Africa's Missing Billions - Oxfam International

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65http://www.oxfam.org.uk/applications/blogs/pressoffice/2007/05/oxfam_major_developing_countri.html66 Muggah R. (2007: forthcoming) op. cit.67 Kipping M. (2004) ‘The Economic Consequences of Violent Conflict in WestAfrica’, Paris: SWAC/OECD; and Hoeffler A. and M. Reynal-Querol (2003)‘Measuring the Costs of Conflict’, unpublished working paper.http://users.ox.ac.uk/~ball0144/hoereyque.pdf (last accessed by the author August2007).68 Muggah R. (2007: forthcoming) op. cit.69 IRIN (2007) ‘Uganda: Traditions eroded by years of war’, 21 May 2007.70 International Save the Children Alliance (2007) ‘Last in Line, Last in School: Howdonors are failing children in conflict-affected fragile states’, p471 Lindsay L. and S. Miescher (eds) (2003) ‘Men and Masculinities in Modern Africa’,as quoted in Small Arms Survey (2006) op. cit., p.305.72 Collier P. and A. Hoeffler (2004) ‘Conflicts’, in Global Crises, Global Solutions, ed.Lomborg B., Copenhagen Consensus, University of Cambridge, p.133.73 Murdoch, J. C. and T. Sandler (2001). ‘Economic growth, civil wars and spatialspillovers’. World Bank, Washington.http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/murdochsandler.pdf74 Harsch E. (2003) ‘Ivorian war sends regional shockwaves’, Africa Recovery, Vol.17 No. 2, July 2003, p.7.www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol17no2/172ciwar.htm (last checked by theauthor 15 August 2007).75 Doré O., Anne B., and D. Engmann (2003) ‘Regional impact of Côte d’Ivoire’s1999–2000 sociopolitical crisis: an assessment’, IMF Working Paper, WP/03/85,p.12.76 Harsch (2003), op. cit.77 Kipping (2004), op. cit., p.12.78 Harsch (2003), op. cit.79 Doré et al. (2003), op. cit., p.14.80 Kipping (2004), op. cit.81 Collier et al. (2003) op. cit.82 Ibid., p.2.83 Ibid., p.20.84 Ghobarah, H., A. P. Huth and B. Russett (2003) ‘Civil wars kill and maim people -long after the shooting stops’. American Political Science Review, Issue 2, Vol 97:189-202 Cambridge University Press85 Freetown: 550,000 inhabitants in 1995 to more than 1.6 million in 2003; Monrovia:400,000 to 1.3 million during the civil war. See Kipping (2004) op. cit., p.16.86 Researchers have shown that large-scale and rapid urbanisation may lead toarmed violence where availability of weapons is high and community and publicsecurity institutions are weak – i.e. conditions occurring during and after conflict. SeeSmall Arms Survey (2007) Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the city, p. 189.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.34Africa’s missing billions, IANSA, Oxfam, and Saferworld, October2007
87 Luckham et al (2001), op. cit., p.31.88 Collection programmes in South Sudan (Pibor County, May 2007), Nigeria (Delta,2004), Mozambique (eight provinces, 2003), Uganda (2005), Central African Republic(2002–03), Congo Brazzaville (2005–06), Sierra Leone (up to May 2000).Comments/non-quantified information from Regional Centre on Small Arms and LightWeapons (RECSA), covering Horn, East, and Central Africa); UNMIS in Akobo,South Sudan; UNDP DDR Programme; Small Arms Survey 2006 (p.283) concerningthe weapons most frequently used by the Lord’s Resistance Army in northernUganda; Control Arms Campaign, from a survey in eastern DRC; ‘Small Arms SurveySudan Working Paper 4’, Sudan/DRC border; Burundi, from Pézard S. and N.Florquin (2007) ‘Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population inPeacetime’, Small Arms Survey Special Report.89 Collated by James Bevan of Small Arms Survey, based on information fromJane’s Infantry Weapons 2004.90 Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia, Congo-Brazzaville: Greene O. (2001) ‘StockpileSecurity and Reducing Surplus Weapons’, www.internationalalert.org/publications/getdata.php?doctype=Pdf&id=112,Basic, International Alert,Saferworld (last checked by the author June 2007); Somalia: Small Arms Survey(2004) p.54; Guinea-Bissau: Small Arms Survey (2006) p.254.91 Small Arms Survey (2006), op. cit. p.283.92 Small Arms Survey (2004), op. cit., p.194.93 Ebo A., (2003), op. cit., p.9.94 Dowdney (2005) op. cit., p.259.95 Lochhead D., correspondence with the author June 2007.96 Omega Research Foundation databases (2007).97 UN Commodity Trade Statistics Database, data for 2005, the most recent year forwhich reasonably comprehensive data are available.98 Information from UN Comtrade DESA/UNSD (download date 3 August 2007). Theappropriate customs codes were taken from the Small Arms Survey(2005) SmallArms Survey 2005 - Weapons at War, Geneva, and are intended for classification HS1996. Information for both reported imports and reported exports was compiled, witha careful attempt to avoid any double-counting. Data available upon request.99 Albania, Bulgaria, China, Germany, Hungary, India, Iraq, North Korea, Poland,Romania, Russia, Serbia, and Venezuela. Amnesty International, IANSA, and OxfamInternational (2006) ‘The AK-47: the world's favourite killing machine’, Control ArmsCampaign.100 Gander T. (2006) Jane’s Infantry Weapons 2006-2007, Jane’s InformationGroup, p.172.101 Its aim is to ‘produce the rifle in large quantities for both the nation's militaryneeds and those of neighbouring countries’. People’s Daily Online (October 2006)‘Nigeria to mass-produce Nigerian version of AK-47 rifles’http://english.people.com.cn/200610/02/eng20061002_308128.html (last checked bythe author June 2007).102 Omega Research Foundation.103 Florquin N. (2006) ‘BCPR Strategic Review: Central African Republic’. Geneva:Small Arms Survey.35Africa’s missing billions, IANSA, Oxfam, and Saferworld, October2007
Page 4 and 5: abuse human rights and ignore the r
Page 6 and 7: conflict is one important factor in
Page 8 and 9: Using the definitions from the Heid
Page 10 and 11: Table 1: Selected country results f
Page 12 and 13: Table 2: Key costs to the national
Page 14 and 15: Direct costs, with a focus on medic
Page 16 and 17: example, tend to be major losers in
Page 18 and 19: Faso increased military investments
Page 20 and 21: combatants and have brought their w
Page 22 and 23: Exactly quantifying African product
Page 24 and 25: principles of customary internation
Page 26 and 27: Diversion from stockpiles: As state
Page 28 and 29: Appendix: Methodology for cost toAf
Page 30 and 31: Notes1 International Action Network
Page 32 and 33: Education in Africa: $5bn/year, fro
Page 36 and 37: 104 Amnesty International, IANSA, a
Page 38: © The International Action Network

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