xz Landmines and cluster munitionsTowards a world free of minesand cluster munitionsIn <strong>2009</strong>, the general public continued to support the campaign against clustermunitions, and there was growing awareness on the part of the internationalcommunity of the need to ban these weapons. <strong>Handicap</strong> <strong>International</strong> scaled upits activities to promote the entry into force of the Oslo Treaty. The associationcontinues to assist the victims of mines and cluster munitions and is expecting tomake major advances in its mine clearance efforts.By bearing witness and influencing opinion, <strong>Handicap</strong><strong>International</strong> has raised the awareness of governmentsand the public to the urgent need to end thescandal of mines and cluster munitions. The prospect ofthe entry into force of the Oslo Treaty, signed at the endof 2008, increased with each passing month, but <strong>2009</strong>was otherwise uneventful. Hope for populations in the fieldcame from an innovative approach that will ensure the rapidrelease of land suspected of being polluted by mines andcluster munitions. The possibility of a major global reductionin the number of sites registered as dangerous, and the surfacearea they cover, has rekindled the interest of internationalfunding bodies. These major obstacles to developmentare therefore expected to disappear faster than expected.<strong>Handicap</strong> <strong>International</strong> welcomes this advance, to whichthe association made a major contribution as an operatorin the field and by chairing the Survey Action Center, an organisationat the cutting-edge of mine clearance methods.xz Areas of activityRisk managementA major project to develop a global risk managementconcept applicable to all <strong>Handicap</strong> <strong>International</strong>’s operationswas completed in <strong>2009</strong>. The concept is divided intothree fields:– Evaluation: the KAP method (Knowledge, Attitudes andPractices) has become one of the association’s specialitiesin its field actions. It involves understanding and analysingthe way in which populations manage the risks posed bymines and cluster munitions, then evaluating the improvementsneeded in terms of education, facilitation anddemining.– Mine and cluster munitions risk education: this can beprovided as part of an emergency operation in the wakeof a specific crisis, or over the long-term in areas pollutedduring a conflict.– Facilitation/coordination: this consists in taking actionin villages or neighbourhoods to prepare for the arrival ofdeminers by explaining their role and their authority to limitaccess to certain dangerous areas. This method helps preventmisunderstandings and possible clashes with the localpopulation. Working with communities also provides informationabout the history and use of the land in question thatis extremely useful when it comes to releasing it.Countries: Afghanistan x Algeria x Mozambique x Senegal xSomalia x Somaliland x Sudan x Thailand.Land releaseDemining underwent a major change in approach in <strong>2009</strong>.New international standards, inspired by the reflection andpractices of the full range of demining operators, now allowlocal authorities to confirm a near-zero risk situation in anarea registered as suspect in the UN database. Following anin-depth survey (analysis, observation and archive research)involving all the relevant parties (owners, representatives oflocal institutions, operators, and members of the community),large areas can now be released to local populationswithout deploying expensive demining techniques.This means that demining efforts can now be focused onland that is actually polluted, marking a considerable stepforward. However, the process is not easy to implement, raisingcomplex responsibility issues as there is no such thingas zero risk. The surveys conducted by operators must thereforebe of an irreproachable quality to ensure these newstandards do not lead to an underestimation of the real risksto local populations.14 ı <strong>Annual</strong> <strong>report</strong> <strong>2009</strong>
xz landMinEs <strong>2009</strong>Countries: Bosnia-Herzegovina x Lebanon x Mozambique xSenegal.Landmine and cluster munitions advocacyFollowing the signing of the cluster munitions ban treatyin Oslo in December 2008, <strong>Handicap</strong> <strong>International</strong> has focusedits efforts on advocating its universal adoption. On31 December <strong>2009</strong>, the treaty was signed by 104 states.For its part, France ratifi ed the treaty on the eve of the ShoePyramid event organised by <strong>Handicap</strong> <strong>International</strong> in thirtytwoFrench towns and cities on 26 September <strong>2009</strong>.In December, the Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free Worldin Colombia brought together countries party to the OttawaTreaty to review how the treaty, which entered into forcein March 1999, has been applied over the last fi ve years.To coincide with the summit, four countries declared themselvesto be “mine-free” - Albania, Greece, Rwanda andZambia. However, nineteen states that should have completedtheir demining operations asked for an extension tofi nish the process, revealing the scale of the task to be accomplished.Victim assistance<strong>Handicap</strong> <strong>International</strong> does not believe that assisting victimsof mines and explosive remnants of war should belimited to orthopaedic-fi tting and rehabilitation services. Itshould also help people return to normal life and promotetheir educational and socio-economic inclusion. This wasthe message pressed home at the Cartagena Summit inDecember <strong>2009</strong>. The association has produced guidelinesfor implementing national victim assistance programmes,which place the emphasis on adapting existing services andinvolving survivors and people with disabilities.At operational level, <strong>Handicap</strong> <strong>International</strong> provided supportto the Algerian and Nepalese governments to developand implement such assistance programmes.Countries: Afghanistan x Albania x Algeria x Bosnia-Herzegovina x Cambodia x Ethiopia x Iraq x Jordan xMozambique x Nepal x Nicaragua x Senegal x Serbia x Sudanx Sri Lanka x Thailand.© Mary WarehamCartagena Summitmore than a thousand representatives from over 130 countriesreviewed how the terms of the mine Ban Treaty have been appliedover the last five years and adopted a new action plan for the nextfive years.In Southern Sudan, nearly 200 peoplewith disabilities benefi ted from rehabilitationactivities, 560 injured personsreceived care and the awareness of morethan 1,500 families was raised to thecauses of disability.SenegalAs well as the 6,200 villagers whose land was cleared of mines,humanitarian demining operations also benefited some 1000 displacedfamilies, representing a total of 10,500 people who can nowplan their return home.© O. Shu / <strong>Handicap</strong> <strong>International</strong><strong>Annual</strong> <strong>report</strong> <strong>2009</strong> ı 15