spheres Filled Composites, hy C. Capefa, 377J.D. COSIO. and J,A.M. FerreiraAOR I 8.0062 Low Velocity Impact Fail ure or Alumini um Honeycomb Sandwich Pands, by Foo 379Cl100 11 Chiang. Scah Leong Kcey. and Chai Gin BoayAUg 19.00/i4 Numerical nnd Experimental Estimation of the Defect Depth in Curbon-Epoxy 381L

Porto/Port/lgal, 24-26 Jill)' JO(J6AOS21.0S03 Damage Evolution in Engineering Composi te Materials Under Stress and 385Environmenta l Allack: Modelling the Fai lure Processes, by Hidckl Sckille, alld PeterrJl.R. Beal/mUlI1A0822.0813 Single Crysta ll ine Oxidl! Fibres Obtained by the Intemal Crystallisation r"lethod, by 387A.A. Ko/chin, Sergei T. Mi/(!i/;o, V M. Kiiko, V.N. Kuriol/. A.L. Toistlll1 , alld A.ASereblJ'akol'A0823.081 4 Oxide Fibres for Smart Composites, by V.N. Kurio\', A.A. Ko/chill. II. M J\iiko, S.Z. 389S/l1IlIlI'al:. S.A. Smim ovfJ. alld Sergei T. MileikoA0824.0815 Char:!ctcrization of the Fatig.ue Behavior of Elastomer Composites, by Zoltall /I'lajo/', 39 1Z. KO\'Qccvic. AI. COSil', A. Mcsee, alld R. W. LangA0825.0809 Composite r .... laterinls Re inforced By Waste Fibers, by Maria GI"CI~'a Gomes. Rml! 393Fangl/efl'o, Gabriela J!lbim. (Jlld C. GOIli/ll0 PereiraA0826.081 1 Development and Investigation of Aluminum Matrix Boron-Containing Composites, 395by Vikror N. Gil/bill. Vladimir A. Popov, alld Nilla N. Slcparel'D)CHA)' IX BIOMECHANICS AND B10MATERIALS IN DESIGN 397A090 1.09 I J Assessmenl of Femoral Hi p Cement l\'lan lle Strains Using Bragg Sensors, I~l ' A. 399Romas, J. Ahc, M.H'. Schiller. P. Lopes. R. Nogueira, J.L. Pillto. alld.!. S imoesA0902.090 I Numerical and Experimental Annlysi::; of Femoral Stem Migration, hy R. Rodrigues, 40 IPallIa R. Fcrl/(lIIde.~, J. Futgado. ,/lid Jose A. Simek,A0903.0910 Finite Element Analysis of a Novel Di stal Tibial Stem for Revision Total Knee 403Anhroplast)', by A. Complcto. F. FOIlsec(.J, and J.A. SimoesA0904 .0908 A Prototy pe System for Acquisition and Anal ysis of the 3D Mandibular Movement, by 405lsa SuninS, Joao Tavares, J oaql/im Jo.{l!l!des. alld Mallllel POllioA090S .(1907 Effects of Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Co mposite Dental Restorative 407Mlltcrial. by Amilear Ramalho, P. V. Alltlilles, and M.D. CaJ'l."all/OA0906.0123 Stress Analysis in Removnble Dentures by Holography. Photoelastici ty and 409Ex tcnsometry, byJ.C. Reis Campos, A. Con'cia, alld MdrioA. P. Va= (Invited Paper)A0907.09 12 Measurement of Orthodonti c Forces and Tooth Displacement Using Fibre BraggGrating Sensors, by M. S. Milc.::.esl\lki, J. C. C. Sih,o, .I.A. Sill/Des, A. S. Palel"l1o. alld H..I I:olilloll'skiA0908.0902 A Hierarchical Model for Bone Adaptation, by P.G. Coelho, Palilo R. Fcmolldes, J.8.Cardoso. J.M. GlIcdes e H.e. RodriguesA0909.0905 Numerical Assessment of McclliJnicnl Properties of Cortical Bone Under Fast ROlle 4 15Dynamic Loads, by Femalldo Fe/'I'cil'a, Fm/lcisco /l·I. Melo, MarioA. Va:, and Jose A.SilluiesA09 10.0906 The Thaw Time of Frozen Cancellous Bone fo r Mechanical T I!sting, by Cl!iudicl 417Nabais, Rlii M. Guedes, and Jose A SimuesA0911 .0904 rvlec hanical Propenics of TendoS/Ligaments Usin g the N