Consultation workshops were held in both the <strong>Dominican</strong> <strong>Republic</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Haiti</strong> with government counterparts,in order to validate the contents of the report.© <strong>UNEP</strong>The assessment uses a range of tools, methods<strong>and</strong> terminology to identify, categorize <strong>and</strong>analyze the wide range of issues noted, <strong>and</strong> todevelop potential solutions. Annex I provides aglossary of key definitions <strong>and</strong> brief descriptionsof the tools <strong>and</strong> methods used in this assessment<strong>and</strong> associated report terminology.Report translationThe findings of the report have significant implicationsfor both countries <strong>and</strong> the draft report hasgone though a bi-national review <strong>and</strong> consultationprocess. In this context, translation accuracy <strong>and</strong>neutrality is very important. However, despite bestefforts, not all words, phrases <strong>and</strong> inflections usedeither in this report <strong>and</strong> in the received feedbackare directly translatable across the 3 languages.For the avoidance of doubt therefore, the Englishversion of the report has been designated asthe master version <strong>and</strong> the French <strong>and</strong> Spanishversions as authorized translations.Chapter road mapFollowing this introductory chapter, Part I of thisassessment also includes chapters 2 <strong>and</strong> 3. Chapter2 provides an overview of both <strong>Haiti</strong>an <strong>and</strong><strong>Dominican</strong> country contexts, providing informationon both countries’ economies, physical attributes,histories, natural hazards, <strong>and</strong> environmentalconditions. Chapter 3 focuses on the borderregion, looking at transboundary issues such astrade, cooperation, <strong>and</strong> migration.Part II of the report (Chapters 4-8) deal with specificthemes, such as agriculture, forestry <strong>and</strong> protectedareas, freshwater resources, marine resources,etc. Within each of these categories, specific keyissues <strong>and</strong> associated livelihoods responses areidentified. Each chapter first gives a brief generaloverview of the theme in question, before individuallypresenting the key issues that were identifiedas part of the assessment process.Part III then concentrates on the analysis of theinformation presented in Parts I <strong>and</strong> II of the reportby analyzing the trends, linking the various issuestogether, <strong>and</strong> determining the common underlyingdriving forces to all of them. The identified issues<strong>and</strong> driving forces then inform the recommendations<strong>and</strong> conclusions that are covered in the finalpart of this report, in Chapter 10.18 <strong>Haiti</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>Dominican</strong> <strong>Republic</strong>: Environmental challenges in the border zone
2 <strong>Haiti</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Dominican</strong><strong>Republic</strong> country context2.1 IntroductionSimilarities <strong>and</strong> stark contrastsThis chapter sets out the context for the twocountries, pointing out common features <strong>and</strong>critical differences.In short <strong>Haiti</strong> is classed as a Least DevelopedCountry <strong>and</strong> a ‘fragile state’ in the UN-World Bankdevelopment index, while <strong>Dominican</strong> <strong>Republic</strong>is classed as a middle income country. Thestrongest similarities between the countries arein their geography <strong>and</strong> climate, as well as theirvulnerability to natural hazards <strong>–</strong> the Isl<strong>and</strong> ofHispaniola lies next to a fault line <strong>and</strong> in the stormpath of many hurricanes. The most dramaticcontrasts are found in population density, stability,GDP, electrification, forest cover <strong>and</strong> the numberof protected areas.Table 1 summarizes selected key facts <strong>and</strong> statisticsfor the two countries, highlighting key differenceswhich are considered to influence the dynamicsbetween the two countries.Table 1. Key facts <strong>and</strong> statistics for <strong>Haiti</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Dominican</strong> <strong>Republic</strong>Parameter<strong>Haiti</strong><strong>Dominican</strong><strong>Republic</strong>CommentsiiGeographySurface Area km² 27,750 48,730 76% differenceRainfall range Min-Mean-Max mm. 6, 7 350-1400-4000 508-1708-2540Average temperature 25.0 Celcius 26.2 CelciusSocietyEthnic composition: (Approximate) Percentage 95% <strong>–</strong> 5% <strong>–</strong> 0%. 11% <strong>–</strong> 73% <strong>–</strong> 16%Black African <strong>–</strong> Mixed <strong>–</strong> Caucasian 8, 9State Languages Creole + French Spanish10, 11Population (2011 estimate)This figure excludes up to 1 million unregistered<strong>Haiti</strong>an immigrants <strong>and</strong> workers residing in<strong>Dominican</strong> <strong>Republic</strong>.10.1 million 10.1 millionPopulation Density 12, 13 362.6/km 2 205.4/km 2 76% differenceBirth rates per 1,000 inhabitants (2010) 14 27 22 22% differenceFertility rates (No. children/woman) (2010) 15 3.3 2.6 26% differencePercentage population under 15 (2011) 16 36% 31% 16% differencePercentage urban population 17 50% 71% 42% differenceDiaspora <strong>Dominican</strong> <strong>Republic</strong>: 1 million 18US: 600,000 19 Canada: 100,000 20France: 50,000 21The Bahamas: 80,000 22 1.41 million 23Remittances $1.97 billion (2010)26.6% of GDP$2.91 billion (2010)6% of GDPGovernanceStability <strong>–</strong> Foreign Policy Failed State Index 2011 24 5/60 84 <strong>–</strong> not at risk 1st/60 is worstCorruption <strong>–</strong> Transparency International Corruption 1.8 = 175/182 2.6 = 129/182 1st /182 is bestPerception Index 2011 25<strong>Haiti</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>Dominican</strong> <strong>Republic</strong>: Environmental challenges in the border zone19
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Mineral exploration is starting in
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assessment team are all small scale
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Extreme poverty is a key driving fo
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it is present. The Haitian populati
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Atlantic storms will double in the
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Table 5. Summary of the key recomme
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Ten recommendations are provided un
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oth environmentally damaging and li
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Improving cooperation and governanc
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f. Create and formalize fishing agr
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g. In the long term, aim for variou
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Haiti - Dominican Republic: Environ
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Annex I - Report terminologyArgumen
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Annex II - List of Acronyms and Abb
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Annex IV - Table connecting thereco
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23. United States Census Bureau. (2
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73. UN Development Programme - Haï
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117. Urban Design Lab, Columbia Uni
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161. Miniel, L. (2012, 20 April). I
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204. Peralta, C. (2012, 18 April).
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246. González Sánchez, F.F. (2012
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290. Laboratoire des Relations Hait
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Annex VI - AcknowledgementsContribu
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Claude PhanorMartin RapillyAdelita
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José Cristino CastilloRobert Crowl
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