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ljifo;"rL/fHosf] k'g;{ +rgf tyf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltaf6k|:tfljt !$ j6f k|b]zx¿sf] gSzf ======================================================================= ukl/rofTds l6Kk0fL================================================================================================!!= ;fdfGo kl/ro =============================================================================================== !!@= k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z ;‹Lotf ;+jfbsf] l;+xfjnf]sg=============================================!@#= k|d'v d'2fx¿==================================================================================================!$$= ;+jfbsf] kl/ro==============================================================================================!%s= k[i7e"ldv= :yfg / ldltu= ;xefuLx¿%= ;+jfbsf] sfo{–ljj/0f ====================================================================================== !^s= klxnf] lbgv= bf];|f] lbgu= t];|f] lbg^= d"NofÍg ;ª\If]k===============================================================================================#)&= ;xefuLx¿sf ;'emfj======================================================================================= #!cg';"rL ==========================================================================================================#$!= sfo{qmdsf sfo{ ;"rL ======================================================================================#%@= ;xefuLsf] gfdfjnL ========================================================================================#&#= :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmaf6 k|:t'lt ===========================================================================#($== ;d"x sfo{sf] glthf====================================================================================== $@%= k|:tfljt k|b]zsf] gS;f =================================================================================== $&v ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
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!=% ;‹Lotftkm{ k|j]z ubf{sf ;DefJokl/0ffdx¿»»Hfft÷hftLo ;d"xx¿sf ;fd"lxscfsfª\Iffx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ /fhsLo;Qfsf cfwf/x¿ k|fb]lzs tx;Ddlj:tf/ x'g]5 .»»g]kfn /fHo / /fi6«df :jfldTjsf]efjgfdf j[l4 x'g]5 .»»cfly{s ljsf;df lta|tf cfpg]5 .»»If]qLo bnx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf a9f]Q/Lx'g] / /fli6«o bnx¿sf] e"ldsfdf sdLcfpg]5 .»»b]z}el/sf nflu k|fKt If]qflwsf/sfsf/0f s]Gb| cem} alnof] /xg] 5 .»»/fhgLltdf hftLos/0fsf] ;Defjgf/ ;dflhs ;befjdf To;sf] k|lts"nc;/ kg{;Sg] 5 .»»gful/sx¿sf] cGt/–k|fb]lzsultzLntf (mobility) k|efljt x'g;Sg]5 .»»oyf]lrt 9+un] Joj:yfkg x'gg;s]df k|fb]lzs /fhgLltdf gftfjfb,s[kfjfb / e|i6«frf/n] k|>o kfO{uDeL/ ;d:ofx¿ cfpg ;Sg]5 .»»;‹Lotf cg's"n /fhgLlts ;F:s[ltljsf; ug'{ ;a}eGbf r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g;Sg]5 .@= g]kfndf ;‹Lotfaf/];+ljwfg;efsf k|:tfjx¿sf];dLIff -k|f= s[i0f xf5]y'_@=! k|b]zx¿ d'VotM hftLo cfwf/dfk|:tfljt ePsf eP klg w]/}h;f] k|b]zx¿ax';f+:s[lts k|s[ltsf 5g\ .»»klxrfg / ;fdYo{nfO{ k|b]z lgdf{0fsfb'O{ k|d'v cfwf/x¿ dflgPsf . ;‹LoPsfOx¿sf] lgdf{0fsf qmddf p7]sf]g]kfnsf] klxrfgsf] d'2f w]/} xb;DdhftLotf tyf If]qLotfsf] hudfcfwfl/t /x]sf] .»»!$ j6f k|b]zx¿sf] lgdf{0f d'Votofklxrfgdf cfwfl/t 5 . / oLk|b]zx¿sf] gfds/0frfFlx hftLoklxrfgdf cfwfl/t 5 .»»k|fb]lzs ;Ldf lgwf{/0f xfnljBdfg @( j6f lhNnfx¿sfef}uf]lns l;dfgfx¿df x]/km]/ u/Lul/Psf] / tL e"If]qsf ;Ldf lgdf{0fubf{ ;f+:s[lts If]q (culturalterritory) cg's"n x'g;Sg] u/Lk'gMlg{df0f ul/Psf] . t/ klg tntflnsfdf b]vfOPh:t} w]/}h;f]k|b]zx¿ ax';f+:s[lts g} /x]sf]b]lvG5 .k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 3
k|:tfljt !$ j6f k|b]zx¿sf] hft÷hfltsf] cj:yfl;=g+ k|b]zsf] gfd hg;ª\Vof 5]qkmnk|ltju{ls=ld=kxf8Ld"nsfhfthfltcflbjf;Lhghfltdw]zL cGo ax';ª\Vos hfthflt jfHfft tyf hftLotfÜk|e'TjzfnL ;d"xnlIft ;d"x1 lnDa'jfg 933,000 9,000 34 64 - 1 kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt lnDa' -@&_2 ls/ft 896,000 8,000 38 59 - 1 kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt /fO{ -#$_3 z]kf{ 89,000 5,000 21 78 - 1 z]kf{ z]kf{-#^_4 ldlynf–ef]hk'/f–sf]r k|b]z6,940,000 14,000 15 24 49 12 dw]xL dw]z -$(_5 ;'gsf]zL 699,000 5,000 47 51 2 - kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt If]qL-@^_6 tfd;flnª 1,419,000 10,000 35 65 - - kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt tfdfª-$$_7 g]jfM 1,702,000 1,000 40 56 1 2 kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt g]jf/-#^_8 gf/fo0fL 1,766,000 8,000 54 43 2 1 kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt a|fXd0f-@&_9 td'jfg 571,000 12,000 47 50 2 - kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt u'?ª-#@_10 du/ft 2,012,000 15,000 56 41 2 - kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt du/-#$_11 n'lDagL cjw–yf?jfg3,765,000 15,000 33 36 23 8 kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt yf?-@^_12 s0ff{nL 987,000 18,000 80 15 - 4 kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt If]qL-$@_13 h8fg 48,000 15,000 60 35 - 4 kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt ef]6] nfdf-14 vKt8 1,151,000 14,000 95 1 - 3 kxf8L d"nsf hfthflt If]qL-%$_gf]6 M of] tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] hg;+Vofsf] hftLo k|ltzt /fli6«o hgu0fgf, :yfgLo;xefuLx¿sf] egfO ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k|f= s[i0f xf5]y'n] tof/ kfg' { ePsf] xf] .* /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* cg';f/ k|:tfljt h8fg k|b]zdf ef]6] ! k|ltzt dfq 5 t/ :yfgLo;xefuLx¿sf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf kg] { uflj;x¿df pNn]lvt z]kf{, u'?ª , tfdfË nufotsltko hfltx¿ klg ef]6] nfdf ;d"xsf ePsfn] pgLx¿sf] ;+Vof #%| k|ltzt /x]sf] bfjL 5 .# !! k|ltzt kxf8L hghflt ;lxt## !) k|ltzt d'l:nd ;lxt### d'l:nd#%_4 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
@=@ k|fb]lzs txdf ;+;bLo k|0ffnLcjnDag ug] { s'/fdf ;j{;Ddlt/x]sf] b]lvG5 h;sf] k|d'vljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf5g\ .»»k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ M k|b]zsf] d"VodGqL k|fb]lzs ljwflosfn] lgjf{lrtug]{5 . - /fHosf] zf;sLo :j¿klgwf{/0f ;ldlt_ .»»k|fb]lzs ljwflosf M k|ToIf /;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj b'j}nfO{a/fa/ ef/ x'g]u/L ldl>t lgjf{rgk|0ffnLdfkm{t\ #% ;b:oLo Ps;bgfTds ljwflosf /xg] 5 .;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjdfkm{t\lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:ox¿ ;fdflhs;d"xx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L;dfj]zL x'g]5 . -Joj:yflksLo cËsf]:j¿k lgwf{/0f ;ldlt_ .»»k|fb]lzs Gofokflnsf M k|fb]lzs txsfcbfntx¿df d'Vo GofofwLz tyfcGo GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm ljz]if;ldltn] ug]{5 -pRr:t/Lo sfo{bnn]lg0f{o u/]sf]_ .»»k|fb]lzs k|zf;g M Pp6} k|zf;gk|0ffnL t/ # j6} txdf b'O{-s]Gb| / k|fb]lzs_;+/rgfnfO{ dfGotf,k|zf;gnufot laleGg ;]jfx¿dfegf{ ubf{ ;DalGwt k|b]z÷If]qs}JolQmnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] -/fHosf]zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f ;ldlt_ .»»k|fb]lzs txdf b'O{ txsf]/fhgLlts÷k|zf;sLo ;+/rgf Mk|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/ /ljz]if ;+/rgfx¿ .@=# s]Gb|, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo;/sf/÷:jfoQ If]qx¿aLrclwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8»»#) j6f ljifodf s]Gb|;FuIf]qflwsf/ /x]sf] 5 -/Iff, ;'/Iff tyfk//fi6« dfldnf, j}b]lzs ;xof]utyf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, d'b|f, /fli6«o/fh:j , s]Gb|Lo txsf] k|Zff;g, ljQLoJoj:yfkg, / cGo ;]jfx¿;lxt_ .»»@* j6f ljifodf k|b]z;Fu If]qflwsf//x]sf] 5 -k|fb]lzs txsf] k|zf;g,ljQLo Joj:yfkg, s/ tyf cGo;]jfx¿;lxt_ .»»@& j6f ljifodf s]Gb| / k|b]z b'j}sf]cyf{t\ ;djtL{ If]qflwsf/ /x]sf] 5 .»»@) j6f ljifodf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]If]qflwsf/ /x]sf] 5 .»»@) j6f ljifodf :jfoQ If]qsf]If]qflwsf/ /x]sf] 5 ./fHosf] k'g;{ +rgf tyf /fHo zlQmsf]afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf] k|:tfj s]Gb|Ls[t;‹Lotfsf] l;4fGtaf6 lgb] {lzt ePsf]b]lvG5, lsgls o; k|:tfjdf lgDgs'/fx¿ pNn]v 5g\ M!= s]Gb|df cjlzi6 clwsf/ /xg] .@= s]Gb| / k|b]zsf nflu Pp6} ;+ljwfgx'g] .#= k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ / ljwflosf lj36gug{;Sg] clwsf/k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 5