e o~Hookl.!a n fVlaterial Model , 4 19hy Pedro Mar/illS, Renato N. Jorge. alld AntOniO.l. Fl.!rrejI'QA0912.0903 Expcrimcntlll Measurements of the Lumbar Spine Kin ematics and Stiffnl.!55. by LCl1ka 42 IJirkovQ. ZdcmJk liord/" Rodek Sedlcicek, Peu' Tiell)'" and .liN MichalecA091 3.0909 Comparison of nl i n ~ She ll and Thick-Wall Theories in Estimation of Aneurysm 423Rupture, by G.R. ZClldehblldiA09 14.0010Analysis of Fl oor Su itability to Overcome Deficient Acce.isibility, uyLrulmila Co rl'caC Silva. Manucla S. Garrido, and FI'Clt/co G. Dedil1i4 \3425.,;",\:wiEdilm:5: J.F. Sih 1tJ Gomes & Shaker A. Megllid'.II

5th IntenwtiO/la/ COIljel'ellce 011 Mechanics and Afarel"ials ill Desigl1CHAPXENGINEERED & TECHNOLOGICAL MATERIALS IN DESIGN 427))1IIlAl 00 1.0008A 1002.0804AIII03 .1 004Al 004 .0009Al005.0022A 10116.0041.-\1 007.0020111e Centrifugal Effect Over Mechanical Properties on Aluminium Castings. by George 429C!lirila, I. SrefclI1l!scli. D. Cm:, D. Soares. Gild Filipe S. SilvaDevelopment of ContinuollS Belt Furnace for the Production of i'vlclnl Foams 43\ComponenLs. by Isabel Duarle, Mal/lief Vide . .'1111611;0 1. Fcrrdra, Jolin Banharr. alldAlarin San/usProgressive Dynamic Collapse of Foam Filled Columns, by Mohammad S. Allia. and 433Shaker A. MeguidSelective Laser l\·lelting 01 High Aspect Ratio 3D Nickel - Titanium Structures Two 435Way Trained for MEMs Applications, hy Adam Cillrc, P.R. Chalke/', S. DOllies, c.J.SlIlclifie, and S. Tsopallo,~Effect of Some Technological Factors on Low Cycle Fatigue Strellgth of Titanium 437Alloys, by Henrikus MedckshasMicrostructure Features of Failure and Mechanical Properties ofUlrra Fine Grained Ti- 4396AI-4V ELI Alloy at 300-4.:2 K, hy Elellu Tah achnikol'Q, Vladimir fl englls, Alek.w),Podnl.l·kiy. Sergei SlIIirno l'. Mikhail Bic~\'lo , Knmcl CS(1ch. .fo,w/ Miskuf, LiZl'u SaitOl'CI,k ina P Semellova, alld Ruslon Z. Va/iel' (Invited Paper)Study op ... lechAnica! Properties ofUltraiine Grained HSLA and Ti-IF Steels, hy JUIIIIS= 441Majra, 1\./7.Y.l'=10/ Mu:dw, alld MOl/ika SlcJanska-Kad=ielaA1 0Q 8.001:2 Structural Evaluation of Direct Laser Sintered M3/2 HSS Powder, hy Luis Espeno, 443Isa/Je/ Martins, Re,\'i/IO Domingues e /vtd/'io Son/osA 1009,U030 LCls::!r Surface Remelting and Post-Thermal Treatment of the Duplex Stainless Steels, 445by Ale. Nascimenro, MllI'io Clara i erardi, Maria Aparccida Pinto, alld Sergio TavaresA I 01 0.1 n03 Measurement Methods of Strain Induced Martensitic Evolution in Austenitic Foils, hy 447Jer::y Ka/eta, und flartlomiej FassaA I 0 11.0035 Electrical Performance of Non-Convcntional Electrode lvlaterials, by Al1lonio 449Rodrigues, Jo.\'e Dias Gomes, L1Iis Esperto, isabel Godill!W, Mdrio Sall/o.