Haiti – Dominican Republic - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP
Haiti – Dominican Republic - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP Haiti – Dominican Republic - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP
AnnexesAnnex I: Report terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Annex II: List of acronyms and abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Annex III: Sustainable livelihoods framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Annex IV: Table connecting the recommendations to the driving forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Annex V: References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Annex VI: Acknowledgements and list of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140120 Haiti – Dominican Republic: Environmental challenges in the border zone
Annex I – Report terminologyArguments refer to its definition in the critical thinkingmodel. Presenting an argument in this contextrefers to presenting a set of facts and premises asreasons for a conclusion.Coping strategies are behavioral efforts thatpeople employ to tolerate, reduce, minimize,or overcome stressful events or shocks. They areshort-term responses to specific shocks such asdroughts. 316 Coping strategies have to be differentiatedfrom adaptive strategies which involvea long-term change in behaviors as a result of ashock or stress. 317 These can be related to food,water, or energy shocks.Direct causes are used to explain a specificphenomenon, such as the direct causes of landdegradation in the border zone.Driving forces are in this study defined asthe underlying forces that drive the livelihoodresponses and key issues observed in the borderzone. As an example poverty in Haiti is consideredto be a driving force behind Haitian emigration tothe Dominican Republic.The evidence base is the sum of material factsand other input such as interview opinions, fieldobservations and secondary data sources thatprovide the substantiation for a particular conclusion.The degree of confidence in a particularconclusion is linked to the evidence base. Anevidence base can vary both in depth (amount ofinformation) and uniformity (the level of uncertaintyand evidence potentially for and against specificarguments and conclusions).Forecasts are decision support tools: they assistdecision makers in visualizing future conditions orthe future status of conditions based on prevalenttrends. They help to identifying appropriate preparationsor interventions. They are particularly usefulin strategic planning where levels of uncertaintyare high and data is relatively limited.Key issues are topics of current concern in theborder zone and sometimes dispute. They can beboth acute (short term or episodic) and chronic(long term, continuous) in nature. Partly negativeissues are also sometimes labeled as challengesand completely negative issues are commonlylabeled as problems.Livelihoods are the capabilities, material andsocial assets, and activities required for a means ofliving. It is considered sustainable when it can copewith and recover from stresses and shocks, andmaintain or enhance its capabilities and assetsboth now and in the future, while not underminingthe natural resources base on which it relies. 318Opportunities are identified as favorable orpotentially favorable circumstances or periods,normally presented in the context of potentialfuture actions. In this context, some issues alsopresent opportunities.Shocks are generally unforeseen events (incidents,disasters, or conflicts) that have profoundconsequences on people’s livelihoods. Examplesof shocks are droughts, earthquakes, or violentconflicts.Stresses are conditions that put pressure onpeople’s livelihoods. They are of a different degreethan shocks both in magnitude (less extreme) andsuddenness (less sudden).Themes are different thematic areas in which keyissues fall under. Examples of these themes areagriculture, forest resources, freshwater resourcesand flooding, and coastal and marine resources.Tipping point is a point at which a systemundergoes a fundamental change and becomesgoverned by new processes and structures, oftenresulting in a material worsening of pre-existingproblems and trends.Trends are observed or interpreted general directionsand tendencies over time for specific issues.They can be positive, negative, or stable. Trendscan be either quantitative, for example historicalrainfall records, or qualitative and subjective, suchas the overall mood of current Haiti-DominicanHaiti – Dominican Republic: Environmental challenges in the border zone121
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- Page 125 and 126: Annex II - List of Acronyms and Abb
- Page 127 and 128: Annex IV - Table connecting thereco
- Page 129 and 130: 23. United States Census Bureau. (2
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- Page 135 and 136: 161. Miniel, L. (2012, 20 April). I
- Page 137 and 138: 204. Peralta, C. (2012, 18 April).
- Page 139 and 140: 246. González Sánchez, F.F. (2012
- Page 141 and 142: 290. Laboratoire des Relations Hait
- Page 143 and 144: Annex VI - AcknowledgementsContribu
- Page 145 and 146: Claude PhanorMartin RapillyAdelita
- Page 147 and 148: José Cristino CastilloRobert Crowl
- Page 149 and 150: www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts
AnnexesAnnex I: Report terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120Annex II: List of acronyms <strong>and</strong> abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Annex III: Sustainable livelihoods framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Annex IV: Table connecting the recommendations to the driving forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Annex V: References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Annex VI: Acknowledgements <strong>and</strong> list of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140120 <strong>Haiti</strong> <strong>–</strong> <strong>Dominican</strong> <strong>Republic</strong>: Environmental challenges in the border zone
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