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Chapter 3—Affected EnvironmentSourceTable 3.10-2: Noise Levels of Common SourcesNoise Level(in A-weighted decibels)CommentAir raid siren 120 At 15.2 meters (50 feet)(threshold of pain)Rock concerts 110Airplane, 747 102.5 At 304.8 meters (1,000 feet)Jackhammer 96 At 3.0 meters (10 feet)Power lawn mower 96 At 0.9 meters (3 feet)Football game 88 Crowd size: 65,000Freight train at full speed 88 to 85 At 9 meters (30 feet)Portable hair dryer 86 to 77 At 0.3 meters (1 foot)Vacuum cleaner 85 to 78 At 1.5 meters (5 feet)Long range airplane 80 to 70 InsideConversation 60Typical suburban50backgroundBird calls 44Quiet urban nighttime 42Quiet suburban nighttime 36Library 34Bedroom at night 30Audiometric (hearingtesting) boothSource: Cowan, 1994—Handbook of Environmental Acoustics.10 Threshold of hearing withouthearing lossThe primary environmental noise descriptor used in environmental noiseassessments is the A-weighted Day-Night Equivalent Sound Level (whichis abbreviated DNL and symbolized as Ldn). The DNL was developed toevaluate the total daily community noise environment. The DNL is theaverage A-weighted acoustical energy during a 24-hour period, with 10dBA added to all signals recorded within the hours of 10:00 p.m. and7:00 a.m. This 10 dBA is a penalty that accounts for the extrasensitivity people have to noise during typical sleeping hours.Almost all Federal agencies having non-occupational noise regulations useDNL as their principal noise descriptor for community assessments.These agencies include the FAA, the Federal Transit Administration, theU.S. EPA, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, theDepartment of Veterans Affairs, and the DOD. In addition, ANSIstandards S12.9-1988, American National Standard Quantities andProcedures for Description and Measurement of Environmental Sounds,Part 1 (1988), and S12.40-1990, American National Standard SoundLevel Descriptors for Determination of Compatible Land Use (1990), bothNMD Deployment Final EIS 3-295
Chapter 3—Affected Environmentidentify DNL as the descriptor of choice for long-term environmentalassessment measurements.The Federal Interagency Committee on Urban Noise developed land-usecompatibility guidelines for noise in terms of DNL (U.S. Department ofCommerce, 1980—Guidelines for Considering Noise in Land Use Planningand Control). Table 3.10-3 provides the U.S. Army’s DNL ranges forcompatibility with noise sensitive land uses.NoiseZoneTable 3.10-3: Land Use Compatibility for NoiseCompatibility with NoiseSensitive Land UsesPercent of PopulationHighly AnnoyedA-weighted Day-NightSound Level (DNL)I Acceptable Less than 15 Less than 65 dBAII Normally unacceptable 15 to 39 65 to 75 dBAIII Unacceptable More than 39 Greater than 75 dBASource: U.S. Department of the Army, 1990—Environmental Quality, Environmental Protection andEnhancement.Other common environmental noise descriptors that are sometimes usedto supplement the DNL in environmental noise assessments are theContinuous Equivalent Sound Level (Leq), the Maximum InstantaneousSPL (Lmax), and the Sound Exposure Level (SEL).The Leq is the continuous equivalent sound level, defined as the single SPLthat, if constant over the stated measurement period, would contain thesame sound energy as the actual monitored sound that is fluctuating inlevel over the measurement period. The Leq must have a designated timeperiod; for example, an Leq for 30 minutes would be denoted as Leq(30 min).The Lmax is simply the highest SPL measured during a noise event.The total energy of a single discrete event, such as an aircraft flyoveror train passby, is represented by the SEL. The SEL is based onA-weighted sound levels that compress the total energy for the eventinto a 1-second time duration. Since most discrete events occur forlonger than 1 second, the SEL will be higher than values associatedwith any other rating method (including Lmax) for a specific event. TheSEL is the noise descriptor most commonly used to assess sleepdisturbance.The Federal Highway Administration has established criteria forcharacterizing motor vehicle noise on roads constructed with Federalfunds. Because they represent established criteria for analyzing trafficnoise levels, they will be used in analyzing baseline conditions. Based onthese criteria (see table 3.10-4), an exterior Leq(1 hour) of 67 dBA is thestandard typically used to evaluate outdoor noise levels along roadways,3-296 NMD Deployment Final EIS
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