\', Gnd A1ariaMartimA 10 1 :2.0069 In Situ Observation of DcfOlmation Modes and Quantitative Assessment of 451Micro/Nano lVlcchanical Properties, by LukC/s RollI", and Johal1l1 IIl ic:hlc/' (flll'iredPaper)AI 0 13.0085 l'v[icrostructure Design Using Statistical Correlation Functions, hy H Garmcstani 453A I 014.0051 Damage Nucleation :lnd Lifetime Estimation: Microstructural Aspects, by Valeri Lepol' 45 5and Va/emin ..11.1'11101'/, I OJ 5.0054 Modelling of Grain Growtl1 in Nano-Polycrystalline Materials, by Tamas: 457Wcj rzQl1olVski, and KI·zysztojJ. Kur;yd/o\\'skiA I [) 16.0079 Modelling and Simulution of D,:!formalion Behaviour and Texture Evolution in HCP 459Materials: Design of Processing Paths for Titanium and Magnesium, by S. AId, S.M 'Guif, Gnd H. GarmeslaniAl 0 17.0003 Fracture Resiswnce of Bi-Matcrial Interfaces: A Hybrid Finite Element Approach, by 461Alal'co Alfano, Franco Fllrgillcle, Alessandro Leonardi, alld Carmine MafettaAl o n L0038Microstructure Evolution of AISi Nano-Composite Under Shear Load, by VesselinSroilol'A101 9. 00SJ GF/PP Towprcgs Production, Testing and Processing, by J.F. Silm, J.P. NII/les, p,Vieira, and A. T. MarqllesA I 020.1 001CO II/ellt.>The Effect of Binder Layer on the rvlagnctostriction of the MagnetostrictiveComposite, by Vongpillg rFan, Zhcng Zhong. and Jinhao Qill463465467xvii

PonolP'Jrlugal, 24-16 j ill), 1fJ06)A 1021.0082A 1022.0040r\ I02J.O(J67A I 024.0UU-IA 10 :::5.0027A 1026.003 1A 1027.0032,\ 10J:8.oo25A 1029.009 1A IOlO. IOOSFracture Toughness of Space Sh uule Insulation Foam, hy Awl S. G,wpat)'C!, alld -169Vikram K. Kil1l'a (/l1viled POjJ('r)Nnnostructured Silica· Based Gla ss for Engi neered Photonic Prodllcts, by Carlo,\' 47 1SIClIki, Juliono SOIl1(1S, Rodrigo TOIl1 {d . Edmi/um GII.I{CII, and Eduardo 0 110Mechnnicn l Propcnics or Conling Particlcboards and Compo!> ite Mnterinls Obtained by 473Continl1ous Stiffness Measurement Ind c11l:nion Technique, by Malltlr!i Fol1teivlechnn icnl and Mic rostructural Characterization of Ceria- Ymin Stabili zed Zirconia. 475by Mar!:Q A(fmlO, Leonardo PaglTolto. Ginl'anni Stig/jUl IO, Giui'alllli Girolamo. al1dCOIcrinu Bla:;iMech.mical Behaviour of Clay Structur\l l Ceramics Containing Solid Wastes, by 477RC!gillu J\/olflciro, /\/. A/orgoridu Lillla, (lIId Sandra AlvesA Critical Review of Soil lmrrovcmcnt by impnct Load. by MWlsolir Parvd 479Soil Dyn:Jmic Siress Measurement: Eart h Pressure Cell, h.1' MansfJllI' Pan'b 481A Comparative Study on Grab nnd Stripe rvlelhuds to Assess F\lbric Breaking Strength,J~l' R ..·t.L. Miguel. J. M. Luc(1s. M.L. Cor l'l1l1w, AU. Somos Silm. alld A.',4. Mal1ir.:11Engi neering Design of the Thermal Propenics in Smnn \lnd Adaptive Knitl ingStructures. by Mana JU.ft] Geralclf.·s, LII/w.'i I-Ie.l", Mcirio de Ara~io . Man o NUIICS, {J/IdNWJ() Bd ;lIuDesign Epoxy Resi ns Bused Comrositcs for Rnpid Tooling AppJicaiions. by Pedro V. 487/"uscom:e/os. F. Jrll'ge LillO, Rlli J. Ne /u, (1l1 d Uicardn Paiva4S34M5)CHAP XIA 11 0 1.0060A 1102.0055A 1103.00YBA 1104.0001A I 105.0021A I 106.1 10)A I107.021 2A 1108.0 1199COi\H1UTATIONAL MECHAN ICS IN DES IGNGeneric Road Vehicle Model ror Crashworthiness. by Jo rge Amhrusio, MarlaCun'u/ho. NllllU Rubel/, POllln l'e";s.I'imo, alld Luis SOl/saSome Progress on Compulational Analysis of Dr\lpes, b.l· K. ) ~ S=e. and X H.LiIl (1I/VIICdPaper)lvtodell ing the In teraction Effects of the Hi gh-Speed Train- Truck-Bridge System 495Us ing A DI NA. by COIISlom;o Rigll1:il'o, Carlos Rebelo, emll Lllis Simeks SilvaAircraft Structu ral Analysis with FEM AppJic::nion. by Aomar Abdessclam 497L