Chapter 2: Rubbish FiguresFor <strong>the</strong> most part, <strong>the</strong> quantity of domestic waste is calculated on <strong>the</strong> basis that differentincome groups produce more or less rubbish per capita. However, not everyone uses<strong>the</strong> same assumptions as shown in Table 4.Table 4: Per capita domestic waste productionCape TownDurbanIncome group Kg/day Kg/year Location Kg/day Kg/yearHigh 1.3 474 Suburbs 0.5-0.8 180-290Middle 0.7 255 Township 0.4 146Low 0.35 127 Informal 0.18 65Sources: Swilling 2006; eThekwini Municipality 2004.The Environment Outlook uses figures similar to Cape Town’s, although it attributesmore waste (0.4 kg/day) to low income groups. It <strong>the</strong>n calculates national domesticwaste at 8.8 mt/y. According to Swilling [2006], Cape Town produces just over 2 mt/y.Of this, 895,000 t/y is domestic so <strong>the</strong> larger part is ‘trade’ waste from commerce,industry and institutions such as universities and hospitals. On this basis, <strong>the</strong> higherrange of <strong>the</strong> Environment Outlook’s estimate of general waste – 15 mt/y – lookscredible.The Outlook observes that waste has “increased over <strong>the</strong> last 7 years due to risingpopulation and economic growth” [DEAT 2006a: 261]. Better off South Africansappear peculiarly wasteful. According to <strong>the</strong> <strong>Nation</strong>al Framework for SustainableDevelopment (NFSD), domestic waste from richer households in some cities “is risingabove <strong>the</strong> daily average of 2 kg/person, which is 3-4 times <strong>the</strong> quantity disposed ofby <strong>the</strong> average household in most European cities”. Fur<strong>the</strong>r, “MSW quantities aregrowing faster than <strong>the</strong> economy in many cities – for example, at 5% per annum inCape Town” [DEAT 2006b: 34].In 2007, DEAT commissioned an assessment of municipal waste management [DEAT2007a]. The assessment surveyed all municipalities although not all responded. If <strong>the</strong>figures reported by municipalities are to be believed, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> country produces far moregeneral waste than previously estimated. Table 5 shows how much waste municipalitiessaid <strong>the</strong>y collected. It shows <strong>the</strong> categories of municipalities, <strong>the</strong> number of municipalitiesin each category, <strong>the</strong> total number of households in all those municipalities, and <strong>the</strong>amount of waste collected averaged across those municipalities. The last two columnsare calculated on <strong>the</strong> basis of <strong>the</strong> figures reported in <strong>the</strong> assessment.- 28 - groundWork - <strong>Wasting</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Nation</strong>
Chapter 2: Rubbish FiguresTable 5: Waste collected as reported by municipalitiesMunicipal category No. Total Hhlds Ave. mt/y Total mt/y Hhld/t/yA: Metropolitan 6 4,914,930 1,752,613 10,515,678 2.1B1: Secondary City 21 2,048,937 247,743 5,202,603 2.5B2: Large town at core 29 1,063,207 129,351 3,751,179 3.5B3: Small towns, no core 111 1,575,946 16,041 1,780,551 1.1B4: Mainly rural 70 2,774,493 98 6,860 0.002Totals 237 12,377,513 2,145,846 21,256,871 1.7Compiled from DEAT 2007a.According to <strong>the</strong> DEAT assessment, <strong>the</strong>re are over 2,000 municipal waste facilities ofwhich only 530 are permitted. Table 6 shows how much waste <strong>the</strong> municipalities said<strong>the</strong>y disposed of.Table 6: Waste disposed as reported by municipalitiesMunicipal category No. Total Hhlds Ave. mt/y Total mt/y Hhld/t/yA: Metropolitan 6 4,914,930 2,419,100 14,514,600 2.9B1: Secondary City 21 2,048,937 155,684 3,269,364 1.5B2: Large town at core 29 1,063,207 65,410 1,896,890 1.7B3: Small towns, no core 111 1,575,946 29,478 3,272,058 2.0B4: Mainly rural 70 2,774,493 16,607 1,162,490 0.4Totals 237 12,377,513 2,627,410 24,115,402 1.9Compiled from DEAT 2007a.Municipal responses to <strong>the</strong> assessment thus indicate that <strong>the</strong>y collected over 21 mt/yof waste and disposed of over 24 mt/y. Clearly this cannot be taken at face value. B2,3 and 4 municipalities do not have weighbridges or o<strong>the</strong>r means of measuring wasteand many have no waste management capacity to speak of. Their reported figures areestimates if not thumb sucks.Metros do have weighbridges etc., suggesting that <strong>the</strong> figures of 10.5 mt/y collectedand 14.5 mt/y disposed of should be in <strong>the</strong> ball park. The additional waste disposedwould be accounted for by dumping by private waste companies and individuals.Assuming an average 4 people per household, 14 <strong>the</strong> disposal figure implies per capita14 The national average is 3.8 people per household.<strong>Wasting</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Nation</strong> - groundWork - 29 -