$= dflyNnf] ;ef -k|b]zx¿sf] ;ef_sf]uf}0f e"ldsf%= ;+j}wflgs cbfnt–ljjfb lg¿k0fsf]clGtd lgsfo–s]Gb|Lo If]qflwsf/leq^= k|b]z tyf :jfoQ If]qx¿sf] gfd tyf;Ldfgf x]/km]/ ug{sf nflu s]Gb|Loljwflosfsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtåf/fclgjfo{ cg'df]bg x' 'g'kg] { .&= s]Gb|Ls[t /fh:j ;+sng tyf ljt/0fk|0ffnL .@=$ :jzf;gsf lgodx¿ c:ki6 /bf]xf]/f] cy{ nfUg] /x]sf 5g\ M!= cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ cflbjf;L,cflbjf;L hghflt / dw]zLnfO{ k|bfgul/Psf] 5 / cnlUug] clwsf/ gx'g]u/L ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 .@= /fhgLlts cu|flwsf/ k|fb]lzs tx-k|fyldstf lbg' kg] {u/L_ / :jfoQIf]qx¿ -afWofTds_ b'j}df /x]sf] .#= k|b]zsf] gfd / l;dfgf x]/km]/ ug{sfnflu k|b]zn] lg0f{o -b'O{ ltxfO dtn]_u/]df / s]Gb|Lo ljwflosfaf6 cg'df]bg-b'O{ ltxfO dtn]_ gePsf] cj:yfdfhgdt;+u|x ul/g] . gofF k|b]zsf]lgdf{0f jf b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L k|b]zx¿Psfk;df uflegsf nflu klg ;f]xLJoj:yf /x]sf] .$= k|fb]lzs sfg'gsf] If]qflwsf/cGtu{tljz]if ;+/rgfx¿ – :jfoQ If]q, ljz]ifIf]q / ;+/lIft If]qsf] Joj:yf .@=% ljs]lGb|t :yfgLo ;/sf/;DaGwLk|fjwfgJoj:yflksLo cËsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f;ldltsf] lg0f{o M ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sf];dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj;lxt &) k|ltzt l;6-;b:ox¿_ ax';b:oLo lgjf{rgIf]q lgjf{rgk|0ffnLsf cfwf/df lgjf{lrt x'g] 5g\ . afFsL/x]sf] #) k|ltzt l;6 -;b:ox¿_ k|ToIflgjf{rgdf 5'6]sf ;d'bfox¿af6 lgjf{lrt x'g]s'/f ;'lglZrt u/L ;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLaf6lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ ./fHosf] zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf]lg0f{o M :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltufpF ;ldltdf %–& ;b:oLo, gu/kflnsfdf%–( ;b:oLo / dxfgu/kflnsfdf %–!!;b:oLo /xg] . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf cWoIf /pkfWoIfsf] k|ToIf lgjf{rg t/ sfo{sfl/0fLdf;b:ox¿sf] eg] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ljwflosLlgsfodf bnx¿sf] l;6 / ;fdYo{ (seat andstrength) sf cfwf/df dgf]gog x'g] .@=^ ;–;fgf ;d"xdf /x]sfcNk;ª\Vosx¿sf nflu ljz]if;+/rgfsf] k|fjwfgs= Pp6} ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;–;fgf ;d"xdf/x]sf cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf nflu :jfoQIf]q -@@ j6f cNk;ª\Vos ;d"xx¿klxrfg ul/Psf_ .v= clt ;LdfGts[t / hf]lvddf /x]sf;d"xx¿sf nflu ;+/lIft If]q .u= clt lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu ljz]if If]q .6 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
oL ljz]if If]qx¿sf] /fhgLlts÷k|zf;lgs;+/rgf tyf sfo{k|0ffnL to ug{ cem} afFsL5 . :jfoQ If]qx¿sf] @) j6f ljifodfIf]qflwsf/ /x]sf] 5 . ltgdf -!_ vfgLcGj]if0f / Joj:yfkg, -@_ efiff, ;+:s[lt, lnlk/ wd{sf] ;+/If0f, -#_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg/ ltgsf] pkof]u / -$_ k|yfhlgt cbfnt-:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] If]qflwsf/df ;"rLa4gul/Psf ljifodf_ nufot kb{5g\ .:jfoQ If]qsf] lgjf{lrt lgsfonfO{k|fb]lzs sfg'g;Fu gaflemg] u/L sfo{sfl/0fL,ljwflosL / Goflos clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 .@=& s]xL ljrf/0fLo a' Fbfx¿lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M!= k|fb]lzs txdf cNk;ª\Vossf]clwsf/;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] cefj .@= ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj/ dlxnf tyf blntsf nflu sf]6f-blntsf nflu ;‹Lo / k|fb]lzs txdfpgLx¿sf] hg;ª\VofeGbf qmdzM# k|ltzt / % k|ltzt a9L :yfgkfpg] k|:tfj ul/P klg_ / pgLx¿sf]ljz]if clwsf/ af/] c:ki6tf .#= ldlynf–ef]hk'/f–sf]r–dw]z /n'lDagL–cjw–yf¿jfg k|b]z h:tf 7"nfk|b]zx¿sf nflu d"n k|fjwfgcGtu{t;xfos k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf cfjZos .$= lglZrt :yfgLo If]qdf å}w zf;gsf]cj:yf l;h{gf x'g glbg :jfoQ jfljz]if jf ;+/lIft If]qx¿;d]tnfO{Pp6} /fhgLlts÷lgjf{rg÷ljsf; /k|zf;lgs PsfO agfpg] s'/f .%= :yfgLo ;/sf/sf cGo PsfOx¿df:jfoQ jf ljz]if jf ;+/lIft If]qx¿n]yk s] clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ kfpF5g\eGg] s'/fsf nflu :ki6 k|fjwfgsf]cfjZostf b]lvG5 .#= g]kfnL /fi6«jfbsf] gofF cfofdMcNk;ª\Vossf] clwsf/-k|f= s[i0f vgfn_#=!= g]kfnh:tf] hft÷hftLo, eflifs/ If]qLo ljljwtf ePsf] b]zdf;‹Lotfn] lgDg tl/sfaf6 /fi6«lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpF ;S5 M»»klxrfgsf] ljifonfO{ dfGotf k|bfgu/]/»»k|fb]lzs :jfoQtfsf] Joj:yf u/]/»»ljljwtfsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yfkgu/]/»»cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfonfO{ ljz]ifclwsf/ k|bfg u/]/»»;xcl:tTjsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fP/;+j}wflgs ;ldltn] g]kfn /fi6«nfO{ …ax'hftLo,ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ;dfgcfsfª\Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf,cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg/xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfj4 g]kfnL hgtf ;du|¿kdf /fi6« xf]Ú egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .o;}u/L g]kfnnfO{ …Ps :jtGq, cljefHo,;fj{ef};Qf;DkGg wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL,;dfhjfbpGd"v, u0ftGqfTds, ax'/fli6«o/fHo xf] Ú egL k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 7
#=@ ;‹Lo;+/rgfaf6 cflbjf;Lhghflt / cGo ;fdflhs;d"xx¿sf ck]Iff»»hft÷hftLotf, efiff, ;+:s[lt /If]qdf cfwfl/t klxrfg / :jfoQtf .»»hftLo ;d"xx¿, dlxnf, blnt, dw]zL,/ cGo ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿lj¿4sf;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿sf] cGTo ug{;fdflhs Gofo / ;sf/fTds lje]bsfnflu ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg .»»alxis/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf nflupgLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdfcf/If0f .»»;a} hft÷hftLo ;d"xsf] ;dfj]zL /;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj .»»df}lns xssf] ¿kdf cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/ .»»/fhgLlts cu|flwsf/ .»»cflbjf;L hghfltsf nflu hn,hldg / hª\undf cu|flwsf/ .»»cfO{Pncf] !^(, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]3f]if0ffkq / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] k|bfgu/]sf clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L;+j}wflgs Joj:yf .» dft[efiffdf lzIff / ;"rgfsf] xs .#=# cNk;ª\Vos ;d"xx¿sf]clwsf/;DaGwL k|fjwfg;+ljwfg;efn] /fHoaf6 e]befj /;LdfGtLs/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d"xx¿nfO{cNk;ª\Vossf] ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .o;df hft÷hftLotf, efiff / wd{sf cfwf/df Go"g ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf jl~rtLs/0f /;LdfGtLs/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xx¿ klg kb{5g\ .»»;sf/fTds lje]b M sfg'gsf]sfof{Gjog / cj;/x¿sf] ljt/0fdfgful/sx¿nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ /x] klg;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s ¿kdfk5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d"xx¿sf nflu/fHon] sfg'gL ¿kdf ljz]if Joj:yfug{;S5 . ;sf/fTds lje]baf6 nfek|fKt ug{ of]Uo egL klxrfg ul/Psf;d"xx¿ ;x/L jo:s gful/sx¿nfO{5f8]/ ;a} ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g]ePsfn] Jofks / c:ki6 5g\ .»»k|fb]lzs txsf] k|d'v sfo{sfl/0fL /:jfoQ If]qx¿df nlIft ;d"xx¿sfnflu /fhgLlts cu|flwsf/ .»»cflbjf;L hghfltx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf]efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ltgLx¿sf]ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu ljz]ifcj;/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .»»cflbjf;L ;d"xx¿, cflbjf;L hghflt/ dw]zLx¿nfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/5 . hxfF;Dd cfO{Pncf] !^( n] k|bfgu/]sf] clwsf/sf] k|Zg 5, of] jt{dfgg]kfnsf] e"uf]n lgwf{/0f x'g' cl3b]lvg} a;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf / ljsf;sf]d"n k|jfxdf g;d]l6Psf hgtfsf]xsdf nfu" x'G5 .»»blntlj¿4sf] e]befj ;fdflhsck/fw xf] / of] b08gLo 5 .cf/If0f, ;sf/fTds kxn /pgLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf x'g];dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] k|fjwfgsfcltl/Qm /fHosf ;a} lgsfox¿dfblntsf] k|ltlglwTj pgLx¿sf]8 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