imit Equilibrium o r Ground Lauded M::asses. A General PC Program for the Factor of 499Safety by Rigid- I'lastic t ... lcthods, h.l'Jlilio 8. MOrlillsModelli ng Faliguc Crack Propagmion in CT Specimen. hy R. Branco. F. I': AliI/lil eS, R.AfartimNonlinear Fini te Element Analys is of Thin-Walled Laminnled Beams AccountingWarping, b.l· NtII /O Be/l cdilO, Allibal ['alid f/, (In ri .IoiJo Barradas CardosoAnalysis or Thin Cylindric Long Cover:; Subject to Circumferential Ex terior Load by 505Transfer-M aLrix Method, fly /l./ilwe/ll Sm;ill, Lil'ill Sucil/. Gheorghe Pal/oiu, Gan'i!BlI/e, Mihai Tripa. Lltciel Ghiolll!aJl, Daniela PallllesCU, Amon Popa. Mircea Bejall,alld Augustill Crel/JAI I09.0100 Slress Analysis of Long Rectangle Plates Subject to a Trapezoidal Load Using 507Trans fer-M\ltrix, hy Afilwcla SUe/II, Lilriu SlIdl/. Gheorghe PanoilJ, Gal'ri/ Bale, A'lilwiTripa. Lllcia Ghin/u!tIlJ, DOlllda Palllle,\'cfI, Air/OIl POPll, Mireca Bejou. olld AuguJtillCretuA 1110.0061 A fl,'Tixed Form ulation Solu tion in The StreSs Analysis of Curn."d Pipes w ith Tangclll 509Tenninantions Unde r In-Plane Forces, by Llli.fa Modllreiru, and Francisco AI. Mdo(i11l'ilCd Paper)4S949149 3501503I\ JxviiiEdi/Ors : J.F. Sill'a GOIIICS & Shaker A. Megllid

j rh ]rllel'lll/llrmal Conference Oil Mechanics and Materials ill Design----)A11 18. 110 1AI 111.0072 I,,;umcri cal Studies of 20 and Plate Problems Using a New lVl eshless Method. hJ' Jorge 51 I8 c/illha. alld Llicia M.J.S. DillisA 1112.0002 Stress and Limit Angular Velocities in a Rotating Elastic -Plastic Annular Disk with 513Variable Thickness, by Nelli Alexalldrova, {lnd Pall/o Vila RealAI 113.0034 Incremental Sheet Forming Process Modelling Limitation Analysis, hy A-fceli.l' P()h/ak, 515Jiiri Maja/; . {llId Rein I':iillnerA1 114.0014 A Fa:;\ Algonthm for Modelling a Coupl ed Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in 517Roto11l{)ulding, hy AIIIOlllal1akiel'A1115.0056 End Forming Op~rat i ons of Thin-Walled Tubes Using a Die: Expansion, Reduction 519and Inversion, by B.l'.P. Couvc/a. M.L. .·Jlves. P.A.R. Rosa, and P.A.F. /I·larlinsA III (i ,0077 A Thermal Integrated Model for EDM B~sed on the .louIe Effect, by J. Mara/una, al/d 5:! [J-I.BranqllinllOAI 11 7.0013 Comparison Between Time-Independent FE-Simulation and j'vlensurements fu r Two 523Types of Rubber, hy Christian Feichter. Zo/tan Maim', and R. IV. LangNonlinear Analysis of Service Stresses in Re in forced Concrete Sections Using Closed 525Form Solut ions. hy M.HF.kl Barrus. (flld R.A.F. 1.,,[orli/l.l· (11lI'iled Papel)All )9.11 04 A Purametric Stud y on the :!nd Order Behador and Carrying Capacit)' of 3D 517Asym metric Steel Frames, hy J\f.T.B. Cesar, Rlli C. BarrosCHAP XII TEACHING MECHANICS & MATERIALS IN DESIGN 529A! 20 J. J:! I 0 Interdisciplin

