Haiti – Dominican Republic - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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Table 3 Summary of how key issues are linked to the identified underlying driving forcesUnderlying Driving ForcesCategory Issues HaitianEnvironmentalWeakHaiti-DRpoverty, foodDegradationGovernanceEconomicinsecurity, andandunderdevelopmentResourceInequalitiesAgricultureLand degradation X X XTransboundary agriculture X X X XLand tenure X X X XForestry and protected area managementForest clearance & forest fires X X X XUncontrolled transboundary charcoaltradeX X X XCollection of fuel wood X X XProtected areamanagement&biodiversityX X X XWater resources and floodingReforestation x xTransboundary river floodingXWater scarcity, access and pollution X X X XLake Azuei and Lake EnriquillofloodingXTransboundary dams and waterextractionxCoastal and marine resourcesIllegal transboundary– andoverfishingX X X XMangrove cutting for wood andcreation of salt pansXXMarine protected areas &biodiversityXXTrade in marine species x XContamination x xEnvironmental aspects of Trade, Employment and IndustryBi-national markets and theirenvironmental aspectsRural population increase andtransboundary migrationX X XX X X XEnvironmental aspects of mining &industrial developmentxx98 Haiti – Dominican Republic: Environmental challenges in the border zone
Extreme poverty is a key driving force leading to unsustainable practices and further environmentaldegradation.© UNEPIt is important to note the scale of this mobilelabour force and the source region. Withunemployment in Haiti estimated to be inthe order of 41% or four million people, 305 thepotential mobile rural labour pool searchingfor alternatives is crudely estimated to be wellover one million.Finally, population growth needs to befactored into any proposed solution. The currentestimated growth rate of the populationof Haiti is 1.3% per annum, with a projectedgrowth of 25% over the next 20 years, reachinga population of 12.5 million by 2030. 306 Thegrowth rate in the border zone is much higherthan this, between 3-4 %, in most areas alongthe border zone. It is clear that the artisanalfarming population on the Haitian side of theborder zone has already surpassed sustainablenumbers, so all future growth adds to themobile labour pool.This large and growing mobile labour force hascritical implications for solution development.For example, targeted investment in livelihoodcreation in Haitian communities close to theborder will have only limited impact if the issuesnoted on both sides are driven by the mobilelabor pool drawn from all over rural Haiti.2) Haitian environmental degradationThe three most important forms of environmentaldegradation are: deforestation, soil erosionand marine environmental degradation.Environmental degradation on the Haitian sideof the border zone already has had three substantialmaterial impacts: a) it has dramaticallylowered the productivity of farming and forestryland; b) increased the severity of river floodpeaks; and c) has decreased the fish stocksin the coastal waters. Lowered productivityhas fed into the problems of artisanal farmersfurther exacerbating rural poverty and unskilledlabour mobility. The increased flooding hasalready impacted the towns of Fonds Verrettes,Jimani and Pedernales / Anse-à-Pitre.Deforestation and devegetation of slopingland is a primary cause of much of the problem.The deforestation process is not completeanywhere in the border zone, however it isHaiti – Dominican Republic: Environmental challenges in the border zone99
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Haiti - Dominican RepublicEnvironme
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We congratulate all those who contr
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countries. These issues include the
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The differing levels of tree cover
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A member of the assessment team col
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Members of the assessment team inte
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Consultation workshops were held in
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Table 1. Key facts and statistics f
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wandering over depleted fields and
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ClimateThe different parts of Hispa
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Natural river flow variability due
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EarthquakesHispaniola is located on
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consumption and production culture
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Map 6. The northern coast and the M
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Map 8. The area surrounding the lak
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although it is estimated to be much
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Figure 3. Seasonality of food insec
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e sold for a profit on the other si
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viCase study 2. Comité Intermunici
Page 49 and 50: Part 2 Identification andAnalysis o
Page 51 and 52: and local issues. These include, fo
Page 53: Lacking productive topsoil this lan
Page 56 and 57: 5 Forest resources andterrestrial p
Page 58 and 59: Satellite image 3. In the Massacre
Page 60 and 61: un the risk of being either impriso
Page 62 and 63: eing transported from the Dominican
Page 64 and 65: 5.5 Collection of fuel woodFuel woo
Page 66 and 67: !^5.6 Protected area management and
Page 68 and 69: locations is contrasted with a degr
Page 70 and 71: Enough is known, however, to be cer
Page 72 and 73: plantations that the habitat will n
Page 74 and 75: Satellite image 6. Just before reac
Page 76 and 77: interventions if well designed do w
Page 78 and 79: contaminated rivers are disease vec
Page 80 and 81: crust substantial enough to be the
Page 82 and 83: 7 Coastal and marineresources7.1 In
Page 84 and 85: tuna, sea bream, yellowtail, hake,
Page 86 and 87: Mangroves are being cut to be sold
Page 88 and 89: Case study 6. Cooperation between f
Page 90 and 91: private sector better informed. Cus
Page 92 and 93: carrying money, and missing their d
Page 94 and 95: etween these two cordilleras), but
Page 96: Mineral exploration is starting in
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Page 103 and 104: it is present. The Haitian populati
Page 105 and 106: Atlantic storms will double in the
Page 107 and 108: A charcoal kiln burning inside the
Page 109 and 110: Table 5. Summary of the key recomme
Page 111 and 112: Ten recommendations are provided un
Page 113 and 114: oth environmentally damaging and li
Page 115 and 116: Improving cooperation and governanc
Page 117 and 118: f. Create and formalize fishing agr
Page 119 and 120: g. In the long term, aim for variou
Page 121 and 122: Haiti - Dominican Republic: Environ
Page 123 and 124: Annex I - Report terminologyArgumen
Page 125 and 126: Annex II - List of Acronyms and Abb
Page 127 and 128: Annex IV - Table connecting thereco
Page 129 and 130: 23. United States Census Bureau. (2
Page 131 and 132: 73. UN Development Programme - Haï
Page 133 and 134: 117. Urban Design Lab, Columbia Uni
Page 135 and 136: 161. Miniel, L. (2012, 20 April). I
Page 137 and 138: 204. Peralta, C. (2012, 18 April).
Page 139 and 140: 246. González Sánchez, F.F. (2012
Page 141 and 142: 290. Laboratoire des Relations Hait
Page 143 and 144: Annex VI - AcknowledgementsContribu
Page 145 and 146: Claude PhanorMartin RapillyAdelita
Page 147 and 148: José Cristino CastilloRobert Crowl
Page 149 and 150: www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts
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Haiti – Dominican Republic - Disasters and Conflicts - UNEP

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