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%= ;+jfbsf] sfo{ljj/0fs= klxnf] lbg -c;f/ @( @)^&_sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] klxnf] lbg ;‹Lotfsf] ;fdfGo cjwf/0ffsf] rrf{, cGob]zdf o;sf] k|of]u / g]kfndf o;sf] ofqfaf/] a'e\mgdf laTof] .pb\3f6g Mk|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;‹Lotf ;+jfbsfo{qmdsf] cf}krfl/s pb\3f6g cltlyx¿d~rdf cf;g u|x0faf6 ;'¿ ePsf] lyof] .pb\3f6g ;q /f/f dfgj tyf jftfj/0f ljsf;k|of; cWoIf k'gLt zfxsf] ;efkltTjdf;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/LxL/fnfn /]UdL ;df/f]xsfk|d'v clylt x'g'x'GYof] .;+jfb sfo{qmdsf];xcfof]hs ;+:yflxdfno ;+/If0f / ljsf;o;f]lzo;g sfo{qmdJoj:yfks bn /fjnn];xefuLsf] :jfut ug'{eof] . ;xefuLx¿ljleGg k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf pNn]v ub}{/fjnn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfo{qmdsf tLglbg s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLsfaf/]df /rgfTds 5nkmndf latfpg cfu|xug{'eof] . pxfFn] sfo{zfnfaf6 lgl:sg]pknlAw s0ff{nLnfO{ ljleGg ;fdflhs,cfly{s / /fhgLlts kIfdf ;'b[9 / :jtGqagfpg] Pp6f k|:tfjsf] ¿kdf /xg]atfpg'eof] .g]kfndf ;xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fcjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ug{tyf 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof;~rfng ug{sf nflu /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] e"ldsfcToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .— P6d lj;L;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] gful/s ;dfh kx'Frsfo{qmdsf cg'bfg Joj:yfks ;'/]Gb|rf}w/Ln] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zoaf/] k|sfzkfg{'eof] . pxfFn] ;‹Lotfsfaf/]df dflg;x¿sf ljleGg b[li6sf]0f/x]sf] / pgLx¿ ;+ljwfg;ef /fHok'g;{+rgf tyf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf]ljifoj:t'sf af/]dfcgle1 /x]sf]atfpg'eof] . To;sf/0fpQm k|ltj]bgsf]af/]df hfgsf/L lbg /ljZjljBfnosf lj1k|fWofksåf/f ul/Psf]cg';Gwfg / cWoogaf/]1fg afF8\g] p2]Zon] ;+jfbsf] z[ª\vnfcfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] ;+jfblnDa'jfgdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] /;'v]{tdf ;+jfb sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{'cl3cf7 j6f o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGgeO;s]sf 5g\ .pxfFn] ;+j}wflgs ;+jfb s]Gb| -l;l;8L_ sfp2]Zo / lqmofsnfksf] rrf{ ub}{ s]Gb|n]b'j} :yfgLo / ljb]zL lj1x¿;Fu ;ef;b\sf ;fy} ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf nfluljleGg ;+j}wfgs ;jfnx¿df 5nkmn,18 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
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lbg'eof] . ljsf;df s0ff{nL kl5 k/]sf] x'Fbfof] k|b]znfO{ ljz]if ;+/If0f lbg'kg]{ / Jojxf/ug{'kg]{ / o;nfO{ ;‹Lo k|0ffnLdf :jtGqk|b]zsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ug'{kb{5 eGg'eof] .pb\3f6g ;df/f]xsf ;efklt k'gLt zfxn];+jfbsf] qmddf ;‹Lotfsf] ;jfndfljz]ifu/L s0ff{nL k|b]zdf s]lGb|t /x]/;xeflutfd"ns 5nkmn x'g] cfzf JoQmub}{ ;q ;dflKtsf] 3f]if0ff ug{'eof] .ck]Iff ;ª\sngpb\3f6g ;qsf] ;dflKtkl5 ;xefuLx¿sf]kl/ro / pgLx¿n] ;+jfbaf6 u/]sfck]Iff ;ª\sng u/]/ sfo{zfnf uf]i7LnfO{lg/Gt/tf lbOof] . ;xefuLx¿ ;‹LotfsfljleGg cfofdx¿df :ki6 x'g rfx]sf lyP .;xefuLx¿sf ;ª\slnt rfxgfnfO{ ljleGggf} k|d'v zLif{scGtu{t /fVg ;lsG5 . tLzLif{sx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M ;‹Lotfsf] cy{/ dxTjÙ ;‹Lotfsf] cfwf/Ù cNk;ª\Vossfclwsf/Ù Gofokflnsfsf] ;+/rgfÙ ljQLo;‹LotfÙ s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLrclwsf/ / zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8Ù ;‹Lotfsf;jn / sdhf]/ kIfÙ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf// k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ljz]if klxrfgÙcj;/ / r'gf}tLx¿ .;xefuLx¿n] 5nkmn ug{ rfx]sf ;‹Lotfsfs]xL lglZrt kIfx¿df cu|flwsf/, k|fs[lts;|f]t;fwgsf] ljt/0f, oftfoft / Jofkf/sf] ;Gbe{df cGt/–k|b]z ;DaGw, hftLo;jfnx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / ;‹Lotfsf;fdflhs / cfly{s k|efjx¿ 5g\ .pgLx¿n] ljZjel/sf ;‹Lotfsf] cEof;af/]/ ljZjsf ;‹Lo d'n'ssf] cj:yfaf/]s]xL l;Sg]÷hfgsf/L kfpg] cfzf JoQmu/] . pgLx¿n] k|b]zsf] gfds/0f, e"–efusf]ljefhg / ;ª\Vofsf] af/]df 5nkmn x'g]ck]Iff u/] .;‹Lotfsf sf/0fn] b]z 6'lqmg] xf] ls, ;a}gful/sn] a/fa/ xs clwsf/ kfpg] x'g\ jfxf]Ogg\ / ef}uf]lns Pjd\ hftLo ;‹Lotfdfdlxnf tyf blntsf clwsf/ ;Daf]lwt x'G5g\jf x'Fb}gg\ eGg]h:tf ;jfndf ;xefuLx¿n]lrGtf k|s6 u/]sf lyP .;xhstf{sf] k|:t'tLs/0f;‹Lotftk{msf] ofqf M ;Gbe{ /;Defjgf – k|fWofks s[i0f vgfnk|fWofks vgfnn] ljZjsf ljleGg ;‹fTdsd'n'ssf ljleGg lsl;dsf /fHo Joj:yfsf]cEof;sf] ;Gbe{df ;‹Lotfsf] Jofvfub}{ g]kfndf ;‹Lotftkm{sf] ofqfdfly rrf{ug{'eof] . pxfF PsfTds /fHo ;‹Lo k|0ffnLdfhfFbf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ljifodf s]lGb|tx'g'eof] . pxfFn] ;‹Lotfdf cfGtl/s¿kdfw]/} klxrfgx¿ /xg] eP klg afXo ¿kdfg]kfnL eGg] Pp6}dfq klxrfg x'g]atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] ;‹Lotf eGgfn] s]jn:jzf;g dfq geP/ ;femf zf;g klg xf]eGg'eof] . pxfFn] ;/sf/sf ljleGg txsf]e"ldsf / sfdx¿ ;+ljwfgdf lgwf{/0ful/Padf]lhd x'g] / s'g} Ps kIfn] dfqkl/jt{g ug{ g;Sg] atfpg'eof] . pxfFsfcg';f/ ;‹Lo /fHo ;Demf}tfsf] kl/0ffdePsf] x'Fbf ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sfnflu gofF ;Demf}tfsf] 9f]sf ;w}F v'nfx'G5 . Pp6f JolQmsf nflu sDtLdf b'O{ txsf];/sf/ x'G5 . pxfFn] ;‹Lotf Pstf sfodug]{ Pp6f k|lqmof ePsf] / o;n] hgtfnfO{;+o'Qm ¿kdf zf;g ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]20 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
pNn]v ug{'eof] . pxfFn] ;‹Lotf ljljwtfnfO{;Daf]wg / Joj:yfkg ug]{ Pp6f /fd|f];+oGq ePsf] pNn]v ug{'eof] . ;xefuLx¿n]s]xL k|Zg ;f]Wg'eof] / k|fWofks vgfnn] tLk|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'eof] .k|= ;‹Lotf /fd|f] cyjfg/fd|f] h] eP klg 5nkmnug] { d~r lbOg'k5{ . —afns[i0f ;'gf/ .p= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdfePsf] ;+zf]wgsfcfwf/df g]kfnn];‹Lo k|0ffnL ckgfpg] lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] x'Fbf 5nkmn ;‹LotfnfO{ s;/L;DefJo agfpg ;lsG5, Totflt/s]lGb|t x'g' plrt x'G5 .k|= ef}uf]lns / xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0faf6g]kfn ljljwtfk"0f{ ePsf] x' Fbf g]kfnsf];‹Lo ;+/rgf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{eg]/ lgwf{/0f ul/g'k5{ lsgls ltgLx¿n]klxrfg hgfpF5g\ . — 5Ssaxfb'/ nfdf .p= M g]kfnsf] e"agf]6 / xfjfkfgL w]/}ljljwtfk"0f{ 5 . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{dfcfwfl/t tLg k|b]zsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ufx|f]x'G5 . oL ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx¿nfO{k|b]zsf] ;Ldfª\sg ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdflng ;lsGg lsgls oL ;a} Pscfk;dfcGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . k|b]z ljefhgsf] cfwf/x'g e"uf]n pko'Qm klxrfg xf]Og .k|fb]lzs txdf ;‹Lo k|0ffnLsf] :j¿k M/fHo k'gM ;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdfly l6Kk0fL .k|fWofks s[i0f xf5]y'n] /fHo k'g;{+rgfk|b]z lgwf{/0f ubf{ hftLoklxrfgeGbf s'g} If]qdf/x]sf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf]pknAwtfnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dfGg]xf] eg] s'g} ljjfb x'g]5}g .