Porw/Portugal. 24-26 JlIly 2006A 12 12.1205 A Michelson Interferometer for a Vinual Laboralor}'. by D.D. Tei'(eira. F.J.L. Pereira. 553J.F.B. CarI'Gllw, S.M. B. Lei/lio. R.A.G. Dencate!, J E. l'iIlm t!, Maria T. Rcstil'O. M F.CI,olcal. alld F.G. AlmeidaA 1213.0090 Machine Elcmt=nls Demonstrntor for the Pructi cal Teaching of Machin e Theory, hy J.L. 555Mill/a: Sail:!'. P. Lafont Morgado. p, Leal Wilia. J. Eclull'arri Otero. L. Vo/dillie.faBlanco, J.M. MW IU:-GII(josa. OI1(! fI. LOl'clI:or\ 1214.1209 E-Teaching Mechani cnl Materi al Characteristics, by Maria Teresa Re.Hil'O. Joa'll/illl 557Mcndes . .·!monio Mendes LOPf!.\" C{lI'luJ Afor elrll da Silva, Rica/'do MagallulcJ, olldMaria de Fatima Clw lI:olA 1215.1202 Enhancement of Tcaching About MC:lsuremenl Systcms in a Graduation Course of 559Mechanical Engineering, by M. C Gameiro do SilvaAuthors Index 561))Editors: J.F Silm GOIII Cd & Shaker A. Mcgl/id

5 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ONMECHANICS AND MATERIALS IN DESIGNFaculty of Engineering, University of PonoPorto, Portugal'::- 11 '\\"r 7 '\ ".". ~ .Lr .c.: ..\I _~.l. i.... l T""-'..L:J. ,-,' C'__'1'_IJ" r -,--. \.. _f2: T - c::-1)I i1)J.N. ReddyMechanical Engineering Departmen t, Texas A&M Un iversityTexas, United Stales of AmericaPaulo A.F. Mnl'tlnsInstitulO Superior Tecnico, Univcrsidndc Tccnica de L1SbollLisboa, PortugalKlaus MichnclisGear Research CCnlcr (FlO), Technical University of Munichr ... lunich. GennanyShal,cr A. MeguidUniversity ofTorOtllO,Toron lo. CanadaNHl1 yang Technological University, Nanyang, SingaporeFernando P. FonsecaFaculdade de Cicncias cia SUllde, Universidllde da Bcira InteriorCovilha, Portug

5{h 11Ili!/"I1(1/iollal COI/Jerel/cc on Mechanics alld Material!; ill D,'sigllREF: AO] PU) 11 8RESIDUAL STRESS ASSESSMENT USING OPTICAL TECHNIQUES.J ouo Riheirol", Juimc Montcll'o ~, 1\1. A. P. V31..\ HCl'nfllli Lopes!, and POllio Piloto lI Instit ute Pe litccnico de Bragan9D. Portugal11nstiluto de Engenhuria MecfUlica e Gcstiio Industrial, Lel;a do Balio, Portugal)Fac uldndc de En!!cn harin dn Universidndc do Porto, PortuaalEm:li l' (·Ijrih('iro i~l ipb.p l -I1 ~I1)SYNOPSISThe goal of this work is the development or experimental techniques to measure residualstresses as alternative [Q the hole-drilling method. The techniques here proposed are based onthe use of Moire Interferometry and Electronic Speckle Pallern Interfero111etTY (ES P!). Theyare fi eld techniques that allow in-plane displacements measurement without contact and v,dthhigh resolution. Grating replication techniques were developed to record high qualitydiffracli on gratings onto the specimen's surfnces. The developed an optical set-up to genemtethe master gratings (virtual) is also discussed. In this case an in-plane interferometer tomeasure displacements in two directions was impl c:mented as well as a dri ll ing equipmclll toprovoke the stress relaxation in the specimens. During residual stresses measurements theobtained fringe pattel115 (1vloirc and speckle) are video recorded. Image processing techniquesare used to assess the in-plane strain fie ld. A fin ite clemenls code (ANSYS®) is used tosimulate the process or relaxation of stresses to compare with experimental results and tocalculate the hole-drilling calibrLltion constants.)INTRODUCTIONIn this work, we developed rnl experimental process to measure residual stresses with twoopticol techniques (in-plone ESPI and Moire ul terferometry) combined with the hole-drillingmethod. A