Africa's Missing Billions - Oxfam International

Education in Africa: $5bn/year, from DATA(2007) ‘The Data Report 2007’, Educationp.5.Provision of clean water and sanitation in Africa: $1.8bn/year, from DATA (2007) ‘TheData Report 2007’, Water, p.3.http://www.thedatareport.org/issues.html (last checked by the author July 2007).32 Using World Development Indicators 2007 from The World BankPublic expenditure on education – per cent of 2005 GDP – Average for Africa = 4.76per centTotal health expenditure: percentage of 2004 GDP – Average for Africa = 5.2 percent33 Lindgren G. (2004) ‘Measuring the Economic Costs of Internal Armed Conflict – AReview of Empirical Estimates’, Uppsala University, Sweden. Paper for theconference Making Peace Work in Helsinki 4–5 June 2004. Note that Lindgren givesan average of 11.3 per cent, but made an error in calculation for results from Stewart,Huang, and Wang (2000).34 Collier P. (1999) ‘On the economic consequences of civil war’, Oxford EconomicPapers, Vol. 51, No.1, pp.168-183.35 Stewart and Fitzgerald (2001) op. cit., p.97.36 The Guardian (2005) ‘Court orders Uganda to pay Congo damages’, 20December 2005.37 This includes the work of UNODC (Information in Africa initiative) and theforthcoming AFRO/WHO African Report on Violence and Health.38 WHO, CDC (2007) ‘Guidelines for estimating the economic costs of injuries due tointerpersonal and self-directed violence’, draft, 15 January 2007.39 Small Arms Survey (2006) Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished business, p.206.Oxford: Oxford University Press.40 Adapted from Small Arms Survey (2006) op. cit., p.191 and Lindgren (2004) op.cit.41 GDP can be calculated using the expenditure method:GDP = private consumption + investment in goods and services + governmentspending + (exports minus imports)42 Luckham R., Ahmed I., Muggah R., and S. White (2001) ‘Conflict and poverty inSub-Saharan Africa: an assessment of the issues and evidence’, IDS working paper,No. 128, Brighton, UK.43 Stewart and Fitzgerald (2001) op. cit., pp.83-89.44 Fleshman M. (2001) ‘Small arms in Africa: Counting the cost of gun violence’,Africa Recovery, Vol. 15 No. 4, December 2001, p.1.45 Small Arms Survey (2001) Small Arms Survey 2001: Profiling the problem,pp.217-18. Oxford: Oxford University Press.46 Small Arms Survey (2006), op. cit., p.197 and Waters H. R., Hyder A. A., RajkotiaY., Basu S., and A. Butchart (2005) ‘The costs of interpersonal violence – aninternational review’, Health Policy 73 (2005), 303-315, p.312.47 Dorsey J. and S. Opeitum (2002) ‘The net economic cost of the conflict in theAcholiland sub-region of Uganda’, Civil Society Organisations for Peace in NorthernUganda (CSOPNU) and Care USA.32Africa’s missing billions, IANSA, Oxfam, and Saferworld, October2007