educational attainment, differences between the TFR and children ever born are minor for women with noeducation (6.7 versus 7.0) and primary education (7.1 versus 7.0), but more substantial for women withsecondary or more education (5.4 versus 6.1). This suggests that education has played an important rolein bringing about the decline in fertility in Ondo State over the last twenty years. If this is so, the fact thatthe percentage of women with secondary or more education is much higher among younger than amongolder women (80 percent versus 3 percent, Table 1.4) suggests that further declines in fertility may occur.Evidence for fertility decline in southwest Nigeria is recent. The Nigerian Fertility Survey founda TFR for southwestem Nigeria for the period 1977 to 1981 of 6.6 and a mean number of children everborn to women 45-49 of 6.0 (National Population Bureau, 1984, Tables 5.11 and 5.12). The relativelylow estimate for the number of children ever boru may have been due to underreporting of births by olderwomen in the NFS or may reflect low fertility in the late 1960s during the Nigerian Civil War (whenwomen 45-49 in 1981-82 were in their peak childbearing years). Notwithstanding the absence of adefinitive explanation for the pattem of estimates from the Nigerian Fertility Survey, the O<strong>DHS</strong> estimatesclearly indicate a fertility decline.Differentials in fertility for population subgroups are also shown in Table 3.1. For the five-yearperiod preceding the survey, there is little difference between the TFR for urban (5.9) and rural (6.0) areasand, while the TFR for riverine areas (6.4) is somewhat higher, it is based on relatively few woman-yearsof exposure. Differentials by religious affiliation indicate that fertility is higher for Catholic (6.6) andMuslim women (6.4) than for Protestant women (5.8).The largest fertility differentials occur between education groups; the TFR is highest for womenwith a primary education (7.1), lowest for women with a secondary education (5.4) and intermediate forwomen with no education (6.7). The finding of higher fertility for women with a primary education thanfor women with no education is not uncommon in sub-Saharan countries and was found in the Liberia<strong>DHS</strong> survey (Chieh-Johnson, et al., 1988). In the case of Ondo State, this differential is not due to adifference in the age at which childbearing begins, since age at first marriage and at first birth are aboutthe same for women with no education and women with a primary education (Tables 2.4 and 3.6).Instead, the difference probably arises as a result of longer intervals between births for women with noeducation, who practice sexual abstinence for a longer period following the birth of a child than dowomen with a primary education (27 versus 21 months, Table 2.6).3.3 Age-Specific Fertility RatesAge-specific fertility rates for the five-year period immediately preceding the O<strong>DHS</strong> are shownin Table 3.2. Fertility is quite low for the age group 15-19 (61 per 1,000), rises to a peak for the 25-29age group (301 per 1,000), remains high for women 30-34 (293 per 1,000) and declines thereafter. Thispattem of fertility is similar to the pattern for southwestern Nigeria reported by the 1981-82 NFS--i.e., abroad-peaked fertility schedule with little variation in fertility between the ages of 20 and 35 (NationalPopulation Bureau, 1984, Table 5.12).Age-specific rates for urban and rural areas are almost identical. The primary difference is themore rapid decline in fertility in urban areas for women 40-44 and 45-49. This sharper decline of fertilityrates for older women in urban areas was found throughout Nigeria in the 1981-82 NFS (NationalPopulation Bureau, 1984, Table 5.12).21
Table 3.2Age-Specific Fertility Rates (Per i000Women) for the Five-Year Period Priorto the Survey, by Area of Residence,O<strong>DHS</strong>, 1986Age-Specific Fertility RatesAge ofWomen Ondo State* Urban Rural15-19 61 60 5320-24 238 234 24625-29 301 300 30230-34 293 290 29135-39 194 200 18840-44 llO 87 12045-49 (40) (28) (45)TFR (10-44) 6.0 5.9 6.0TFR (15-49) 6.2 6.0 6.2Note: Numbers in parentheses represent partiallytruncated rates.* Includes riverine areas3.4 Children Ever BornTable 3.3 shows the mean number of children ever born--the cumulative childbearingexperience--for women 15-49 by age group. Among all women, the mean number of children ever bornis low for women 15-19 (0.1), remains low for women 20-24 (0.8) (reflecting the late age of marriage inOndo State) and increases rapidly for older age groups so that the completed family size of women 45-49is quite high (7.3). Among currently married women, the number of children ever bom for women 15-19(0.6) is higher than among all women, rises with age and reaches the same peak value in the age group45-49 (7.3) as for all women, reflecting the near universality of marriage and the low rates of widowhoodand divorce in Ondo State.It is worth noting that in many surveys, statistics on children ever bom rise steadily up to the agegroups 35-40 or 40-44, at which point they decline. This pattern generally reflects underreporting ofevents by the oldest cohorts of women--most probably underreporting of children who have died or whohave moved out of the home. The O<strong>DHS</strong> statistics show a steady rise in the number of children ever bomwith increasing age of women and a substantial increase between women aged 40-44 (6.5) and aged 45-49 (7.3). This suggests relatively complete reporting of data on children ever bom.Table 3.3 also shows the percent distribution of women by the number of children they have had.Fewer than 7 percent of women in the age group 15-19 have had a live birth, an indication of the late ageat marriage and late onset of childbearing among the women of Ondo State. These distributions alsoindicate that the incidence of primary infertility, as measured by the proportion of women in the olderages who have had no births, is low--on the order of 1 percent. <strong>Final</strong>ly, the source of the difference in thenumber of children ever born to women aged 40-44 (6.5) and 45-49 (7.3) is evident from the22
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Weight-for-AgeTable 6.13 shows the
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REFERENCESCttieh-Johnson, D., Cross
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APPENDIX ASURVEY DESIGNA.1 Sample D
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However, as shown in Table A.2, the
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A total of 32 field staff participa
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Table A.3Household Response Rate an
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APPENDIX BSAMPLING ERRORSThe result
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Table B.I List of Variables for Whi
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Table B.2 Sampling Errors (con't):
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Table B.2 Sampling Errors (con't):
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Table B.2 Sampling Errors (con't):
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MINISTRY OF HEALTH, ONDO STATE, NIG
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CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGENAME OF
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MINISTRY OF HEALTH, C, OVERNMENT OF
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!P............IM,RSKIPattended: pri
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i SECTION 2: REPRODUCTION. ISKIP201
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TABLE 2.1rRECORD INFORMATION STARTI
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SKIP230 CHECK: COMPARE NUMBER OF BI
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I ISECTION 3:HEALTH AND BREASTFEEDI
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316317CHECK ~2:LAST BIRTH ALIVE [ ]
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SKIP334 What was done?CIRCLECODE 1
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!TABLE 3.1(ASK QUESTIONS STARTING W
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LTABLE 3.3(ASK @UESTIONS ONLY FOR S
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TABLE 3.5CF. TABLE 2.1:ENTER NAME A
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TABLE 4: IPILL "Women can take •
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SKIP413CHECK 404:NO STERILIZATION [
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SECTIOM 5: MARRIAGE. lSKIP501 /Have
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SKIP520 kow we need some detmils ab
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SKIP606 For how long should • cou
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SKIP7e9CHECK 7@8:DOES/DID NOT WORKI
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS.(To be t