ring and plug specimen with known residual stress distribution was used tovalidate the techniques. An aluminium ring and a plug with 0.08 mm of diametricalinterrerence between them were assembled for that puropose. A nu merical simulation wi thfinit e elements, llsing the ANSYS® programme, \I./as developed to compute the calibrationcoefficients needed to obtain the stress values.The first test was performed using the in-plane ESPI set-up. Seveml holes with di fferentdiameters and depths were drill ed in both ring and plug. Image processing algorithms wereused to obtain the displacement fi eld from the interferometric recordings. The second test wusdone with Moire lnterferometry. For that a 1200 Jlnun grating (x and y crosses gratings) wasreplicated on the specimen surface. An optical set up to measure in two directions was used toassess the radial and circumferential stress released by several holes drilled in different radialdistances from the centre of the specimen.RESULTSFor the ESPI technique the phase maps of the interfero metric patterns were calculated usingtemporal phase shift. \Vhe n drills are made a strain relaxation occurs and the ESPI systemmeasures the difference between tlle two stages, berore and after the drilling. The obtained,I,C/;apw/, I: Experim ~1I1al Mechanics and Tc.'sriIJg ill Desigll 53

POrTo/Porlllg(l/. 24-26 Ju~v ](JU6phase maps nre simi lar to the one presented In Figure I (n). In Figure I (b) it is possible to seelhe displacement field afler image processing. In this case the stress values were codified in afalse colour table.)-;-.. ,(b).. " .... ,~ . ~ .- .~ .. " ~',(a)f ig. I Example of a Phase map obtained afler stress relaxation (a) find displacement field ofstress relaxation after image processi ng. (b).The results obtained after a set of measurements in the specimen used to validate thetechnique ~lI'e presented in Figure 2-,_--,~, - "-, ......IU"l:~""" "' '' ''''''· I ' ~ ; '_ ·'_·_ · ' v '-, .......... ....... ~ ."'""~ 1'1 _ ....., .."",.. . - - -; - ..• •• , l>< .. "~ ,, .... ,'", ........ ~-.... ...... - ........... """IFig.1 Comparison helwecn analYl'lca l calculnti ons and experimental measurements with ESP!.)CONCLUSIONSThe experimental results that were measured with ESP! have a good agreement with theanalytical calculations. This optical technique is il very interesting alternative to the traditionalhole-drilling method with strain gages and with the advantage that is possible to measuredisplncement fie lds instead of the discrete measurements obtained with the traditionalmethods based on the use of strain gages.REFERENCESLu_ J: James, M. R. and others " Handbook of Measurement of Residual Stresses", Society forExperimental, Inc .. Edited by Jian Lu, 1996.Post, D.; Han, B. ; Ifju , P. " High Sensitivily Moire: Experimenta l Analysis for Mechanics andMaterials" Springer Verlag, 1997.Nelson, D. V. and McCrickerd . .l. T., Residual-stress delennin;} tion through combined use ofholographic interferometry and blind hul e drilling, Experimental Mechanics, 26, pg. 371 -378.1986.t'I,Ii\';, r·t .,-I1I1"' !54 £ditol's: J.F. Silm GWllltS & Shaker A. Meguid