Haiti – Dominican Republic - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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8. Environmental governance and regulationand control of the charcoal tradeand other forest products: Increaseenforcement of Dominican and Haitian law onprotected areas and forest conservation.Design & scopea. Better protect forests and national parks andreserves in or near the border in the DominicanRepublic against illegal settlements, agriculturalclearing and charcoal production.b. For regulation and control of the charcoal trade,focus on the Dominican side of the border zonenear Lake Azuei. Aim for long term full suppressionof the trade rather than episodic crackdowns.This includes confronting the problem of Dominicanlandowners involved in the production andcomplicity of government and border officialswho allow the trade to take place.c. Create buffer zones surrounding the protectedareasd. Strengthen provincial (Dominican Republic) anddepartmental (Haiti) offices of the Ministries ofenvironment.e. Develop plans to control conflict, avoid humanrights violations and deal with transboundaryissues in the course of enforcement.f. Investigate the possible impacts of any sanctionsagainst – or indeed the total suppression of – thecharcoal trade. Of particular importance is thequestion of what consequences such measureswould have for the Haitian population, much ofwhich is dependant on charcoal for daily energy,and some of which relies on the charcoal tradefor subsistence. Consider options to reduce therisk of unrest during period of transition fromcharcoal to more sustainable sources of energy.RationaleThe Dominican Republic has adequate laws forthe management of protected areas and soil andforestry conservation, however they are not beingadequately enforced in the border zone, andserious degradation is ongoing. Major complicationsin this task are widespread rural poverty andunderemployment, corruption and the presenceand involvement of large numbers of Haitian legaland illegal immigrants.On the Haitian side, protected areas also sufferfrom a lack of necessary funds, resources andpolitical support for protected area management.Suppressing the transboundary charcoaltrade will most likely result in some level of unrestamong the large number of Haitians who relyon charcoal for their daily energy needs. Theimpacts of such a suppression is therefore to bewell understood and mitigating actions are to beconsidered.Cost: US$ 5 million per annumSchedule: 5 years+Responsibility: Ministry of Environment and NaturalResources in the Dominican Republic. Ministries ofInterior – both countries.9. Strengthen the management of marineand coastal resources in the border zone:Slow the decline of the marine and coastalenvironment in the border zone by preventingencroachment and stopping practices thatdegrade the environment.Design & scopea. Build a conflict resolution mechanism pertainingto the transboundary use and trade of fish andother marine resources by creating thematicdialogue tables between relevant actors at thelocal level, as well as by organizing a formalcoordination platform at a high political level.The latter should be tasked with managingconflict, resources, and territory delimitation,and should actively seek the participationof government authorithies, private sector,fishermen associations etc.b. Reinforce the relevant directions in the Haitianministries, such as the Direction of Fisheries inthe MARNDR, which is understaffed throughout,including at the departmental level.c. Enforce existing – and create new – protectedmarine areas in which functioning fishing bansare in place, so as to slow or halt the depletionof fish stocks while remaining mindful of theeconomical health of the communities thatrely on those stocks. Establish such protectedareas in collaboration with fishermen associations,in order to ensure buy-in and successfulimplementation of the protected areas.d. Ban the cutting of mangroves for the establishmentof new salt panse. Provide incentives for switching from the use ofmangrove as firewood to other energy sources114 Haiti – Dominican Republic: Environmental challenges in the border zone
f. Create and formalize fishing agreementsbetween the two countries, where money isexchanged for access to fishing areas.g. Develop the capacity of public sector institutionsand local organizations for the conservationand the management of coastal and marineresources.h. Promote the environmental sanitation of thecoastal zone and develop its tourism potential.i. Restore degraded coastal areas through reforestationwith endemic, native and/or naturalizedcoastal-marine species.RationaleThe marine and coastal environment is beingdegraded, mainly by overfishing, unsustainablefishing practices, the cutting of mangroves forfirewood, contamination, and salt production.Both Haitians and Dominicans infringe on oneanother’s territorial waters daily. Haitians generallyfish close inshore, whilst Dominicans fish bothinshore and further offshore. While coastal andmarine resources provide excellent opportunitiesfor income generation and cooperation of atransboundary nature, these resources are alsoissues of serious transboundary concern, creatingclashes and tensions between communities onboth sides of the border, as well as between Haitianfishermen and Dominican authorities.Cost: US$ 3 million per annumSchedule: 5 years+Responsibility: Ministry of Environment andMinistry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and RuralDevelopment in Haiti. Ministry of Environment andNatural Resources in the Dominican Republic.Research and analysis10. Lake Azuei and Lake Enriquillo floodinganalysis: Undertake a hydrological datacollection and analysis study on the causes ofthe rise in the level of Lakes Azuei and Enriquilloand its potential to keep rising.Design & scopea. Start immediately with installation of a basiclevel monitoring system and follow up withmore detailed analysis of the lake and itscatchments.b. Only develop recommendations for large scaleinvestments once the root causes and optionsare established with reasonable certainty.RationaleThe lakes have been steadily rising – up to onemeter per year since 2004 – for reasons thatare still largely unknown. The rise has causeda number of problems. Since 2008, the maintransboundary route between Port-au-Prince andSanto Domingo has been gradually submergedon both the Haitian and Dominican sides, andagricultural land has been flooded on both sidesof the border.Cost: US$ 0.5 million per annum – for the assessmentonlySchedule: 2 yearsResponsibility: Ministry of Environment in Haiti.Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources inthe Dominican Republic.10.4 Haitian national level investmentrecommendationsThe recommendations specifically for Haiti are notnew, rather they are concerned with reinforcementand endorsement, as well as the prioritization ofexisting initiatives at the Haitian national level,specifically the Haitian Strategic Plan for theDevelopment of Haiti: Emerging Country by 2030(Plan stratégique de développement d’Haïti: Paysémergent en 2030 – hereafter referred as the“strategic plan”). 315 This strategic plan is, as it shouldbe, very ambitious and broad reaching, howeverfinancing its implementation and prioritization isan ongoing issue.In this context, Haitian national level investmentrecommendations are limited to the four toppriorities most relevant to the border zone:1. Improving governance in rural areas2. Non-agricultural economic development anddiversification3. Replace charcoal with LPG in urban centres4. Sustainable agricultural development andreforestationA cross-cutting theme for all recommendations isto shift the development model towards a “greeneconomy”, enabling development whilst stabilizingand conserving the remaining natural resources.Haiti – Dominican Republic: Environmental challenges in the border zone115
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Haiti - Dominican RepublicEnvironme
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We congratulate all those who contr
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countries. These issues include the
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The differing levels of tree cover
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A member of the assessment team col
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Members of the assessment team inte
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Consultation workshops were held in
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Table 1. Key facts and statistics f
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wandering over depleted fields and
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ClimateThe different parts of Hispa
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Natural river flow variability due
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EarthquakesHispaniola is located on
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consumption and production culture
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Map 6. The northern coast and the M
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Map 8. The area surrounding the lak
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although it is estimated to be much
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Figure 3. Seasonality of food insec
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e sold for a profit on the other si
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viCase study 2. Comité Intermunici
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Part 2 Identification andAnalysis o
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and local issues. These include, fo
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Lacking productive topsoil this lan
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5 Forest resources andterrestrial p
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Satellite image 3. In the Massacre
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un the risk of being either impriso
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eing transported from the Dominican
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5.5 Collection of fuel woodFuel woo
Page 66 and 67: !^5.6 Protected area management and
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Page 82 and 83: 7 Coastal and marineresources7.1 In
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Page 86 and 87: Mangroves are being cut to be sold
Page 88 and 89: Case study 6. Cooperation between f
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Page 101 and 102: Extreme poverty is a key driving fo
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Page 109 and 110: Table 5. Summary of the key recomme
Page 111 and 112: Ten recommendations are provided un
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Page 115: Improving cooperation and governanc
Page 119 and 120: g. In the long term, aim for variou
Page 121 and 122: Haiti - Dominican Republic: Environ
Page 123 and 124: Annex I - Report terminologyArgumen
Page 125 and 126: Annex II - List of Acronyms and Abb
Page 127 and 128: Annex IV - Table connecting thereco
Page 129 and 130: 23. United States Census Bureau. (2
Page 131 and 132: 73. UN Development Programme - Haï
Page 133 and 134: 117. Urban Design Lab, Columbia Uni
Page 135 and 136: 161. Miniel, L. (2012, 20 April). I
Page 137 and 138: 204. Peralta, C. (2012, 18 April).
Page 139 and 140: 246. González Sánchez, F.F. (2012
Page 141 and 142: 290. Laboratoire des Relations Hait
Page 143 and 144: Annex VI - AcknowledgementsContribu
Page 145 and 146: Claude PhanorMartin RapillyAdelita
Page 147 and 148: José Cristino CastilloRobert Crowl
Page 149 and 150: www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts
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Haiti – Dominican Republic - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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