— of]u]Gb| zfxLtyf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf ;Gbe{df ;‹Lotfsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf]rrf{ ug{'eof] . pxfFn] k|b]z lgwf{/0f ubf{klxrfg / Ifdtf d'Vo rf;f]sf] ljifo ePsf]atfpg'eof] . ;/sf/ tLgtxdf ;~rfng x'g]5 Ms]Gb|df ;femf zf;g tyfk|b]z / :yfgLotxdf :jzf;gsf;fy} cNk;ª\VosnfO{ljz]if ;+/rgfsf]Joj:yf . ax';fF:s[ltsePklg w]/} k|b]zsf]gfd hftLo cfwf/df /flvPsf] 5 .s0ff{nL / vKt8 k|b]z dfq Psn ;fF:s[lts5g\ . pxfFn] s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 / ;fdfGo sfo{ b'j} k|:t'tug{'eof] . ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgaf/] hfgsf/Lk|fKt ul/;s]kl5 ;xefuLx¿n] k|fWofksxf5]y';dIf ljleGg k|Zgx¿ ;f]w] .k|= ;|f]t kfOg] If]q / ltgsf] pkof]u x'g]If]qnfO{ s;/L PsLs[t ul/G5 < — dbge08f/Lp= cGt/–k|fb]lzs ;DaGw ;xof]udfcfwfl/t x'G5g . s'g} klg k|b]z cfTdlge{// :jtGq gx'g] x'Fbf ;fwg;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 /cGt/–k|fb]lzs Jofkf/ ;DaGwx¿ ;‹Lotfsf]dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ;+ljwfgn] ljjfb lg¿k0fsf];+oGqsf] klg Joj:yf ug]{5 .k|= lhNnf ;+/rgfsf] ljsNk s] xf]
-v_bf];|f] lbg -#) c;f/ @)^&_;‹Lo ;+/rgfdf cNk;ª\Vossf] clwsf/ / ljQLo ;‹Lotfh:tf ;‹Lotfsfljlzi6 ;jfndf 5nkmn u/]/ ;+jfbsf] bf];|f] lbg laTof] . ;xefuLx¿n] klg;fd"lxs cEof;dfkm{t\ ljleGg ;jfnx¿ kQf nufP .;xhstf{åf/f k|:t'tLs/0f;‹Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df cNk;ª\Vossfclwsf/ — k|f= s[i0f vgfng]kfn ;‹Lo k|0ffnL ckgfpg] ljZjsf]@(cf} F b]z x'g]5 eGb} k|fWofks vgfnn] cfˆgf]k|:t'tl ;'¿ ug{ 'eof] .pxfFn] ;‹Lotf ;Fu} a:gl;sfpg] / ljljwtfsf]Joj:yfkgsf ;fy}cNk;ª\Vossf] clwsf/;+/If0f ug] { Joj:yf xf]eGb} ;‹Lotfsf] kl/efiff lbg'eof] . pxfFn]dlxnf tyf blntnufot cGo ;LdfGts[t;d'bfosf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;fdflhs;+/If0f ug{ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;sf/fTdslje]bsf] Joj:yf ul/g] pNn]v ug{ 'eof] .pxfFsf cg';f/ /fhgLlts / cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/sf k|fjwfg klg 5g\ . ;‹Lo;+/rgfdf cflbjf;L hghfltnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o>d ;ª\u7gsf] wf/f !^( -cfOPncf] !^(_df pNn]v ul/Psf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/k|bfg ul/g]5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ljleGg;+j}wflgs cfof]u, k|yfhGo sfg'g / cbfnt,b'O{ sfo{sfnsf nflu /fhgLlts cu|flwsf/,:jfoQ ljz]if ;+/rgfsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf]5 . o;kl5 ;xefuLx¿n] k|fWofks vgfn;Fus]xL lh1f;f /fv] .blnt d'2fx¿ x]g]{ Pp6f ;+j}wflgs cfof]u x'g'k5{ .— kfj{tL ljsk|= ;‹LotfcGtu{t ju{ lsg k|d'v ljifogePsf] xf]nf
p= cflbjf;L hghfltx¿n] dfu u/]sf]cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ /fHoaf6 cnu x'gkfpg] clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5}g / Tof]xb;Dd k'Ub}g . of] clwsf/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹sf]3f]if0ff;Fu o'lQm;ª\ut 5 . Olyof]lkofafx]ss'g} klg ;‹Lo d'n'sn] b]zaf6 cnu x'g]clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf 5}gg\ .ljQLo ;‹Lotf — k|fWofks s[i0f xf5]y'k|fWofks xf5]y'n] ljQLo ;‹Lotf eg]sf]/fh:jsf ;|f]tsf]klxrfg ug{ '/ vr{sf]afF8kmfF8ug{ ';Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] pNn]v ug{ 'eof] .pxfFn] lghL ;|f]t, cg'bfg/ ;femf cfo tLg} txsf;/sf/sf nflu /fh:jsf;|f]t ePsf] atfpg'eof] .t/ /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8df;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{s]Gb| / k|b]zaLr 7f8f](Vertical) / k|b]zx¿aLrt];|f] (Horizontal) ;DaGw x'g'kb{5 . s]Gb|n]/fh:j ;ª\sng / afF8kmfF8sf] lhDd]af/Llng'k5{ eg] k|b]z;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL ljifosf]lhDdf k|b]znfO{ g} lbg'k5{ . o;f] ePdf dfq;a} k|b]zsf] ;dfg ljsf; ;Dej x'g;S5 .;xefuLx¿n] k|fWofks xf5]y'nfO{ s]xL k|Zg;f]w] / pxfFn] ltgsf] pQ/ lbg'eof] .k|= ;‹Lotfn] /fi6«nfO{ alnof] agfpF5/ åGå Go"gLs/0f u5{ . s] ljQLo;‹Lotfn] sf7df8f} FnfO{ s0ff{nLsf] gh/af6 x]g] { jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{;S5
{u/] . pgLx¿n] df}h'bf lhNnfnfO{ ljleflhtu/]/ s'g} e"–efunfO{ Pp6f k|b]zdf / s'g}a]Un} e"–efunfO{ csf] { k|b]zdf ;dflxtug] { sfo{k|lt c;xdlt hgfpFb} b}n]vlhNnfsf] /fsd s0ff{nL uflj;nfO{ vKt8k|b]zdf /fv]sf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/] hals;f] lhNnfsf cGo ;a} uflj; s0ff{nL k|b]zdf kb{5g\ . pgLx¿n] x'Dnf / 8f]Nkfdf klgTo:t} ePsf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/] . pgLx¿n];'udtfsf ;fy} hgefjgfnfO{ klg k|fyldstflbg'kg] { atfP .;xefuLx¿n] k|b]zx¿sf] l;dfgfkxf8÷lxdfn tyf gbLsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0ful/g'kg] { / s'g} klg k|b]zsf] e"–efulgwf{/0f ubf{ ;dfg ;+:s[lt, efiff Pjd\wd{sf ;fy} k|zf;lgs ;'udtfnfO{ Wofgdf/fVg'kg] { pnn]v u/] . k|b]zsf] gfds/0fsf]cfwf/ P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] :yfg jfgbL, tfn jf lxdfnh:tf k|fs[lt ;|f]tsfcfwf/df x'g'gk] {df hf]8 lbFb} hflt, efiffsfcfwf/df k|b]zsf]gfds/0fk|lt c;xdlt hgfP .;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿n] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ jfcGo dfgj clwsf/sf] ljk/Lt hftLotfsf]cu|flwsf/sf ;fy} /fHoaf6 cnu x'g kfpg]xb;Ddsf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ lbggx'g] atfP .k|b]z / s]Gb|aLr zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 M;d"xn] >lds tyf ls;fg Pjd\ k|fs[ltsk|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo txdfcfof]u agfpg'kg] { k|:tfj u/] . ;xefuLx¿n]k|b]zsf nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf clwsf/ lbg'kg];'emfj lbP M lzIff, :jf:Yo / cGo ljifodfgLlt th{ 'df ug] { clwsf/, s]Gb|n] lgwf{/0fu/]sf] gLltleq /xL cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df;xefuL x'g] clwsf/, vfgL ;~rfng ug{kfpg] clwsf/ tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]k / cGoljklQsf] ;dodf :yfgLo ;]gfsf] ;+of]hg /kl/rfng ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ .k|b]zdf cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf clwsf/ Mof] ;d"xn] cNk;ª\Vos eGgfn]/fHoåf/f zf]lift, e]befj ul/Psf / ;'ljwfaf6jl~rt ul/Psf ;d'bfo tyf hftLotf nf]kx'g] l:yltdf k'u]sf ;d'bfonfO{ cNk;ª\VosegL kl/eflift u¥of] . cNk;ª\Vos eGgfn]/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts /wfld{s ¿kdf zf]if0fdf k/]sf jf e]befjdfk/]sf tyf ;LdfGts[t ePsf ;d'bfoa'lemG5 . ;xefuLx¿n] cNk;ª\Vos ;d"xsfnflu lgDg lnlvt clwsf/ lbg'kg] { ;'emfjlbPsf 5g\ .dlxnf clwsf/ M k}t[s ;DklQdfly clwsf/,gful/stf;DaGwL clwsf/ -cfdfsf]gfdaf6 klg gful/stf k|bfg ug] { k|fjwfg_,;DaGwljR5]b -kf/kfr's]_ ug] { clwsf/,:jf:Yo / k|hggsf] clwsf/, @) jif{;Ddsfnflu ljz]if clwsf/, ;dfg sfdsf nflu;dfg Hofnfsf] clwsf/, ;/sf/sf ;a} tx /lgsfodf ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj,;fF:s[lts wfld{s clwsf/, gLlt lgdf{0fdf;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ .blnt clwsf/ M 5'jf5't k|yf / hftsfcfwf/df e]befj ug{ gx'g], olb s;}n]hftkft / 5'jf5'tsf cfwf/df e]befj u/]df;f] sfo{nfO{ /fHolj¿4sf] ck/fwsf] ¿kdflng'kg] { / b08gLo sfo{ x'g] . kLl8tnfO{Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg] { . o;sf cltl/Qm b]xfosfljz]if clwsf/sf] klg Joj:yf x'g'kg] { M24 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
{»»;/sf/L, cw{;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/LPjd\ Joj;flos If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf]k|Tofe"lt,»»k/Dk/fut ;fF:s[lts l;k, k];fsf]cfw'lgsL/s0fsf ;fy} ;fwg;|f]t /l;k k|bfg ul/g'kg]{,»»e"ldxLg -;'s'Djf;L_ blntsf nfluhldg / cfo;|f]tsf] Joj:yf,»»pRr dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'NslzIffsf] Joj:yf,»»cGthf{tLo ljjfxnfO{ k|f]T;fxg,»»lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs;'/Iffsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf,»»;/sf/sf ;a} If]qdf ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTj,»»sdn/L, sd}of, xlnof, 8f]lnofh:tfk|yfsf] cGTo,»»;]gf, k|x/L, lghfdtL ;]jf / Gofo;]jfdf ljz]if clwsf/, /»»pBf]u, sf/vfgf / lghL If]qsfJoj;fodf cu|flwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt .nf]k x'g nfu]sf ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ M nf]k x'gnfu]sf ;d'bfodf /fp6], s';'G8f, /fhfdfdf,af]6], afx| ufpFn], c7f/ ufpFn] ;d"xx¿sf]klxrfg ul/of] . ltgLx¿n] ;‹Lo ;/sf/sf;Dk"0f{ lgsfodf ljz]if ;+/If0f kfpg'kb{5 /tL ;d"xsf] hg;ª\Vof a9fpg ljz]if Joj:yful/g'kb{5 .:yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;]jf Joj:yf M ;d"xsf;efuLx¿n] :yfgLo txdf cGt/;/sf/L;DaGwsf] ;+of]hg, cg'udg / Joj:yfkgug{ uflj;, gu/kflnsf, lhNnf / j8fh:tf;+/rgf sfod /xg'kg] { wf/0ff JoQm u/] .pgLx¿n] uflj; / gu/kflnsfdf Pp6f !%;b:oLo sfo{sf/L lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug{ 'kg]/ uflj; cWoIf / pkfWoIf;lxt %! k|ltztk|ToIf lgjf{lrt / $( k|ltzt ;dfg'kfltslgjf{rgaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] k|fjwfg/fVg'kg] { ;'emfj lbP . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] :yfgLo;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ 'k5{ . cg';"rL^ df pNn]v ul/Psf clwsf/sf] cltl/QmcGo y'k| } clwsf/ lbg'kg] { ;'emfj lbP . oLclwsf/df ;a}k|sf/sf ;~rf/df clwsf/,jg Joj:yfkg, jghGo pTkfbgsf] ;ª\sng,k|zf]wg / lgof{tsf] clwsf/, pRr lzIff,lgdf{0f Joj;fonfO{ Ohfht lbg] clwsf/cflb kb{5g\ .cGt/–k|fb]lzs ;DaGw M ;d"xn] b]xfosf]k|:tfj u¥of]!_ wf/f !) sf] pkwf/f % / ^ df plNnlvt;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fli6«o :jfwLgtfsfljifox¿ b'O{ltxfO ax'dtåf/f jfhgdt ;ª\u|xåf/f lg0f{o ul/g'k5{ .@_ Ps k|b]zaf6 csf]{ k|b]zdf lagf/f]s6f]s cfjfthfjft ug{ kfpg]clwsf/sf ;fy} cGo k|b]zdf 3/hUuf / ;DklQ lsga]r ug{ kfpg]clwsf/ x'g'kb{5 .#_ ck/fw / ck/fwLsf] ;~hfn lgoGq0fug{ cGt/–k|fb]lzs txdf ;femf ;'/Iff;+oGqsf] :yfkgf .{$_ k|b]zx¿aLr ljjfb lg¿k0fug] ;ldlt .;d"xn] lgsfn]sf] lgrf]8sf] lj:t[t ljj/0fcg';"rL $ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 25
u_t];|f] lbg -#! c;f/ @)^&_;+jfb sfo{qmdsf] t];|f] lbg k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] :yfgLo ;Gbe{df;‹Lotfsf tYox¿dfly 5nkmn ug{ / cWoogdf Joltt eof] .k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] Oltxf;, e"uf]n /k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf ;Gbe{df :yfgLo ;|f]tJolQm5Ssaxfb'/ nfdf / bn /fjnsf] k|:t'lt M…s0ff{nLÚ gfd b'O{ zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] xf] . tLb'O{ zAb …s/ªÚ / …gfnLÚ x'g\ . …s/ªÚ eGgfn]d]¿b08 eGg] a'lemG5 eg] …gfnLÚ eGgfn]g;f a'lemG5 . s0ff{nLgbLsf] :j¿k o:tf]5 ls of] d]¿b08dfg;f km}lnPsf] h;/Lkxf8x¿sf] aLraf6aUg] ub{5 . To;}n]o;sf] gfd …s/–gfnLÚkl5 cke| +z eP/ …s0ff{nLÚ ePsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . s0ff{nLk|b]zsf] cfˆg} Oltxf; 5 . w}/] cl3sf];dob]lv g} o; k|b]zdf …v;Ú hfltsfdflg;x¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] kfOG5 .Oltxf;ljb\sf cg';f/ k|frLg ;dodfv; ;fd|fHo k"j{df sfnLu08sL, blIf0fdfdxfef/t kj{t z[ª\vnf, klZrddfs'dfpF–u9jfn / pQ/df s}nfz dfg;/f]j/;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] . s'dfpFsf] afn]Zj/dlGb/df /x]sf] qmfrNnsf] tfd|kq, u9jfnsf]uf]k]Zj/ dlGb/df /x]sf] lqz"ndf c8\lstczf]s rNnsf kfnfsf] k|frLg lnlk, k"jL{uf]/vfsf] r'd pkTosfdf kfOPsf] czf]srNnsf] lznfn]v, pQ/sf] /flnª u'Dafdfe]§fOPsf] czf]s rNnsf] tfd|kq / blIf0fdfs0ff{nL k|b]zsf clwsf+zhgtf clzlIft ePsfn] ToxfFsfhgtfsf ljleGg ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .—5Ssaxfb'/ nfdfaf]wuofdf kfOPsf] O{:jL ;g\ !@%% sf]tfd|kqx¿ o;sf P]ltxfl;s k|df0fx¿x'g\ . v; ;fd|fHo cfTdlge{/ j:t'–ljlgdok|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t zlQmzfnL j}b] ]lzsJofkfl/s ;DaGw ePsf] ;fd|fHo lyof] . v;efiff oxLaf6 ;'¿ ePsf] xf] . s0ff{nLsf hgtf;f] k|b]zsf] s0ff{nL gfds/0faf6 ;Gt'i6 5g\ .hn;|f]t / hnljB't\cfof]hgfsf] ;Defjgf,h } l j s – l j l j w t f ,h8La'6L, jg, ;DefljtpRr e"–efudf wfgv]tL, kz'kfng /afujfgL v]tL, k|foM;dfg lsl;dsf] hgª\Vof, ef}uf]lns ljljwtftyf ko{6g ljsf;sf ;Defjgf s0ff{nLk|b]zsf ;DefJo ;an kIf x'g\ . To:t},r'gf}tLx¿df b'u{dtf / ef}uf]lns sl7gfO,/fHosf] zlQms]Gb|x¿df kx' Fr / ;xeflutfsf]cefj, dfgj ;|f]t;fwgsf] ljsf;sf] sdL,ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ckof{Kt ljsf;, hgtfsf]cfly{s l:yltsf] ljifdtf tyf /fp6]h:tf s]xL cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf] cj:yf cflb 5g\ .;|f]tJolQmx¿n] s0ff{nL k|b]znfO{ ljz]if If]qsf]¿kdf Jojxf/ ul/Pdf gofF ;‹Lo k|0ffnLdfs0ff{nL k|b]znfO{ ljsl;t ug{ ;lsg] wf/0ffJoQm ug' {eof] . k|:t'tLs/0fsf] lj:t[t ljj/0fcg';"rL # df 5 .26 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
;d"x sfo{ – @ M k|:tfljt s0ff{nLk|b]zsf] ;Gbe{df ;‹Lotfsf ljleGgkIfx¿sf af/] tYox¿ M;xefuLx¿nfO{ kfFr ;d"xdf ljeflht u/Lk|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]zsf ;Gbe{df lglDglnlvt;jfnx¿df 5nkmn ug{ nufOof], — Oltxf;/ e"uf]n, /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf,k|fs[lts ;|f]t / cfly{s ;DefJotf, k|yfhGoGoflos cEof; / cNk;ª\Vossf] klxrfg /k|b]zdf pgLx¿sf clwsf/ .Oltxf; / e"uf]n M;xefuLx¿n] eflifs,;fF:s[lts, hftLo,ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s,k'/ftflTjs ljljwtfsf]b[li6sf]0faf6 s0ff{nLwgL k|b]z ePsfdf ;xdlt hgfP . ;fy},;xefuLx¿n] k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNnf /uflj;df kfOg] P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"lr tof/ u/]sf lyP .ef}uf]lns ¿kdf s0ff{nL k|b]z ljljwtfo'Qm5 . oxfFsf] e"–efu leqL dw]zaf6 ;'¿ eP/,dWo kxf8b]lv pRr kxf8L e"–efu;Ddkm}lnPsf] kfOG5 . oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL cfb| { /hf8f] 5 / pTkfbgdf cGgafnL, kmnkm"n /h8La'6L 5g\ . t/ of] ;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿n]s0ff{nL k|b]z clt b'u{d ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ljz]if If]qsf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/L ljz]if Wofglbg'kg] { atfP .;xefuLx¿n] s0ff{nLsf] k|:tfljt ;Ldfª\sglrQ ga'‰bf] ePsf] atfP lsgls of] If]qsf]h8La'6L k|z:t kfOg] dflyNnf] lxdfnL If]qh8fg /fHodf kf/]sf] kfOof] eg] Pp6f 7"nf]hnljB't\ kl/of]hgf ;~rfng x'g nfu]sf] b}n]s0ff{nL k|b]z ljz]if / :jfoQk|b]z x'g'k5{ .– xl/b]jL /f]sfofvsf] Ps uflj;nfO{ vKt8 k|b]zdf kfl/Psf]5 . To:t}, afFs] / alb{ofsf] pa{/ e"–efunfO{n'lDagL–cjw–Yf¿jfg k|b] ]zdf kfl/Psf] 5h;n] ubf{ s0ff{nL k|b]znfO{ ;'ljwfljxLg,cljsl;t / b'u{d k|b]z agfPsf] 5 .;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿n] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf];Ldfª\sg b]xfoadf]lhd kl/jt{g ug{ ;'emfjlbP . hfh/sf]6, sflnsf]6, h'Dnf, ;'v] {t,b}n]v, 8f]Nkf / d'u'sf ;a} uflj; Pjd\¿s'd / ;Nofgsf k|:tfljt uflj;x¿s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;dfj]zug{ tyf x'Dnf / afh'/fsf uflj;nfO{ s0ff{nLk|b]zdf /fVg]–g/fVg]eGg]af/] tL If]qhgdt;ª\u|x ug] { .h8fg k|b]znfO{ klg s0ff{nL k|b]zdf /fVg] ./fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf M ;d"xsf;xefuLx¿n] k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]zsfcfwf/x¿ :ki6 gePsf] atfpFb} b]xfosfcfwf/x¿sf] klxrfg u/] – e"uf]n, Oltxf;,k|zf;g, ljQLo Joj:yf / hg;ª\Vof .k|b]zsf nflu tLgj6f k|:tfj k]; ul/of] . -!_s0ff{nLsf] jt{Dffg :j¿knfO{ g} gofF s0ff{nLk|b]zsf] ¿kdf sfod /fVg] -kfFr lhNnf_/ h'DnfnfO{ /fhwfgL agfpg]Ù -@_ pQ/Ll;dfgfb]lv blIf0fL l;dfgf;Dd s0ff{nLsf]e"–efu a9fpg] / ;'v] {tnfO{ /fhwfgL agfpg]/ -#_ k"/} s0ff{nL c~rn, e]/L c~rnsftLg lhNnf, afh'/f, ;Nofgsf !! uflj;,¿s'dsf k|:tfljt uflj;x¿ / c5fdsf !^uflj;x¿ .k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf ;DaGwdf ;xefuLx¿n]k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 27
{{{jt{dfg gu/kflnsfnfO{ sfod /fVg'kg]l;kmfl/; u/] / w]/} gofF gu/kflnsf agfpg'kg]k|:tfj u/] . pgLx¿n] lhNnf ;b/d'sfdaf6pknJw x'g] ;'ljwf k|To]s uflj;af6 k|fKtx'g'kg] { ;'emfj lbP . To:t} ##& j6f uflj;agfpg'kg] { ;'emfj lbP . pgLx¿n] tLgj6f:jfoQ k|b]zsf ;fy} uf]/f If]q / 5j6f;+/lIft If]qsf] k|:tfj u/] . 5j6f ;+/lIftIf]qdf -s_ /fp6] -v_ rf}wjL; If]q, -u_knftf If]q, -3_ k~rsf];L If]q, -ª_vTof8–d'u' If]q, -r_ uNjf If]q x'Dnf 5g\ .To:t}, ;xefuLx¿n] s]xL ljz]if If]qsf] klgk|:tfj u/] . oL ljz]if If]qdf h'sL / g]kfg]If]q–hfh/sf]6 / h'gL If]q 5g\ .k|fs[lts ;|f]t Pjd\ cfly{s Ifdtf M s0ff{nLk|b]z k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgdf wgL ePsf]pNn]v ub} { ;xefuLx¿n] y'k| } gbLgfnf,tfn, em/gf, tfkf]kfgLsf d'xfg, u'kmf /ko{6sLo If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/] . pgLx¿n]hnljB't\, h8La'6L, ko{6g, kmnkm"n, s[lif /jgdf cfwfl/t pBf]u / cGo y'k| } ;Defljt/fh:jsf ;|f]tx¿ klg pNn]v u/] .o; ;d"xsf ;xefuLx¿n] klg s0ff{nLk|b]zsf] If]qsf] ;Ldfª\sgsf] jt{dfgk|:tfjk|lt c;xdlt hgfP . pgLx¿n] lst clxn] sfod /x]sf kfFr lhNnf;lxtsf]s0ff{nL k|b]z agfpg'kg] { of pQ/ / blIf0f b'j}l;dfgf;Ddsf] e"–efunfO{ s0ff{nL k|b]zdf;dfj]z ug{ 'kg] { OR5f JoQm u/] .k|yfhGo Goflos cEof; M ;xefuLx¿n]s0ff{nL k|b]zdf rngrNtLdf /x]sf ljleGgk|yfhGo Goflos cEof;sf] klxrfg u/]/ ltgsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/dfkb08÷dfGotfadf]lhd ;'wf/ ug{ 'kg]atfP . ;xefuLx¿n] b]xfosf k|yfhGoGoflos k|rng pNn]v u/] M!_ rf]/Lsf] s'g} 36gfkl5 zª\sf:kbJolQmx¿nfO{ dlGb/ jf b]jb]jLsf]:yfgjl/kl/ 3'dfP/ 306 5'g nufP/jf 306nfO{ ;f] JolQmsf] lgwf/df5f]P/ rf]/ xf]÷xf]Og eGg] kQf nufpg]k|rng .@_ 3/hUuf;DaGwL ljjfb ePdf ljjflbtIf]qsf] df6f] nu]/ u'/f], yfk{ / di6fsf]df8'÷dlGb/df r9fpg] k|rng .#_ s'g} Ps JolQmsL >LdtL csf{ ]n] eufP/nu]df …hf/LÚ s;'/ u/]sf] cj:yfdfuflj;÷ufpFsf d'lvof, 7fn'–enfbdL/ g]tf hDdf eP/ 5nkmn÷srx/Lu/]/ ;f] hf/L d'2f km};nf ug] { k|rng .$_ rf]/L, hf/L / ;fdflhs em}–emu8fh:tfb]jfgL ljifodf 5nkmn / lg0f{o ug{srx/L af]nfpg] k|rng .%_ rf]/ kQf nufpg wg'if–jf0fsf] k|of]uug] { k|rng h;nfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf…wg'Ú nufpg] elgG5 .^_ s6'jfn k|yf -s'g} sfo{qmdsf] af/]…s6'jfnÚn] ;a} ;d'bfonfO{ ;"rgf lbg]k|rng_ .&_ ax'ljjfx u/]df h]7L÷klxnf] >LdtLnfO{Ifltk"lt{:j¿k ;DklQ lbg] …of}hfÚk|yf .*_ sdn/L k|yf -;hfo, C0f–;fk6 /28 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
k|lts"n k|efj kb} {g . ;‹Lotfdf ltgsf]e"ldsf ;xof]uL g} x'g ;S5 .k|= k|:tfljt ;‹Lo ;+/rgf sf7df8f}FdfhUufsf] Knl6ª u/]h:t} 5 . lhNnf /uflj;sf] :j¿k s:tf] x'G5 < s] gofF;+/rgf agfpg ;a} lgsfonfO{eTsfOG5 < — of]u]Gb| zfxLp= goff ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ k'/fgfnfO{ oyfjt/fv]/ ug{ ;+ej 5}g . To;df kl/jt{g cjZod\efjL 5 . t/ To;f] eGb}df ljgfcfwf/ gofF;+/rgf k|:tfj ul/Psf 5g eGgÚ plrtxf]Og . k|:tfljt 9fFrfdf ;/sf/sf tLg txx'g]5g\ — s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo . :yfgLo;+/rgfsf] nflu klg kl5 cfof]u aG5 .k|= dfcf]jfbLsf sf/0f åGå l;h{gf eof]eGg'eGbf åGåsf sf/0faf/] 5nkmnug{ 'k5{ . — kfj{tL ljsp= åGåsf ljleGg sf/0f / kl/0ffd 5g\,h;nfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ldNb}g / xNsf¿kdf lng'x' Fb}g . xfdLn] 5nkmn ubf{ a9Lljifos]Gb|t x'g'kb{5 .k|= s'g} k|b] ]z hftLo x'G5 jf x' Fb}g
k|b]zsf] gful/ssf] ¿kdf xf] . ;‹Lo k|0ffnLdfk|fb]lzs /fli6«otf klg x'G5 .k|= s0ff{nL If]qsf hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{s;/L ;+/lIft ul/Psf] 5
5}g eg] ToxfF s;n] cu|flwsf/ kfpF5
— k]Daf u'¿ªp= ;a} k|ltj]bg tof/ eO;s]kl5 ;Dk"0f{;'emfjx¿ ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ a'emfOg] 5/ ;‹Lotf;DaGwL ;+jfb sfo{qmdsflgisif{x¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg ;+j}wflgs ;+jfbs]Gb|df ;ef;b\x¿l;t cGGt/lqmof sfo{qmdcfof]hgf ul/g]5 .k|= b'O{ sfo{sfn;Ddsf nflu s;nfO{cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/G5 < — k]Daf u'¿ªp= k| |b]zdf ax'dthg;ªVof x'g] hftLo;'dbfonfO{ cu|flwsf/lbOPsf] x'G5, cfwf/e"t ¿kdf h'g hftLo;d'bfosf] gfddfk|b]zsf] gfds/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 ;f] hfltnfO{cu|flwsf/ lbg] k|:tfjul/Psf] 5 .k|= k|b]z lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/ hftLotf ePdfg]kfn e'6fg h:tf] x'g] ;Defjgf slQsf]x'G5
ljz]if If]qsf] ¿kdf ljsl;tul/g'k5{ . hgtfsf] kx' Frleq k|efjsf/Lcbfnt / hgtfsf] lgs6 ;/sf/;lxtljz]if agfOg'k5{ . of] k|b]zsf] ;aeGbf;'Gb/ kIf s] 5 eg] clxn];Ddof] k|b]zdf hftLo åGå ePsf]5}g / oxfFsf hgtfsf] k|d'v rf;f]sf] ljifok|b]zsf] e"–efu jfIf]q;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . pxfFn]hfgsf/Ld"ns 5nkmnsf nflu sfo{qmd;xhstf{k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ug{ 'sf ;fy} r'gf}tL/ cGo b]zdf k|of]udf /x]sf ;‹Lo ;+/rgfsf]ljifoj:t'nfO{ cem} ljj]rgfTds ¿kn]ljZn]if0f ug{ cfu|x ug' {eof] .k|fWofks s[i0f xf5]y'n] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] pGglt/ k|ultsf nflu ;femf lrGtfsf] cfjfhp7fPsfdf ;xefuLx¿sf] k|z+;f ug' {eof] .ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ug] { ePklg pgLx¿dWo] s;}n] klg cfˆgf] bnsf]3f]if0ffkqdf hf]8 lbPgg\ / cfkm"nfO{ v'nfax;÷5nkmndf Jo:t /fv] . pxfFn] l6Kk0fLug' {eof] – æk|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z;DaGwLePsf] ;+jfb sfo{qmdn] d]/f] 1fgsf] bfo/fa9fPsf] 5 .Æ ;+jfb sfo{qmdsf] ;'¿df /x]sf]dte]bn] cGt/lqmof / 5nkmnkl5 ;xdltsf]cfsf/ lnPsf] kfOof] . s0ff{nLsf] pGgltsfnflu / of] k|b]znfO{ ljz]if k|b]z agfpg'k5{eGg]df ;j{;Ddt cfjfh cfPsf] 5 . rf}wk|b]zsf cfˆg} df}lns ljz]iftf ePsf x' Fbf;an kIf / b'a{n kIfsf] cfwf/df k|To]sk|b]zsf] af/] uDeL/ ljZn]if0f ul/g'k5{ .k|fWofks s[i0f vgfnn] bfaL / k|ltbfaLsf]lgisif{ g} ;+jfb xf] / 5nkmn Pjd\cGt/lqmofkl5 dte]bx¿ ;xdltdfkl/0ft x'G5g\ eGg'eof] . pxfFn];ef;b\x¿;d]t sltko ljifodf :ki6gePsf] pNn]v ub} { ;+j}wflgs ;+jfbs]Gb|df x'g] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf pgLx¿sf]cgle1tf yfxf kfOg] atfpg'eof] . /fHok'g;{ +rgf ;+ljwfg;efsf cGo ljifout;ldltsf ljifoj:t';Fu klg ;DalGwt /x]sf]t/ tL ljifodf ;ldltx¿;Fu} a;]/ 5nkmnu/]sf] kfOFb}g . æs0ff{nL k|b]z;DaGwL ;+jfbsfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx¿n] JoQm u/]sf wf/0ff /;'emfjx¿ d]/f n]vx¿ / ;ef;b\;Fu ;+j}wflgs;+jfb s]Gb|df x'g] cGt/lqmofdf k|ltlalDatx'g]5g\ . d}n] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] jf:tljsl:ylt ToxLFsf hgtfsf] cfjfhdfkm{t\ dx;';u/]sf] 5' .Æ pxfFn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] c;kmntfeg]sf] dtbftf jf ;a} g]kfnL gful/ssf]c;kmntf x'g] atfpg'eof] . dte]baf68/fpg'kg] { s]xL sf/0f 5}g lsgls ;+jfbaf6;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .hftLotfsf] ;jfn k|d'v eP klg /fhgLltsd'2f s]jn hftLotfsf] ;jfn;Fu dfq;DalGwt 5}g . of] Tof]eGbf lj:t[t x'G5 . w]/}kIfx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ .34 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
{;+o'Qm /fi6« «;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]gful/s ;dfh kx' Fr sfo{qmd÷g]kfndf;xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;xof]ukl/of]hgfsf 6f]nL g]tf sLy n]:nL tLglbg]ax; sfo{qmddf p7fOPsf ljifox¿n]s0ff{nLsf hgtfsf] cfjfhsf] k|ltlglwTju/]sf] / cfof]hs ;+:yfn] of] d~raf6k|fKt ;'emfjx¿ lnP/ ;DalGwt ;fem]bf/sxfF k'¥ofpg] s'g} Pp6f dfWodsf] vf]hL ug]pNn]v ug{ 'eof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof] –ænf]stGqnfO{ h/}b]lv :yflkt ug{ 'k5{ h;n]ubf{ nf]stGqsf nflu c¿ JolQmn] alnbfgLug{ ' gk/f];\ .Æ pxfFn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]tk{maf6 e"ldsf v]Ng / cfˆgf] cfjfhsf7df8f} F;Dd k'¥ofpg cfu|x ug{ 'eof] .;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]gful/s ;dfh kx' Fr sfo{qmd÷g]kfndf;xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;xof]ukl/of]hgfsf cg'bfg ;xof]u Joj:yfks;'/]Gb| rf}w/Ln] ;+jfb sfo{qmdaf/] cfˆgf wf/0ff/fVg'eof] . pxfFn] sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfkg,ljifoj:t' / ;xhLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf;xefuLx¿n] lbPsf ;'emfjsf] ;/fxgfub} { eljiodf ul/g] sfo{qmddf oL ljifodf;'wf/ ug] { k|tL1f ug{ 'eof] . pxfFn] s0ff{nLk|b]zsf ljleGg ljifodf ;DalGwt ;ef;b\;Fu5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ug{ ;xefuLx¿nfO{;+j}wflgs ;+jfb s]Gb|df cfpg cfu|xug{ 'eof] . pxfFn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ s0ff{nLsfnflu ljz]if ;xof]u ug] { cfZjf;g lbg'eof] .;dfkg ;df/f]xsf cWoIf bn /fjnn]…xfdLn] ^)! hgf ;ef;b\ / /fhgLlts bnsf]k|of;k|lt ljZjf; u/]sf 5f} F . xfdL cem}hgtfsf] rfxgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] { ;+ljwfgaG5 eGg] cfzfdf 5f} FÚ eGb} ;efsf] ;dfkgug{ 'eof] . pxfFn] o:tf] ;+jfb sfo{qmdsf;'emfjsf] lglZrt¿kdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfx'G5 eGg'eof] . dfgj clwsf/ / k|hftGqsf]/Iffsf nflu ;a} g]tf / /fhgLlts bnaf6ePsf] of]ubfgaf6 gofF / ljsl;t s0ff{nLk|b]z :yfkgf x'g] cfzf /x]sf] pxfFn]atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] of] d~r hgtfsfcfsfª\Iffx¿ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;dIfk'¥ofpg] Pp6f dfWod ePsf] atfpg'eof] .pxfFn] ;Dk"0f{ ;xefuLnfO{ cfufdL @) jif{leqs0ff{nLnfO{ Pp6f ;d[4 / k|ultzLn k|b]zsf¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ Pstfa4 eP/ sfd ug{cfu|x ug{ 'eof] .k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 35
^= d"Nofª\sg ;f/f+zhDdf ^$ hgf ;xefuLx¿n] d"Nofª\sg kmf/fd e/] . k|foM ;a} ;xefuLx¿n]ljleGg ;d"xsf dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps} d~rdf ;‹Lotfsf ljifodf 5nkmn /cGt/lqmof ug]{ df}sf k|bfg ug]{ o:tf] ;+jfb sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sfdfcfof]hssf] ;/fxgf u/] .ztk|ltzt ;xefuLx¿n] sfo{zfnf pkof]uL / /fd|f] ePsf] wf/0ff /fv] /;a}n] ;+jfb sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; u/] .sfo{zfnfsf] ljifoj:t', ;xhLs/0f, ;xefuLx¿sf] 5gf]6 / Joj:yfkgsfaf/] ;xefuLx¿n] u/]sf] d"Nofª\sgsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f b]xfosf] tflnsfdflbOPsf] 5 .sfo{zfnfsf] ljifoj:t'cg'kof]uL pkof]uL /fd|f]$$ @)k|:t'lt÷;xhLs/0fc;Gtf]ifhgs ;Gtf]ifhgs /fd|f]#^ @&;xefuLx¿sf] 5gf]6cg'kof]uL pkof]uL /fd|f]( %@ !)*Joj:yfkgc;Gtf]ifhgs ;Gtf]ifhgs /fd|f]( %@ !!sfo{zfnfsf] lg/Gt/tfx'g'kb{5 x'g'kb}{g^$*Pshgf ;xefuLn] o; k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbPgg\ .36 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
&= ;xefuLx?sf ;'emfjs0ff{nL;DaGwL ;‹Lotf ;+jfbsfo{qmdsf ;xefuLx¿n] b]xfosf ;femf;'emfjx¿ lbPsf 5g\ .»»k|b]zx¿sf] gfds/0f / If]q÷e"–efuljefhg Pjd\ ;Ldfª\sg ubf{ ljrf/k'¥ofP/ ;ts{tf;fy ug{'k5{ / o;f]ubf{ hftLotfeGbf klg e"uf]n /k|fs[lts ;|f]tnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'k5{ .»»k|b]zsf] gfd / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ubf{hgtfsf] dt / efjgfnfO{ dxTjlbg'k5{ .»»PseGbf a9L k|b]zdf ljeflht x'g]lhNnfsf hgtfnfO{ ;f] ljifodf5nkmn ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ul/g'k5{ .»»;+jfb sfo{qmddf lbOPsf ;'emfj;ef;b\;dIf k'¥ofOg'k5{ .»»s0ff{nL k|b]znfO{ ljz]if If]qagfOg'k5{ .»»s0ff{nL k|b]zsf hgtf w]/} nfdf];dob]lv e]befjaf6 kLl8t ePsfn]/ ;a} k|sf/sf ljsf;af6 jl~rtkfl/Psfn] of] k|b]znfO{ Ifltk"lt{lbOg'k5{ / of] k|b]zk|lt ljz]if WofglbOg'k5{ .»»h];'s} gfd lbOP tfklg ;‹Lok|0ffnLsf lgsfox¿ lhNnf / ufpFljsf; ;ldlt;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g'k5{ .»»:ki6¿kdf cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/x'g'k5{ t/ Tof] /fHoaf6 cnu x'gkfpg] xb;Dd x'g'x'Fb}g .»»blnt / cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosf nfluljz]if Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .»»cu|flwsf/ / ljz]if clwsf/sf]cjwf/0ff /fd|f] 5 . t/ o:tf] Joj:yf/fhgLlts clwsf/sf] ¿kdf dfqgeO{ nfdf] ;dod;Dd jlxis/0fdfk/]sf] kLl8t ;d'bfosf nflu;fdflhs / cfly{s clwsf/sf] ¿kdf:yflkt ul/g'k5{ .»»;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts¿kdf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf nfluIfltk"lt{;lxtsf ljz]if clwsf/sf]Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .»»ljBdfg kfFr ljsf; If]qdf cfwfl/tkfFr k|b]z x'g'k5{ .;+jfb sfo{qmds} af/]df ;xefuLx¿n]b]xfosf ;'emfj lbP .»»;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zoaf/];'¿d} :ki6 kfl/lbg'k5{ .»»;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ cufl8 g} ljt/0ful/g'k5{ .»»;+jfb sfo{qmd klxn] g} cfof]hgfu/]sf] eP /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .»»5nkmnnfO{ lhNnf txsf ;fy} uflj;tx;Dd n}hfg'k5{ . k|:t'tLs/0f cema9L pkof]uL Jofjxfl/s k|of]ufTds /sfo{d"ns x'g'k5{ .»»k|:t'lt a9L Jofjxfl/s x'g'k5{ .k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 37
»»;xhstf{x¿n] ;‹Lotf ;kmn ePsfb]zsf] pbfx/0fsf ;fy} c;kmn ePsfb]zsf] klg pbfx/0f lbg'k5{ .»»;xhLs/0f ;lhnf] / :ki6 a'lemg]x'g'k5{ .»»;xhstf{x¿ cfkm}F lj1 ePsfn];+ljwfg;efsf] /fHo k'g;{+rgf tyf/fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf]k|ltj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'sf af/]dfhfgsf/L lbgfsf cltl/Qm pQmk|ltj]bgsf] ljZn]if0f ul/lbg'ePsf]eP emg\ /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .»»;ef;b\ jf ;+ljwfg;ef, /fHok'g;{+rgf tyf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;xeflutfePsf] eP ;‹Lotf ;+jfb sfo{qmdcem a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] lyof] .»»;d"xut 5nkmnsf nflu lbOPsf];dosf] cjlw a9fOg'k5{ .»»;d"xut 5nkmnfO{ ;fd|f]l;tJojl:yt ul/g'k5{Ù k|Zgf]Q/ ljlwcem pQd x'GYof] xf]nf .»»;‹Lo Joj:yfdf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n]s0ff{nL If]qsf] ljsf; s;/L u5{ eGg]ljifodf 5nkmn ubf{ /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .»»s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ltAat / ef/t;Fusf];DaGwsf ljifodf 5nkmn ul/g'k5{ .»»;‹Lo k|0ffnLsf ;fdfGo cjwf/0ffsfcltl/Qm Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf /Gofokflnsfsf] ;+/rgfsf af/]df klg5nkmn u/]sf] eP /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .»»cGt/–k|fb]lzs / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdfcem a9L 5nkmn ug{' cfjZos 5 .»»o:tf ;+jfb sfo{qmdx¿ @$) j6}lgjf{rg If]qdf ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .»»ljleGg ;d"x÷If]qsf ;|f]tfnfO{ nlIftu/L o:tf ;+jfb sfo{qmdx¿nfO{lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ .»»hftLotf, cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfosfclwsf/ / blnt;Fu ;DalGwtd'2fx¿df cem a9L 5nkmn x'g'k5{ .»»o:tf ;+jfb sfo{qmddf dlxnfsf];xeflutf cem a9fpg'k5{ .»»hft / hftLotfsf cltl/Qmljifoj:t'nfO{ / n}ª\lus ;jfn;Fuhf]8]df /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .» » ;+ljwfg;ef /fHo k'g;{+rgf //fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf]k|ltj]bgsf] ljifoj:t'sf ljsNkx¿dfklg ;+jfb sfo{qmddf 5nkmnug{'kg]{ .38 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
cg';'lrk|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 39
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$_ k|fs[lts k|sf]k / cGo cfkt\sfnLg;dodf :yfgLo ;]gfnfO{ kl/rfng /;+of]hg ug] { clwsf/ .;d"x # M k|b]zdf cNk;ª\Vossf]clwsf/kl/efiff M cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfo eGffn]/fHo ;+oGqåf/f zf]if0f ul/Psf, e]befjdfkfl/Psf / ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rtul/Psf ;d'bfo tyf hftLotf nf]k x'g] l:yltdfk'u]sf ;d'bfonfO{ a'em\g'kb{5 . cNk;ª\VoseGg] zAbn] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,;fF:s[lts / wfld{s ¿kdf zf]if0fdf k/]sf;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ klg ;d]6\5 .cNk;ª\Vossf] clwsf/ Mdlxnf»»k}t[s ;DklQdfly clwsf/,»»gful/stf;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/-cfdfsf] gfdaf6 klg gful/stfk|bfg ug{ ;lsg]_,»»;DaGw ljR5]b -kf/kfr's]_ug] { clwsf/,»»:jf:Yo / k|hgg clwsf/,»»aL; jif{;Dd ljz]if clwsf/,»»;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg Hofnf,»»zf;gsf x/]s tx / lgsfodf;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj,»»;fF:s[lts / wfld{s clwsf/, /» gLlt lgdf{0fdf lg0ff{os ;xeflutf .blnt»»hft / 5'jf5'tdf cfwfl/t e]befj x'ggx'g] . To:tf] e]befj u/]df To;nfO{/fHolj¿4sf] ck/fwsf ¿kdf lnP/;hfo lbg'kg] { / kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{lbg'kg] {,»»;/sf/L, c4{;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;a}If]q / Jofkf/–Joj;fosf] If]qdf klg/f]huf/Lsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g'kg] {,»»;fF:s[lts / k/Dk/futk];f÷Joj;fonfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0fug{ 'kg] { Pjd\ ;|f]t;fwg / l;k k|bfgug{ 'kg] {,»»e"ldxLg blntnfO{ hUuf / cfo;|f]tsf]Joj:yf ug{ 'kg] {,»»pRr dfWolds tx;Dd lgMz'NslzIffsf] Joj:yf,»»cGthf{tLo ljjfxnfO{ k|f]T;fxgug{ 'kg] {,»»lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs;'/Iffsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ 'kg] {,»»;/sf/sf ;a} If]qdf ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlgwlTj,»»sdn/L, sd}of, xlnof / 8f]lnofk|fyfsf] pGd"ng,»»;]gf, k|x/L, lghfdtL ;]jf /Gofofkflnsfdf ljz]if clwsf/, /»»pBf]u, snsf/vfgf / lghLIf]qsfJoj;fodf cu|flwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltug{ 'kg] { .nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf clwsf/»»nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf ;d'bfosf]kl/efiff / pgLx¿sf] klxrfgul/g'kg] { -/fp6], s';'G8f, /fhfdfdf,af]6], afx| ufpFn], c7f/ ufpFn]_,»»;‹Lo zf;g JoJ:yfsf ;a} lgsfodfljz]if ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{ 'kg] {, /»»hg;ª\Vof j[l4 ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf .k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 49
{{;d"x $ M :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;]jf k|bfggLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ljjifo!_ :yfgLo txdf cGt/–;/sf/L ;DaGwsf];+of]hg, cg'udg / Joj:yfkgug{sf nflu uflj;, gu/kflnsf,lhNnf / j8fh:tf ;+/rgf sfod}/xg'kg] { dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .@_ :yfgLo uflj; jf gu/kflnsfdf!% – ;b:oLo sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfo/fVg'kg] { . cWoIf / pkfWoIf;lxt ;f]sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfosf %! k|ltzt;b:o k|ToIf lgjf{lrt x'g] / $(k|ltzt ;dfg'kflts ¿kn] lgjf{lrtx'g] Joj:yf ug] { .#_ :yfgLo ;/sf/cGtu{t :yfgLo ;]jfs]Gb|sf] Joj:yf .cg';"rL ^ df pNn]v ul/Psf clwsf/afx]s yk s]xL clwsf/»»;a} k|sf/sf ;~rf/÷k|;f/0f»»;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;ª\u7g»»afn clwsf/»»jg Joj:yfkg÷/]vb]v, jg k}bfjf/sf];ª\sng, k|zf]wg / lgof{t»»pRr lzIff»»lgdf{0f Joj;fonfO{ cg'dltkq k|bfgug]»»rnlrq / j[Qlrq»»vgLh;d"x % M cGt/ k|fb]lzs ;DaGwx¿!= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !) pkwf/f -%_ /-^_ cGtu{tsf ;fj{ef}d;Qf tyf/fli6«o :jfwLgtfsf ljifox¿ b'O{ltxfOax'dt jf hgdt;ª\u|xåf/f lgSof} {nul/g'kg] { .@_ Ps k|b]zaf6 csf] { k|b]zdf cfjthfjtug{ ;xh agfpg'kg] { tyf csf]k|b]zdf hUuf Pjd\ ;DklQ cfh{gug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g'kg] { .#+_ cGt/–k|fb]lzs txdf ck/fw /cfk/flws ;~hfnsf] /f]syfdsfnflu ;femf ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] ljsf;ul/g'kg] { .$_ k|b]zx¿aLrsf ljjfb x]g] { ;ldlt;d"x cEof;– @ M ;xefuLx¿nfO{ kfFrj6f;d"xdf ljefhg u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ k|:tfljts0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;‹Lotf;DaGwL ljleGgljifodfly 5nkmn ug{ nufOof] . 5nkmnaf6lg:s]sf glthf b]xfoadf]lhd 5g\ M;d"x ! M k|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]zsf]P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / ef}uf]lnscjl:ylts0ff{nL k|b]z efiff, ;+:s[lt, hftLotf,e"uf]n Oltxf;, k'/ftTj, cflb s'/fdf ljljwtfePsf], ;Dkbfdf wgL k|b]z xf] . k|:tfljts0ff{nL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNnf Pjd\ uflj;dfb]xfosf P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbf/x]sf 5g\ .!= b}n]v M u9L, k~rsf];L, Hjfnf,>L:yfg, kfb'sf:yfg, b'n]Zj/,gfeL:yfg, sLlt{:tDe, kfy/gfpnL,kf}jf, a|Xds'08, dbfg tfn, åf/Lem/gf, 9'ª\u]wf/f, rk] gfpnf], b'Nn'50 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
af/, ;ftvDaf .@= ;'v]{t M sfFqm] ljxf/, b]ptLaHo}sf]dlGb/, rd]/] u'kmf, nf6Lsf]OnL dlGb/ .#= sflnsf]6 M k~rb]jn -dfGd, lrNvfof,d]x]nd'8L, kf]nf_, jf;'wf/f, kf08ju'kmf, afFr'kf6g, 9'ª\u]wf/f, lhpnL bx,r'nLdflnsf, uf]nf b/af/, zDe'gfydlGb/, k'ufdflnsf .$= d'u' M di6f dlGb/, dfO{dlGb/, ljhoL/l;sfn, dxfb]j dlGb/, /f/f k~rb]jn,9'ª\u]wf/f, Ho'nLbx, r'nLdflnsf, uf]nfb/af/, ;De'gfy dlGb/, k'ufdflnsf,v]:d dflnsf .%= hfh/sf]6 M dxfb]j, di6f b]jtf, e}/jdlGb/, ¿s'd d:gf aHo} .^= x'Dnf M dOnf uflj;sf] r}To -:t'kf_,tfDrsf] r}To / d'ª\u|fxfF .&= h'Dnf M rGbggfy, e}/jgfy dlGb/,l;Fhf b/af/, sfgsf;'Gb/L dfO{ dlGb/,kf08' u'kmf .*= ;Nofg M v}/fafª, dfO{dlGb/ .(= 8f]Nkf M lqk'/f;'Gb/L dlGb/ .!)= ¿s'd M lbu};fO s'j]/L, ljHo]Zj/LdlGb/, lznfn]v -uf]tfdsf]6_ .!!= afh'/f M kfb'sf, a'9L gGbf, zDe"gfydlGb/ .ef}uf]lns cjl:ylts0ff{nL k|b]z leqL dw];, kxf8 / lxdfnLIf]q;lxtsf] ljljwtf ePsf] k|Voft k|b]z xf] .xfjfkfgL M cfb| {, ;dzLtf]i0f / lztf]i0fpTkfbg M cGgafnL, kmnkm"n, h8La'6Lk|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]zdf lgDglnlvtuflj;nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g'kg] { M hfh/sf]6,sflnsf]6, h'Dnf, ;'v] {t, b}n]v, 8f]Nkf / d'u'lhNnfsf ;a} uflj; tyf ¿s'd / ;Nofgsfk|:tfljt uflj; . x'Dnf / afh'/fsf k|:tfljtuflj;nfO{ ;dfj]z ug] { jf gug] {af/]df tLuflj;df hgdt;ª\u|x ug{ 'kg] { . -gf]6 M h8fgk|b]znfO{ s0ff{nL k|b]zd} /fVg'kg] {_;d"x M @ /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs :j¿kk|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] cfwf/x¿ k|:6gePsfn] k|ydt M b]xfoadf]lhd cfwf/x¿to ul/g'kg] { M-s_-v_-u_-3_-ª_e"uf]nOltxf;k|zf;gljQLo k|0ffnLhg;ª\Vofs0ff{nL k|b]zsf nflu ljleGg k|:tfjx¿»»jt{dfg kfFr lhNnf;lxtsf] s0ff{nLsf];+/rgf g} gofF s0ff{nL x'g'k5{ .;b/d'sfdsf nflu h'Dnf pko'Qm:yfg .»»s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ pQ/Ll;dfgfb]lv blIf0fL l;dfgf;Ddsf]e"–efu ;d]6\g] lsl;dn] ug{ 'kb{5 //fhwfgL ;'v] {tdf x'g'k5{ .»»s0ff{nL c~rn k"/}, e]/L c~rnsfk|:tfljt s0ff{nL k|b]z 51
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Location MapSimikot1112146 71310DarchulaProposed Federal Unit Boundary 5. Limbuwan7.MagratProposed Federal Units9. Narayani1. Jadan10. Newa2. Karnali11.Sherpa3. Khaptad12.Sunkoshi4. KiratHumla13.TamsalingBajhang6. Lumbini -Awadh-Tharuwan14.TamuwanChainpurKhaptadMuguBajuraGumghadi8. Mithila-Bhojpura-Koch-MadheshBaitadiMap data source(s):Federal units- Constituent Assembly Committee on State Restructuring andDistribution of State Power; Population data- CBSDisclaimers:The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map donot imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. UNOCHAand UNDP/CCD provide this map as a basis for discussion among CAmembers and the public and can not take any responsibility for itscorrectness.MartadiRARA NATIONAL PARKKHAPTAD NATIONAL PARKDipayal SilgadhiJumlaJumlaDotiKalikotMangalsenManmaAchhamKarnaliDailekhDailekh BazaarJajarkotKhalangaKailaliBirendranagarSurkhetBARDIYA NATIONAL PARKBardiyaSalyanSalyan KhalangaGulariaTulsipurBankeDangNepalgunjLumbini-Awadh-TharuwanJadanSHE PHOKSUNDO NATIONAL PARKDolpaDunai BazaarRukumMusikotKhalangaDHORPATAN HUNTING RESERVEMyagdiLegendBaglungRolpaLiwangStreamsInternational BoundaryMagratPyuthanGulmiPythanKhalangaArghakhanchi2319845cg";"rL– %Proposed Federal Unit Boundary Built up!. Proposed Federal Unit CapitalCultivationForest&- District HeadquartersOrchard"BuildingsGrassAirportsBushDistrict BoundaryoSandDesignated AreaGlacierHighwayBarren LandFeeder RoadRiver WaterDistrict RoadSnowOther RoadLakeMain TrailProposed Federal Unit : KarnaliReference MapPredominance by Caste/Ethnicity - Karnali Federal Unit42%45%40%35%30%25%20%15%12% 12%9% 9%10%3%4%5%2% 2% 2% 2%0%ChhetriKamiMagarThakuriBrahman-HillDamai/DholiSarkiSanyasiUnidentifiedDalitSonarOthersHill Brahman/Chhetri (HBC)KarnaliMadhesi/Terai Brahman/Chhetri (MTBC)1% 0.2%1% 0%0.4%Disadvantaged Other Madhesi/Terai (DOMT)13%Non-Disadvantaged Other Madhesi/Terai (NDOMT)0.5%2%Hill Dalits (HD)Madhesi/Terai Dalits (MTD)New ar (N)Disadvantaged Hill Janajati (DHJ)18%Non-Disadvantaged Hill Janajati (NDHJ)62%Disadvantaged Terai Janajati (DTJ)0.3%Non-Disadvantaged Terai Janajati (NDTJ)2%0%Muslims (M)Others (O)56 ;‹Lotf ;+jfb >[+vnf (
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